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18 October 2021, Volume 25 Issue 29 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Two appliances for anterior crossbite correction in deciduous dentition: a comparison of permanent incisor germ displacement based on cephalometric measurement Liu Yafei, Zuo Yanping, Liu Xin, Zhao Lixia, Wei Jing 2021, 25 (29):  4593-4599.  doi: 10.12307/2021.155 Abstract ( 500 )   PDF (783KB) ( 266 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, it is still unclear on the mechanism by which anterior crossbite correction in deciduous dentition exerts a role in permanent incisor germ. OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze the changes in the position and angle of the maxillary permanent incisor germ after the modified block appliance and the protraction appliance are used to correct anterior crossbite in the deciduous dentition.   METHODS: Thirty-six patients with deciduous anterior crossbite admitted from 2008 to 2018 were treated with modified block appliance or protraction appliance. The positions and angles of maxillary permanent incisor germs before and after orthodontic treatment were measured and analyzed. The implementation of the study protocol complied with the relevant ethical requirements of the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, and guardians of these included children were fully informed of the trial process.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Preoperatively, the inclination of the maxillary permanent incisor germs G1-SN and G1-NA were smaller in the modified block appliance group than in the protraction appliance group (both P < 0.05) The axial distance of the incisal edge and root tip of maxillary permanent incisor germs in X-axis and Y-axis was increased obviously in the two groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), especially in the protraction appliance group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01 or P < 0.001). These findings indicate that both modified block appliance and protraction appliance can make maxillary permanent incisor germs move forward and downward, and the displacement is more evident after orthodontic treatment with protraction appliance. Compared with the modified block appliance, the protraction appliance has a more obvious effect on the forward and downward movement of maxillary permanent incisor germs, and this movement mode is similar to the whole movement. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of “three-tong acupuncture” on brain function of patients with spinal cord injury based on magnetic resonance technology Min Youjiang, , Yao Haihua, Sun Jie, Zhou Xuan, Yu Hang, Sun Qianpu, Hong Ensi 2021, 25 (29):  4600-4607.  doi: 10.12307/2021.156 Abstract ( 514 )   PDF (1058KB) ( 955 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that brain function changes after spinal cord injury, and acupuncture treatment has a good effect on incomplete spinal cord injury. Whether acupuncture can affect the remodeling of brain function in patients with spinal cord injury is worth studying. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of "three-tong acupuncture" on brain function in patients with spinal cord injury.  METHODS: Twenty spinal cord injury patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into acupuncture treatment group (n=10) and drug treatment group (n=10). Acupoints of Dazhui, Yaoyangguan, Ciliao, Zusanli and etc. were selected and dilatation wave was selected for electroacupuncture which lasted for 30 minutes, once a day. In the drug treatment group, monosialotetrahexosyl ganglioside sodium was intravenously administered with the dose of 60 mg, once a day, 4 weeks as a course, two courses in total, with an interval of 7 days. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, with an approval No. 2014031107. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was a significant improvement in scores of sensory, motor, daily activity and American Spinal Injury Association grading assessment in the two groups after treatment, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). The amplitude low-frequency fluctuation of bilateral main sensorimotor cortices of patients in both groups after treatment were significantly increased compared with those before treatment, and the amplitude low-frequency fluctuation of bilateral caudate nucleus after treatment was significantly lower than that before treatment, and there was no significant difference between the two groups after treatment. The regional homogeneity of bilateral anterior and posterior central gyrus and middle temporal gyrus/inferior temporal gyrus between two groups after treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment. The regional homogeneity of bilateral thalamus and caudate nucleus after treatment was significantly lower than that before treatment. There were however no significant difference in the regional homogeneity of these above-mentioned brain areas. The fractional anisotropy of the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the corona radiate after treatment was significantly higher than that before treatment, and the mean diffusivity was decreased compared with that before treatment. There were significant differences in the two groups before and after treatment except for the right radial crown. These findings indicate that “three-tong acupuncture” can improve the remodeling of brain function in patients with spinal cord injury, which may be one of the mechanisms of acupuncture treating spinal cord injury. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of periodic mechanical stress on inflammatory responses and apoptosis of chondrocytes Wu Weiting, Li Runguang, Cao Shenglu, Liang Shuangwu 2021, 25 (29):  4608-4613.  doi: 10.12307/2021.157 Abstract ( 438 )   PDF (1293KB) ( 255 )   Save BACKGROUND: As chondrocyte is the only cell component of cartilage, chondrocyte phenotype loss is a characteristic change of osteoarthritis, while periodic mechanical stress stimulation has great influence on the biological characteristics of chondrocytes. Therefore, clarification of the mechanism of periodic mechanical stress on chondrocytes can provide reference for treating osteoarthritis.   OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of periodic mechanical stress on inflammatory responses and apoptosis of chondrocytes in vitro. METHODS:  Primary chondrocytes from rats were inoculated into a Bioflex plate coated with type I collagen and were cultured for 1 day. Then, the cells were treated with Flexcell-5000T Tension System. Under the stretching frequency of 0.5 Hz, the chondrocytes were stretched for 24 hours. According to the stretching strain rate, the chondrocytes were divided into control group (0% stretching), 2% stretching group, 6% stretching group, 8% stretching group, 10% stretching group and 14% stretching group. Inflammatory responses of chondrocytes (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha) were detected by ELISA, cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI method, and the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress signal molecules [Caspase-12, PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78)] was detected using RT-PCR.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under normal light microscope, normal cells (control group) were polygonal and irregular in shape. With the increase of mechanical stretching strain rate, the cells were exfoliated to varying degrees, with the edge being blurred and rounded. Moreover, cell apoptosis appeared. Compared with the control group, interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were higher in the force groups, especially in the 10% and 14% stretching groups (P < 0.05). Under the action of periodic mechanical stress, the apoptosis rates of the 2% stretching group and 6% stretching group were (12.45±1.64)% and (12.48±1.75)%, respectively, which did not significantly differ from that of the control group [(12.14±1.43)%; P > 0.05]. Compared with the control group, the apoptosis rates of 8%, 10% and 14% stretching groups were significantly higher [(29.18±3.04)%, (34.12±3.57)% and (44.32±45.08)%; P < 0.05]. The results of RT-PCR detection showed that the mRNA levels of Caspase-12, PERK and GRP78 in the 8%, 10% and 14% stretching groups were significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The above findings indicate that periodic mechanical stress can accelerate the apoptosis of chondrocytes and increase the inflammatory responses of chondrocytes, which may be related to the initiation of endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of total glucosides of paeony on inflammation and degeneration of chondrocytes in osteoarthritis Chen Pu, Ruan Anmin, Zhou Jun, Zhang Xiaozhe , Ma Yufeng, Peng Haoxuan, Yang Tongjie, Wang Qingpu 2021, 25 (29):  4614-4618.  doi: 10.12307/2021.158 Abstract ( 489 )   PDF (744KB) ( 219 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cartilage degeneration is one of the most characteristic pathological manifestations of osteoarthritis, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. The total glucosides of paeony (TGP) is the effective components of white paeony root, which has strong anti-inflammatory, analgesic and immunomodulatory effects. However, its effect on inflammation and degeneration of cartilage is still unclear.  OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of TGP on interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) in osteoarthritic chondrocytes in osteoarthritis.  METHODS: Chondrocytes were extracted from the cartilage tissue discarded by knee replacement surgery by collagenase digestion. The effects of different concentrations on the proliferation of chondrocytes were detected by cell counting kit-8 method. The cultured cells were further divided into five groups: blank group, lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/L) intervention group, low concentration TGP group (10 μmol/L TGP+10 mg/L lipopolysaccharide), medium concentration TGP group (20 μmol/L TGP+10 mg/L lipopolysaccharide) and high concentration TGP group (50 μmol/L TGP+10 mg/L lipopolysaccharide). Except for the normal group, the other four groups were induced with lipopolysaccharide to induce inflammation. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot assay were used to detect the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and MMP-13 in each group at 24 hours after intervention.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: TGP of 10, 20 and 50 μmol/L significantly stimulated the proliferation of chondrocytes, and excessive concentration of TGP significantly inhibited the proliferation. Chondrocytes with lipopolysaccharide induction significantly increased the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and MMP-13 (P < 0.01), while TGP could significantly reduce IL-1β, TNF-α and MMP-13 expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced chondrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). To conclude, TGP has an obvious anti-inflammatory effect and delays extracellular matrix loss in chondrocytes. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A rabbit model of high-intensity jumping-induced tendon injury followed by post-exercise cold water immersion: inflammations and collagen remodeling in the patellar tendon Wang Bo, Bai Shengchao, Li Wenbo, Wang Lin 2021, 25 (29):  4619-4625.  doi: 10.12307/2021.159 Abstract ( 398 )   PDF (808KB) ( 133 )   Save BACKGROUND:  Patella tendon degenerative disease is a common sport injury, which mainly results from long-term jumping and running exercises. Cold water immersion is a common method to deal with post-exercise inflammation, which can slow down the local blood flow and reduce the local metabolic reaction, thereby reducing the inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of cold water immersion on inflammation and remodeling of the patellar tendon after one-off high-intensity jumping.  METHODS: Thirty adult female rabbits, weighing 3.0 kg, were randomly assigned into a quiet control group (n=6) and an exercise group (n=24). In the exercise group, 24 left legs were considered as the exercise and cold water immersion (PE+CWI) group, and 24 right legs were considered as the exercise (PE) group. Six rabbits from the experimental group were selected at each observation times, including 0, 6, 24, and 48 hours after cold water immersion. All rabbits were subjected to one-off 150 times jumping: 80-120 N per jumping, with an interval of 2 minutes after 10 times jumping, and with an interval of 10 minutes after 50 times jumping. Immediately after jumping, the legs were immersed in the cold water (4 oC) for 15 minutes. Tendons and rectus femoris were taken at 0, 6, 24, and 48 hours after cold water immersion. Relative quantitative PCR was used to determine the mRNA expression of interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, cyclooxygenase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase 1 in tendon tissue. Immunohistochemical staining was used to determine the type I/III collagen and transforming growth factor β proteins in the tendon. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the changes of collagen fibers in the tendon.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The mRNA level of interleukin 1β significantly increased at 0-24 hours, but there was no difference between the PE+CWI and PE groups. The mRNA level of tumor necrosis factor-α showed a significant increase, and was significantly higher in the PE group than the PE+CWI group at 0 hour    (P < 0.05). The mRNA level of cyclooxygenase 2 showed a significant increase at 0-24 hours, and was significantly higher in the PE group than the PE+CWI group at 0-6 hours (P < 0.05). The mRNA level of matrix metalloproteinase 1 showed a significant increase, and was significantly higher in the PE group than the PE+CWI group at 0 hour (P < 0.05). The expressions of type I/III collagen and transforming growth factor β were significantly increased at 6-24 hours, and there was no significant difference between the PE group and PE+CWI group. Results from hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed the arrangement of collagen fibers in the tendon disordered at 0-24 hours after exercises, and basically returned to the pre-exercise state at 48 hours after exercises. There was no significant difference in tissue morphology between PE group and PE+CWI group. To conclude, cold water immersion can inhibit early inflammation after exercise, but cannot impact the remodeling of the tendon. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Gastrodin interferes with motor function recovery and growth associated protein-43 expression in a rabbit model of spinal cord injury Zhang Heng, Zhang Xianping, Dai Houjie, Huang Changzhao, Wang Ruiying 2021, 25 (29):  4626-4631.  doi: 10.12307/2021.160 Abstract ( 522 )   PDF (1309KB) ( 293 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have reported that gastrodin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective effects in the treatment of spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of gastrodin on the recovery of motor function and the expression of growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) in animals with spinal cord injury. METHODS: Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into sham operation group, control group and experimental group, with 10 rabbits in each group. The control and experimental groups used modified Allen’s percussion method to establish a spinal cord injury model. The experimental group was injected with 100 mg/(kg•d) gastrodin intravenously. The sham operation and control groups were injected with 10 mL of normal saline intravenously for 7 continuous days. At 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after modeling, the rats in each group were scored for neurological function and neuroelectrophysiological testing; at 7 days after modeling, the injured spinal cord tissue was taken and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Nissl, and used for western blot detection, immunofluorescence observation. The experimental protocol was approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Guilin Medical University, with an approval No. GMC201805018. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The neurological function scores of the hind limbs were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group at different time points after modeling (P < 0.05). Compared with the sham operation group, the latency period of motor evoked potential seizures at different time points after modeling in the control group became longer (P < 0.05), and the peak-to-peak amplitude decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, in the experimental group, the motor evoked potential latency was shortened (P < 0.05), and the peak-to-peak amplitude increased (P < 0.05) at 3, 5, and 7 days after modeling. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that in the control group, syringomyelia was seen, the structure was incomplete, the boundary between gray matter and white matter was unclear, and neurons in the gray matter were necrotic and apoptotic, while the experimental group showed cavitation and necrosis, intact spinal cord tissue, and relatively clear gray matter nodes. Nissl staining showed that there were no neurons but a large amount of glial cells proliferated in the control group; in the experimental group, neurons survived and glial cells proliferated relatively less. Western blot detection and immunofluorescence observation showed that the GAP-43 protein expression was highest in the experimental group, higher in the control group and lowest in the sham operation group. To conclude, gastrodin can promote the recovery of motor function in rabbits after spinal cord injury, and may promote axonal regeneration in the injured spinal cord by increasing the expression of GAP-43 protein. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on bone metabolism in an ovariectomized osteoporotic rat model Lai Honghui, Liu Yue, Li Tiyuan, Pan Xiaohua, Xu Zhongshi 2021, 25 (29):  4632-4637.  doi: 10.12307/2021.161 Abstract ( 352 )   PDF (923KB) ( 212 )   Save BACKGROUND: Exogenous hydrogen sulfide has an important effect on the formation and differentiation of osteoblasts, which are important functional cells in the development of osteoporotic disease. The effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide on osteoporosis levels and related hormones has not been studied. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between endogenous hydrogen sulfide concentration and osteoporosis, and the effect of exogenous hydrogen sulfide supplementation on the biochemical and hormonal parameters commonly used in the clinical follow-up of bone metabolism.  METHODS: Sixty rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group, model group, and exogenous hydrogen sulfide group (n=20 per group). A classical osteoporosis model was established by removing both ovaries of rats in the latter two groups. No ovariectomy was conducted in the sham-operated group. Rats in the sham-operated and model groups were intraperitoneally given 1 mg/kg normal saline, while those in the exogenous hydrogen sulfide group intraperitoneally injected 100 μg/kg GYY4137, a slow-released agent of exogenous hydrogen sulfide. Treatments in each group were conducted twice a day, for 12 weeks. Plasma hydrogen sulfide concentration, blood calcium and phosphorus concentrations, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and leptin laboratory index data of each group were analyzed by quantitative comparison.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bone mineral density of the L5, plasma hydrogen sulfide, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, calcitonin concentrations were significantly lower, and osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone, and leptin levels were significantly higher in the model group compared with the sham-operated group at weeks 8 and 12 (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the sham-operated and exogenous hydrogen sulfide groups at weeks 8 and 12 in terms of L5 bone mineral density, plasma hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus, osteocalcin, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and leptin levels (P > 0.05). Whereas blood calcium concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity were still decreased in the exogenous hydrogen sulfide group compared with the sham-operated group (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, plasma hydrogen sulfide, blood calcium and phosphorus concentrations were elevated and leptin level was decreased in the exogenous hydrogen sulfide group (P < 0.05), while the differences in L5 bone mineral density, alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels at weeks 8 and 12 were not significant between the two groups (P > 0.05). Therefore, in the ovariectomized osteoporotic rat model, endogenous hydrogen sulfide concentration was negatively correlated with the severity of osteoporosis, and exogenous supplementation to increase plasma hydrogen sulfide concentration could improve or reverse plasma calcium, phosphorus and some hormone indexes related to bone metabolism. To conclude, plasma hydrogen sulfide concentration and osteoporosis are correlated, and exogenous hydrogen sulfide supplementation has a potential therapeutic effect on osteoporosis which is caused by estrogen reduction. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of nano-silver antibacterial hydrogel dressing combined with recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor on wound healing after debridement of open ankle fracture Wen Xu, Shen Jing 2021, 25 (29):  4638-4643.  doi: 10.12307/2021.162 Abstract ( 668 )   PDF (675KB) ( 507 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nano-silver antibacterial dressings and hydrogels are both new types of dressings used for the treatment of infected wounds. Recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor is an active peptide drug commonly used for open wounds. OBJECTIVE: To explore the application of topical recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor and nano-silver antibacterial hydrogel dressing in wound healing of patients with open ankle fracture after debridement.  METHODS: A total of 99 patients scheduled for debridement due to open ankle fracture were randomly divided into control group, test group A and test group B, with 33 patients in each group. Vaseline gauze and sterile gauze were applied in the control group. Test group A was treated with recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor and wounds were covered with sterile gauze. Test group B was treated with recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor, and wounds were covered with nano-silver antibacterial hydrogel dressing. Dressing in each group was changed every 2 days. The therapeutic measures related to the study should be terminated if one of the following conditions occurs: (1) after debridement, the incision and skin lesions are converted to meet the requirements of elective surgery with regard to skin and soft tissue; (2) wound infections are confirmed and requires further debridement, skin flap transplantation, vacuum negative pressure suction and other measures. After treatment, time of blood supply recovery, time of wound healing, joint swelling score, Visual Analogue Scale score, serum inflammatory factors, oxidative stress index (malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase) and postoperative incision complications were compared and analyzed. The study protocol was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, and each patient signed an informed consent form. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the total clinical response rate and superoxide dismutase level were significantly higher in the two test groups, and the joint swelling score, Visual Analogue Scale score, levels of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, D-dimer, and malondialdehyde were significantly lower in the two test groups (P < 0.05). After treatment, the above-mentioned indexes were all lower in the test group B than the test group A (P < 0.05). The blood supply recovery time and wound healing time were also shorter in the test group B than the test group A (P < 0.05). Compared with the test group A and control group, the incidence of postoperative incision complications was lower in the test group B; however, there were no significant difference (P > 0.05). Findings of the present study reveal that topical application of human recombinant basic fibroblast growth factor combined with nano-silver antibacterial hydrogel dressings can relieve swelling and pain, promote wound healing, relieve inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, and effectively reduce postoperative incision complications. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Runx2 promoter methylation level changes in bone tissue of rats with ovariectomized osteoporosis treated by electroacupuncture Chen Zhao, Mo Yuqing, Tang Hongyu 2021, 25 (29):  4644-4649.  doi: 10.12307/2021.163 Abstract ( 386 )   PDF (692KB) ( 154 )   Save BACKGROUND: Shenshu and Zusanli are commonly used acupuncture acupoints in the treatment of osteoporosis; however, the specific mechanism is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic mechanism of electroacupuncture at Shenshu and Zusanli acupoints in ovariectomized rats with osteoporosis based on the methylation level of Runx2 promoter in bone tissue. METHODS: Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group, electroacupuncture acupoint group, electroacupuncture non-acupoint group and estradiol group (n=10 per group). The model of osteoporosis was established by ovariectomy in all the groups except for sham operation group. Shenshu and Zusanli acupoints were selected for electroacupuncture treatment in the electroacupuncture acupoint group. Non-acupoint electroacupuncture was selected for intervention in the electroacupuncture non-acupoint group, while the other three groups did not receive electroacupuncture intervention. The estradiol group was given estradiol tablets (0.09 mg/kg) by gavage, and the sham operation group and the model group were given 10 mL/kg normal saline. Femoral and vertebral bone mineral density, biomechanical properties of the femur, serum bone calcium, type I tropocollagen n-terminal propeptide (P1NP), bone tissue osteopontin and bone sialoprotein levels, and Runx2 promoter methylation level in bone tissue were determined at 12 weeks after intervention. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bone mineral density levels of the femur and vertebrae decreased significantly in the model group compared with the sham operation group (P < 0.05). The maximum load, stiffness and elastic modulus of the femur, serum calcium, and P1NP levels were significantly decreased in the model group compared with the sham operation group (P < 0.01). The osteopontin and bone sialoprotein levels and expressions of Runx2 promoters CpG1, CpG2, CpG3 and CpG4.5 in bone tissue were significantly increased in the model group compared with the sham operation group (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, electroacupuncture at acupoints and estradiol significantly improved the above-mentioned indicators (P < 0.01), while the expression of Runx2 promoters CpG1, CpG2, CpG3 and CpG4.5 in the bone tissue of the electroacupuncture non-acupoint group showed no significant decrease (P > 0.05). In addition, the other indicators were all improved in the electroacupuncture non-acupoint group (P < 0.05). Compared with the estradiol group, the level of serum P1NP was significantly increased in the electroacupuncture acupoint group (P < 0.05), while the difference in the other indicators was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). To conclude, electroacupuncture at Shenshu and Zusanli acupoints can enhance bone mineral density and improve the biomechanical properties of the femur by reducing the methylation level of Runx2 promoter in bone tissue, thus effectively preventing and controlling osteoporosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Recipe on cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity in Beclin-1 overexpressing and silencing MC-3T3-E1 cells Zheng Weipeng, Hu Weijian, Zhao Guoyuan, Wei Hewei, Liu Zhijun, Wan Lei, Chen Sheng, Liao Zhihao 2021, 25 (29):  4650-4655.  doi: 10.12307/2021.164 Abstract ( 421 )   PDF (883KB) ( 148 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteoblasts are one of the important cells involved in the fine regulation of the dynamic balance of bone metabolism, and their dysfunction is extremely essential for the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Studies have found that knockout of Beclin-1, an autophagy gene, leads to a decrease in osteoblast differentiation and mineralization, suggesting that Beclin-1 has an important regulatory role in bone metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Recipe on cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity in Beclin-1 overexpressing and silencing MC-3T3-E1 cells METHODS: Recombinant lentiviral vectors overexpression and silencing Beclin-1 were constructed, and drug-containing serum of Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Recipe was prepared. MC-3T3-E1 cells were divided into six groups: blank serum + blank virus group, blank serum + Beclin-1 overexpression group, blank serum + Beclin-1 silence group, drug serum + blank virus group, drug serum + Beclin-1 overexpression group, AND drug serum + Beclin-1 silence group. Interventions in each group were accordingly carried out. Cell proliferation was detected using cell counting kit-8, cell cycle was determined using flow cytometry, and alkaline phosphatase activity was measured using an alkaline phosphatase kit.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the blank serum + blank virus group, the cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly increased in the drug serum + blank virus group, blank serum + Beclin-1 overexpression group, and drug serum + Beclin-1 overexpression group, and significantly decreased in the blank serum + Beclin-1 silence group and drug serum + Beclin-1 silence group. The most obvious changes were found in the drug serum + Beclin-1 overexpression group and blank serum + Beclin-1 silence group. From the perspective of cell cycle in each group, the proportion of cells in G2/M phase was relatively higher in the blank serum + Beclin-1 overexpression group and drug serum + Beclin-1 overexpression group; the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase was relatively higher in the blank serum + blank virus group, blank serum + Beclin-1 silence group and drug serum + Beclin-1 silence group; the proportion of cells in S phase was relatively higher in the blank serum + Beclin-1 overexpression group and drug serum + blank virus group. To conclude, overexpression of Beclin-1 and serum containing Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Recipe, especially their combination, can improve the proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of MC-3T3-E1 cells. Whereas, silence of Beclin-1 can reduce the proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of MC-3T3-E1 cells, and serum containing Bushen Jianpi Huoxue Recipe can inhibit the adverse effects of Beclin-1 silence to some extent. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Visualization of global status and trends in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Xiong Binglang, Lin Tianye, Yang Peng, Xu Jingli, Zou Qizhao, Lai Qizhong, Zhang Qingwen 2021, 25 (29):  4656-4663.  doi: 10.12307/2021.165 Abstract ( 675 )   PDF (1538KB) ( 299 )   Save BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament injury is one of the most common injuries of the knee joint. Bibliometrics and visual analysis of related research on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction can help clarify the research process in this field and quickly understand the current research hotspots. A reasonable estimate of future research trends can promote the further development of this field. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the global research status, hot spots and future development trends of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS: Web of Science Core Collection was retrieved for publications related to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction published from 1995 to 2019. Citespace software was used to analyze the cluster, co-occurrence and burst words of the included literatures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 9 020 articles in English were included, involving 20 566 authors, 55 countries and regions, 6 117 research institutes, and 690 publication sources. The global publication volume showed a trend of fluctuating increase year by year, and reached a peak of 866 articles in 2019.The United States has an absolute advantage in the research of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, ranking first in terms of publication volume and H index. China ranks 4th in total publications and 11th in the H index. Top five clusters of key words in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction research included rehabilitation, autograft, prevalence, return to sport, and injury. Burst words highlighted from 2014 to 2019 included: outcome, sports, return, risk, anterolateral ligament, and revision. The co-citation analysis of references showed that the top five literatures with highest citation frequency were all published between 2010 and 2014, three of which are related to sport recovery. The top five clusters included long term, single bundle, interference screw, risk factor and return. In conclusion, the selection of grafts and internal fixators and postoperative rehabilitation are the main research hotspots at present. The topics such as return to sport as soon as possible through rehabilitation treatment, prevention of postoperative ligament secondary injury, reasonable treatment of postoperative complications, and ligament revision will become new research hotspots in the future related to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The quality of China’s publications and international cooperation in this field need to be strengthened. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bioinformatics analysis of degenerative meniscus in knee osteoarthritis Huang Hui, Zheng Jiaxuan, Fang Yehan, Wang Guangji 2021, 25 (29):  4664-4671.  doi: 10.12307/2021.166 Abstract ( 451 )   PDF (1109KB) ( 179 )   Save BACKGROUND: Meniscus degeneration is one of the manifestations of knee osteoarthritis, but its specific molecular mechanism is still not very clear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible molecular biological mechanism of meniscus degeneration in knee osteoarthritis.  METHODS: A meniscus degeneration model was prepared in Wuzhishan pigs through resection of the anterior cruciate ligament. Gene chip technology was used to detect differentially expressed genes in degenerated meniscus tissue. Gene oncology analysis, pathway analysis, and core gene network analysis were performed to discover relevant regulatory networks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 893 differentially expressed genes were detected in the study, of which cyp2c33, gcnt7, ncdn, exd3, MUC13, ppp1r3d, nphp3, upb1, CD81 and prph were differentially expressed most significantly. The regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process in gene oncology analysis, TRP channel in pathway analysis, and MDFI gene in core gene network analysis may play key roles to induce meniscus degeneration. In short, we have established a reliable animal model of meniscus degeneration, and more completely revealed the differentially expressed genes, biological processes and signal pathways related to meniscus degeneration after knee osteoarthritis. These will provide molecular targets for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease in the future. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of microecological preparation combined with an improved low-carbon diet on fat metabolism and intestinal barrier function in obese patients Liu Jianguo, Pan Yong, Li Hanyu, Liu Yan, Zhang Zhentian, Lin Xiuping, Zhang Yuan, Liu Yajin, Zhang Fan, Zhang Leijun, Xiao Liehui, Xu Aimin, Zhu Cuifeng 2021, 25 (29):  4672-4679.  doi: 10.12307/2021.167 Abstract ( 616 )   PDF (733KB) ( 205 )   Save BACKGROUND: Although several studies have shown that improving the microecology of intestinal flora or eating a low-carb diet can reduce the incidence of obesity and its complications, the therapeutic effect of microflora alone on obesity is not significant, and the safety of simple low-carb diet is also quite controversial. Therefore, to find a more safe and effective way to lose weight has become a research hotspot in clinical nutrition and other related disciplines.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of microecological preparation combined with an improved low-carbon diet on fat metabolism and intestinal barrier function in obese patients.  METHODS: A total of 75 adult patients with obesity admitted at Department of Nutrition and Health Management Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, China from August 2017 to May 2019 were included in the trial. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups and received a microecological preparation combined with an improved low-carbon diet (n=25), an improved low-carbon diet (n=25), and a balanced diet (n=25). Another 25 healthy people with a balanced diet was recruited as healthy controls. The changes of body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat, plasma lipids, incidence of fatty liver and their severity in each group were observed and compared. Meanwhile, the changes of intestinal barrier function indexes such as D-lactic acid, bacterial lipopolysaccharide and diamine oxidase were also monitored and compared before and after nutritional intervention in each group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 3 months of intervention with different nutritional methods, compared with those with improved low-carbon diet, the improvement of body mass index, body fat mass, blood lipid index, fatty liver grade and intestinal barrier function was more obvious in obese patients with combined diet (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01 ). Low-carb diet or in combination with intestinal microecological preparations could significantly reduce the serum levels of D-lactic acid, bacterial lipopolysaccharide and diamine oxidase in obese patients as compared with other diet schedules (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). To conclude, these findings indicate that intestinal microecological preparations combined with improved low-carbon diet with vitamins and minerals can effectively reduce the serum and intestinal damage indexes in obese patients. Compared with the low-carbon diet alone, this combined diet schedule can significantly reduce the body fat and blood lipid levels, alleviate the severity of fatty liver, and improve the intestinal barrier function in such patients. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 regulating osteoclasts on bone mineral density in osteoporotic mice Zhou Quan, Zhang Yanan, Bai Yiguang, Zhang Qiong, Nong Haibin, Liu Mingfu, Zeng Gaofeng, Zong Shaohui 2021, 25 (29):  4680-4684.  doi: 10.12307/2021.168 Abstract ( 496 )   PDF (1097KB) ( 145 )   Save BACKGROUND: Global researches on 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) are mainly carried out in the fields of endocrine and oncology. There is no systematic research and report on whether the regulation of osteoclast improves osteoporosis in osteology. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect and molecular mechanism underlying the PDK1 regulation of osteoclasts in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, so as to provide a new drug target for the clinical treatment of osteopenia. METHODS: Osteoclasts were induced from whole bone marrow cells of PDK1 conditional knockout mice (PDK1-cKO) and wild-type mice. The induced osteoclasts were stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and the changes in the number and morphology of osteoclasts in the two groups were observed. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of proteins related to regulation of osteoclast differentiation after PDK1 gene knockout. A mouse model of ovariectomy was established to observe the effect of PDK1 knockout on osteoporosis using Micro-CT scanning and TRAP-stained sections. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: TRAP staining results indicated that the number of osteoclasts with positive TRAP staining in the PDK1-cKO group was significantly reduced on the 4th and 6th days compared with the wild-type group (P < 0.05). Western blot results showed that the phosphorylation level of protein kinase B, a key protein regulating osteoclast differentiation, was decreased in the PDK1-cKO group (P < 0.05). After ovariectomy model was detected by Micro-CT scan in the two groups of mice, it was concluded by various metrological analyses that osteoporosis was significantly alleviated in the PDK1-cKO group compared with the wild-type group (P < 0.05). TRAP staining results revealed that TRAP-positive osteoclasts in the distal tibia of PDK1-cKO mice were significantly reduced compared with the wild-type group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, PDK1 gene can improve osteoporosis symptoms by regulating osteoclast differentiation and optimizing bone metabolism balance, which may be used as a drug target for the treatment of osteoporosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates autophagy and apoptosis in steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head Zhao Qianzeng, Zhao Zhenqun, Liu Wanlin 2021, 25 (29):  4685-4690.  doi: 10.12307/2021.169 Abstract ( 420 )   PDF (617KB) ( 175 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that there is a certain correlation between programmed osteocyte death and steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and there is an interaction between autophagy and apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway is involved in the regulation of osteocyte autophagy and apoptosis. OBJECTIVE: To review the related pathways of autophagy and apoptosis regulated by endoplasmic reticulum stress, and summarize the research progress of autophagy and apoptosis pathways in the pathogenesis of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head. METHODS: A computer-based online retrieval of PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and WanFang databases was performed for relevant literatures published from database inception to May 2020 with the keywords of “steroid; necrosis of the femoral head; cell autophagy; ER stress; unfolded protein response” in Chinese and English, respectively. The articles concerning autophagy and apoptosis regulating steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head related to endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways were included, and the redundant and old articles or Meta-analysis were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates autophagy mainly through PERK/eIF2α pathway, IRE1-TRAF2-JNK pathway and regulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates apoptosis by activating C/EBP homologous protein of PERK/eIF2α pathway, IRE1α-ASK1-JNK pathway, IRE1α-XBP1-CHOP pathway and Caspase-12 pathway. In mild endoplasmic reticulum stress, the endoplasmic reticulum can initiate autophagy by activating unfolded protein response pathway to restore endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and promote cell survival. Endoplasmic reticulum stress stimulation that is too strong and persistent will over-induce autophagy or activate apoptosis pathway to cause cell death. Endoplasmic reticulum stress can participate in the regulation of autophagy or apoptosis through a variety of signal pathways; there is a complex interaction between autophagy and apoptosis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in the regulation of programmed death of osteocytes and osteoblasts in the pathogenesis of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head, but the specific mechanism is not clear.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Constructing an animal model of femoral head necrosis: how to get closer to clinical application Tang Shuo, Hou Decai 2021, 25 (29):  4691-4696.  doi: 10.12307/2021.170 Abstract ( 459 )   PDF (674KB) ( 137 )   Save BACKGROUND: The etiology and pathogenesis of femoral head necrosis is a question that has been discussed by medical researchers, and there is no clear answer so far. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress in animal models of femoral head necrosis. METHODS: Using the search terms of “femoral head necrosis; animal model,” CNKI, VIP, WanFang, and PubMed databases were searched for relevant articles about the modeling methods of animal models of femoral head necrosis published from 2011 to 2020.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Until now, there has been no animal model that is fully compatible with the development and changes of human femoral head necrosis. By literature retrieval, we found that there are various methods to prepare femoral head necrosis models, which can be roughly divided into traumatic and non-traumatic. Traumatic methods mainly include physical injury and chemical injury. Non-traumatic methods include hormones, hormones combined with lipopolysaccharides, etc. In comparison, hormones show less trauma and shorter modeling time in the preparation of a femoral head necrosis model, which is more reasonable for research. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in exosome miRNAs in bone reconstruction and bone metabolic diseases Li Zhao, Cai Yuqiang 2021, 25 (29):  4697-4702.  doi: 10.12307/2021.171 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (599KB) ( 200 )   Save BACKGROUND: Exosomes are the carrier of intercellular information sent by biomolecules in bone reconstruction microenvironment. Exosomes play an important role in bone reconstruction and bone metabolism under physiological and pathological conditions. OBJECTIVE: To briefly review the main physical properties of bone-derived exosome miRNAs, and to analyze its key role and application potential in bone reconstruction and bone metabolism. METHODS: A computer-based online search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Medline databases was performed to retrieve studies regarding bone-derived exosomes involved in bone reconstruction and bone metabolism published between January 2007 and January 2020 with the search terms of “bone-derived exosomes miRNA, bone reconstruction, bone metabolism.” Finally, 60 articles were included for further analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bone-derived exosomes are a class of nanoscale extracellular vesicles containing a variety of bioactive molecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Accumulating evidence suggests that bone-derived exosome miRNAs play a regulatory role in bone metabolism through gene expression regulation, intercellular communication, and material transport. Exosomes cannot only be used as a potential biomarker for osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases, but also play a beneficial role in targeted therapy. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tissue engineering technology for treating bone defects: how far is it from bench to bed? Qin Yuxing, Ren Qiangui, Shen Peifeng, Wang Haoyu 2021, 25 (29):  4703-4708.  doi: 10.12307/2021.172 Abstract ( 485 )   PDF (620KB) ( 145 )   Save BACKGROUND: Treatments for bone defects have always been a global problem, and there are certain drawbacks in most of traditional treatment technologies that cannot meet the demand of patients. The emergence of tissue engineering has a strong theoretical support, and brings a hope for the majority of bone defect patients. However, this technology cannot yet be widely used in the clinical practice, which may encounter the bottleneck and difficulty. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the research progress in tissue engineering for treating bone defect from the three aspects and to summarize the existing problems in tissue engineering, with emphasis on the rapid vascularization in tissue engineering. METHODS: CNKI, CM, PQDD, and PubMed were searched for relevant literatures published from 2000 to 2020 using the keywords of “tissue engineering, scaffold materials, seed cells, growth factor” in Chinese and English, respectively. A total of 180 related literatures were initially retrieved, and only 36 articles were included for review, after excluding outdated, ambiguous, and repetitive literatures through reading the titles, abstracts and the contents. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bone tissue engineering technology is used to treat bone defects by simulating the bone tissue growth. Theoretically, the three elements of tissue engineering technology, including seed cells, scaffold materials, cytokines, have been greatly developed, which can basically meet the demand of patients and doctors. However, early-stage rapid vascularization maybe limits the popularization of tissue engineering in clinical practice. By analyzing the formation of new blood vessels and summarizing the methods for early-stage rapid vascularization, we intend to establish a composite scaffold by co-culture of endothelial progenitor cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The scaffold with appropriate porosity can simulate the in vivo microenvironment, and build a space for cells to function normally and for blood vessels to grow in appropriate pores, which is expected to solve the problem regarding early vascularization. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of B lymphocytes and related cytokines on osteoclast differentiation in the osteoimmunology system He Yixiang, Zhao Yuhao, Gao Zhao, Zhao Haiyan, Wang Wenji 2021, 25 (29):  4709-4714.  doi: 10.12307/2021.173 Abstract ( 435 )   PDF (610KB) ( 130 )   Save BACKGROUND: B lymphocytes, an important component of the immune system, participate in the regulation of bone metabolism, and play an important role in differentiation and development of osteoclasts.  OBJECTIVE: To review the characteristics and effect of B lymphocytes during osteoclast differentiation. METHODS: We searched CNKI, WanFang, PubMed and Web of Science for relevant literatures published from their inceptions to September 2020. The keywords included “osteoimmunology; B lymphocyte; osteoclast ” in Chinese and English, respectively. Irrelevant and repetitive literatures were excluded, and finally 58 articles were included for further review.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Studies have shown that a variety of active substances in the body are involved in both regulating the differentiation of immune cells and the generation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. B lymphocytes may be involved in the formation of bone destruction and are related to the active stage of the disease. B lymphocytes can maintain the balance of bone metabolism by regulating RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway related cytokines. Various substances can regulate osteoclasts by up-regulating or down-regulating Blimp1 levels. B lymphocytes can produce autoantibodies to participate in the osteoclast process, but also produce bone destruction through non-antibody-dependent pathways. the immune and skeletal systems have mutual effects on their development through transcription factors, cytokines and related receptors. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Role and mechanism of polycystin in bone formation and bone disease treatments Yang Li, Guan Shuai, Zhang Xingkui, Liu Bing, Li Xiangjun 2021, 25 (29):  4715-4720.  doi: 10.12307/2021.174 Abstract ( 420 )   PDF (581KB) ( 108 )   Save BACKGROUND: Polycystin was first discovered in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, which was involved in the formation of cysts, and later it was found to be related to bone formation and the occurrence and development of bone-related diseases such as craniosynostosis, bone loss, and osteosarcoma.  OBJECTIVE: To review the role of polycystin in bone formation mechanism and the occurrence and development of bone-related diseases. METHODS: PubMed database was searched for relevant documents from January 1990 to April 2020. The search terms were “bone” or “bone formation mechanism” or “craniosynostosis” or “bone loss” or “osteosarcoma” and “polycystin.” At the same time, CNKI database was searched for relevant documents from January 1979 to April 2020. The search terms were “polycystin” and “bone,” “polycystin” and “bone formation mechanism,” “polycystin” and “bone loss,” “polycystin” and “osteosarcoma,” “polycystin” and “craniosynostosis.” Finally, 45 relevant documents were included for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Polycystin exists as a mechanoreceptor in the plasma membrane of bone cells, which is activated by external mechanical stimuli, and triggers signaling pathways in the cells, participates in the regulation of bone formation and bone loss mechanisms, participates in bone development, and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of bone diseases, such as craniosynostosis, bone loss, and osteosarcoma. To date, there have been few studies regarding the role of polycystin in maxillofacial bone and skull diseases, suggesting that in-depth studies on the role and mechanism of polycystin in the physiopathological processes of the skeletal bone are warranted. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reopening the fused suture provides a new idea for maxillary expansion Zhang Mingjin, Zhou Yanheng, Liu Dawei 2021, 25 (29):  4721-4727.  doi: 10.12307/2021.175 Abstract ( 713 )   PDF (631KB) ( 1501 )   Save BACKGROUND: Maxillary transverse deficiency is a common malocclusion deformity encountered in clinical practice. Rapid maxillary expansion assisted with implant anchorage provides a new possibility for maxillary expansion in adults. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress in the mechanism of maxillary expansion, providing ideas for bone remodeling between palatal sutures, obtaining the expansion volume and stability that meet the clinical needs. METHODS: We searched for relevant articles published from January 2010 to September 2020 in WanFang, CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science with the keywords of “maxillary expansion, craniofacial suture, suture growth, mechanical force, bone remodeling, immunity cells, mesenchymal stem cells, craniosynostosis” in Chinese and English respectively. Finally, 69 articles met the criteria for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Maxillary expansion exerts mechanical force on the palatal suture by different clinical means to expand bone sutures and widen the constricted maxillary. This process not only requires the participation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, but also involves the proliferation, differentiation and regulation of mesenchymal stem cells as well as immune cells. Under the action of mechanical force, a variety of cells interact with each other via cytokines, to complete bone remodeling through different signaling pathways. Referring to advances in the treatment of craniosynostosis, it provides a new idea for maxillary expansion by inhibiting the closure of bone suture at the end of growth and development, or reopening the fused suture. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha in tumor-like characteristics of keloid and its radioresistance Huang Jingjing, Jiang Ying, Yu Jingping 2021, 25 (29):  4728-4734.  doi: 10.12307/2021.176 Abstract ( 484 )   PDF (693KB) ( 600 )   Save BACKGROUND: Keloid is a benign skin tumor with excessive proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen after trauma. Vascular occlusion, inflammation, fibroblast proliferation and collagen secretion in keloid tissues all lead to tissue hypoxia, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of keloids.  OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) in the tumor-like characteristics of keloid. METHODS: CNKI, VIP, WanFang, PubMed, Biosos Preview, and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant articles from their inception to November 2020. The retrieval key words were “keloids, HIF-lα; radioresistance” in Chinese and English, respectively. After reading the title, abstract and full text, 104 articles that met the selection criteria were finally selected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The hypoxic microenvironment inhibits the degradation of HIF-1α, and increased HIF-1α induces several biological behaviors in keloid tissue similar to malignant tumors, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, glycolysis, radioresistance, and recurrence after radiation. These pathophysiological processes in turn exacerbate tissue hypoxia and increase HIF-1αexponentially, thereby forming a vicious circle. Current treatments for keloids mainly focus on surgical resection combined with radiotherapy. HIF-1α targeting therapies, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy, can significantly improve the hypoxic environment of keloid tissue, promote wound healing, and reverse the tumor-like properties of keloid fibroblasts. However, there are few studies on the treatment of keloids with hyperbaric oxygen therapy combined with radiotherapy, and the clinical treatment of keloids with HIF-1α as the target is still under exploration. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early vascularization of fat transplantation: regulation and mechanism Liu Jiajie, Zhao Xian 2021, 25 (29):  4735-4742.  doi: 10.12307/2021.177 Abstract ( 407 )   PDF (679KB) ( 168 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tissue transplantation is the most commonly used treatment in plastic surgery. After transplantation, it is essential for tissue survival to establish blood circulation within the time limit of tissue ischemia resistance. The survival rate and quality of the graft are related to the time of revascularization.  OBJECTIVE: To review the regulation and mechanism of promoting early vascularization of fat grafts from different sites with regard to cytokines, adipocytes, exosomes, tissue engineering, and signaling pathway. METHODS: PubMed, Google Scholar, EMbase, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP were searched for relevant literatures published from 1995 to 2020 using the keywords of “fat graft, fat grafting, vascularization, vascularize, cytokines, exosomes, VEGF, ADSCs, EPC, SVF, mechanisms, signal pathway” in English and Chinese, respectively. The articles irrelevant to the content, with low quality or high repeatability were excluded. Finally, 73 articles were selected for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Various treatments can contribute to early vascularization of fat grafts, including addition of various cytokines or cells, stem cells, selection of fat cells in different parts, relevant signaling pathways, fat pretreatment, tissue engineering, exosomes, etc. Adipose stem cells can regulate angiogenesis and inhibit inflammation through the VEGF-PLCγ-ERK1/ERK2 pathway, and promote early vascularization through the recruitment and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells. Adipose stem cells from different sites have some differences in vascularization and survival rate. The use of stromal vascular components is an efficient technology to improve the survival of fat grafts. The possible mechanism by which adipose stem cells promote fat graft survival and angiogenesis is that the paracrine products of adipose stem cells can promote vascularization, reduce inflammation, and thereby enhance the volume retention rate of fat grafts. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanisms of neuroinflammation in mild cognitive impairment Du Yihong, Sun Yan, Yang Ruoyu, Wang Liyan, Cai Ming 2021, 25 (29):  4743-4749.  doi: 10.12307/2021.178 Abstract ( 527 )   PDF (665KB) ( 795 )   Save BACKGROUND: Clinically, mild cognitive impairment is a transitional state between the normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease, which is considered to be an appropriate stage to prevent or change the progressive degeneration of Alzheimer’s disease. In recent years, increasing studies have shown that neuroinflammation is the core pathogenesis and one of the main early pathological features of mild cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVE: To review the global research progress in the mechanisms of neuroinflammation leading to mild cognitive impairment. METHODS: Using “neuroinflammation, mild cognitive impairment, proinflammatory cytokines, microglia, astroglia, NLRP3, NF-κB, TNF-α, CD40” as the key words in English and Chinese, respectively, we retrieved the related literatures on the neuroinflammation mechanism of mild cognitive impairment from 2000 to 2020 in PubMed, CNKI, and WanFang databases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A series of complex factors will cause neuroinflammation, such as chronic systemic inflammation caused by brain trauma, diabetes and obesity, energy metabolism disorders in the brain, β-amyloid protein deposition and aging. Neuroinflammation will activate glial cells in the central nervous system. Activated glial cells will continuously release inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, NLRP3, nuclear factor-κB, and CD40 to damage neurons and synapses, which damage neurons and axons in the brain, and eventually lead to cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, regulating neuroinflammation is expected to become an effective treatment strategy for mild cognitive impairment. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on muscle strength and endurance performance in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis  Li Zhiwei, Wu Chaoming, Gu Xinyu, He Ying 2021, 25 (29):  4750-4756.  doi: 10.12307/2021.179 Abstract ( 479 )   PDF (910KB) ( 475 )   Save OBJECTIVE: The up-to-now researches on the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on exercise performance are in the initial phase, and the existing conclusions are inconsistent. This meta-analysis attempted to quantitatively evaluate the effect of tDCS on muscle strength and endurance performance of healthy adults, providing new evidence for new neuroelectrophysiological techniques as well as improving the muscle function. METHODS: To collect randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies regarding the effects of tDCS on muscle strength and endurance performance in healthy adults, the following databases were searched from inception to October 2019: Web of Science, PubMed, Sport Discus, and CNKI. According to the Cochrane Systematic Review Manual, Review Manager 5.3 software was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the literature included and to analyze the combined effect amount. RESULTS: A total of 15 RCTs involving 201 healthy subjects were included. The meta-analysis indicated that compared with the experimental group, tDCS intervention had insufficient evidence in improving muscle strength: I2=47%, 95% confidence interval [-0.79, 0.23], P=0.27 > 0.05, standard mean difference=-0.28. Compared with the control group, the function of tDCS stimulation to improve the performance of endurance was more evident, and the combined effect amount tended to a medium effect: I2=57%, 95% confidence interval [0.10, 0.76], P=0.01 < 0.05, and standard mean difference=0.43. CONCLUSION: tDCS intervention has no statistical significance in improving strength, but it is effective in improving endurance performance in general. More rigorous and extensive experimental researches are warranted to explore the tDCS neurophysiological mechanism. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics