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18 November 2017, Volume 21 Issue 32 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Serum levels of Dickkopf-1, sclerostin and vascular endothelial growth factor A and their correlation with ankylosing spondylitis progression Lu Zhong-lin, Guan Zhong 2017, 21 (32):  5085-5090.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.001 Abstract ( 247 )   PDF (1044KB) ( 121 )   Save BACKGROUND: The incidence of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) presents a trend of rising year by year, accompanied by a higher disability. Therefore, fully understanding the related factors to the development of AS is of great significance to develop a rational treatment scheme. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the expression levels of Dickkopf-1 and sclerostin in Wnt signaling pathway as well as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) in the AS patients, and to evaluate their correlation with AS progression. METHODS: AS patients and healthy volunteers were recruited, and their baseline data and medical history were collected. The expression levels of Dickkopf-1, sclerostin, VEGF-A and C-reactive protein in the peripheral blood were detected; the AS progression was evaluated by Bath AS Disease Activity Index and Bath AS Functional Index; the imaging performance was assessed by modified Stroke AS Spine Score; the correlation of Dickkopf-1, sclerostin and VEGF-A with AS progression, imaging performance and inflammatory reaction was analyzed by Spearman's rank correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No significant differences were found in the expression levels of Dickkopf-1, sclerostin and VEGF-A between two groups (P > 0.05). The AS patients without syndesmophyte and with higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level appeared with an significant increase in the Dickkopf-1 level (P < 0.05), which was significantly related to sclerostin level (r=0.592, P=0.000). The As patients with the history of smoking, increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein, as well as higher Bath AS Disease Activity Index and Bath AS Functional Index presented with a higher level of VEGF-A. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, syndesmophyte and sclerostin level were the independent factors affecting the Dickkopf-1 level (P ≤ 0.001); the history of smoking, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein were the independent factors affecting VEGF-A (P < 0.005). These results suggest that in AS patients, the Dickkopf-1 level is related to syndesmophyte and systemic inflammatory response, while the history of smoking affects VEGF-A level. Therefore, all above indicators can be used to evaluate osteophyte formation and bone mass loss. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Implication of serum steroid receptor coactivator-3 level for lumbar bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women Zhan Lei1, Wei Qiu-shi 2 2017, 21 (32):  5091-5096.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.002 Abstract ( 234 )   PDF (899KB) ( 155 )   Save BACKGROUND: Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3) is a member of the steroid receptor coactivator family, and it can promote proliferation and differentiation in human osteoblasts by modulating estrogen receptor activity. Previous studies have reported that allelic variation at the SRC-3 locus is significantly positively correlated with the lumbar bone mineral density in Caucasian men, but the relationship between SRC-3 and bone metabolism in postmenopausal women remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the level of serum SRC-3 in postmenopausal women and its association with bone mineral density and bone turnover markers. METHODS: Fifty-five women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and 35 healthy postmenopausal women were recruited, and their serum levels of SRC-3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, osteocalcin and procollagen I N-terminal peptide, beta C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen were detected. The bone mineral density of L1-4 vertebrae and femoral neck were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Serum SRC-3 level in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis was remarkably lower than that in healthy individuals. In addition, the serum SRC-3 level was positively correlated with lumbar bone mineral density, and negatively correlated with procollagen I N-terminal peptide and osteocalcin in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. These results indicate that low serum SRC-3 level may be involved in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis and play a pivotal role in bone turnover. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mean bone mineral density in different parts of college track and field athletes versus college non-athletes Qian Qian 2017, 21 (32):  5097-5102.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.003 Abstract ( 303 )   PDF (1035KB) ( 172 )   Save BACKGROUND: Peak bone mass obtained in adults has been shown to be of great significance for preventing senile osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of track and field on bone mineral density of college students and the difference in bone mineral density between sexes. METHODS: Totally 86 Han sophomore students from Zhengzhou Universities, Henan Province, including 26 track and field athletes (male: 14; female: 12), and 60 non-athletes (male: 30; female: 30). The bone mineral densities of the distal radius 1/3, right femoral neck, right femur Ward triangle, right femur trochanter and right calcaneus were measured by Prodigy Advance dual energy X-ray instrumentation (GE company, US). Descriptive Statistics and Independent-Sample Test were analyzed by the SPSS13.0 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: For same gender, the bone mineral densities of the distal 1/3 radius, right femoral greater trochanter and right calcaneal bone in athletes were significantly higher than those in non-athletes (P < 0.05); the bone densities of the right femoral neck and right femur Ward triangle in athletes were significantly higher than those in non-athletes (P < 0.01). In the same group, the males had a significantly higher bone density of the right calcaneus than females (P < 0.05). These results manifest that track and field can significantly improve the bone mineral density of college students, and exerts different effects on different limb parts, which may be related to the sport characteristics. Besides, futher investigation on the sex difference in calcaneus bone density is indispensable. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlating oxidative stress-related factors with bone metabolic markers in elderly male patients exhibiting degenerative osteoporosis in the high-altitude hypoxic region of China: study protocol for a non-randomized controlled trial Ma Jian-wen1, Li De-chun1, Zhang Zhong-guo2, Li Yu1, Wang Ying-bing1, Cao Zhi-qiang1 2017, 21 (32):  5103-5107.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.004 Abstract ( 267 )   PDF (890KB) ( 134 )   Save BACKGROUND: Hypoxia is an important factor that affects bone formation and regulates bone growth. Therefore, many elderly patients living in high-altitude hypoxic areas exhibit osteoporosis. Oxidative stress-related hypoxia-inducible factors can induce abnormal expression of various factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor, and endothelin. However, it remains unclear whether these factors influence changes in bone metabolic markers. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between oxidative stress-related factors and bone metabolic markers in elderly male patients with degenerative osteoporosis who reside in the high-altitude hypoxic area of China. METHODS: This is a prospective, single-center, non-randomized, controlled trial. One hundred and twenty elderly male patients with degenerative osteoporosis residing in the high-altitude area of China who receive treatment at the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University of China are included as osteoporosis group; 120 healthy elderly males who concurrently receive physical examination are included as control group. One day after admission, serum levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α), HIF-2α, VEGF, osteocalcin, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 b (TRACP 5 b) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone mineral density in L1-4 segments, right femoral neck, and the greater trochanter of the femur was detected using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The primary outcome measure of this study is serum HIF-1α levels at 1 day after admission. Secondary outcome measures include serum levels of HIF-1α, HIF-2α, VEGF, osteocalcin, and TRACP 5 b at 1 day after admission, as well as the correlation between serum levels of oxidative stress indicators (HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and VEGF) and bone metabolic markers (osteocalcin and TRACP 5 b) at 1 day after admission. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University of China (approval No. QHY1402G). The study is performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants are informed of the study protocol and procedures, and signed an informed consent. Participant recruitment, blood sampling, and data collection are performed during January 2015 to February 2018. Outcome measure analysis and trial completion will be in March 2018. Results will be disseminated through presentations at scientific meetings and/or by publication in peer-reviewed journals. This trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Registration number: ChiCTR-ROC-17012848). DISCUSSION: Findings from this study aim to validate the correlation between oxidative stress-related factors and bone metabolic markers in elderly male patients with degenerative osteoporosis who reside in the high-altitude area of China. We intend to confirm risk factors of degenerative osteoporosis in elderly males living in high-altitude hypoxic areas, thus providing guidance for preventing osteoporosis occurrence and development in high-altitude hypoxic areas of China. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrative neuromuscular training protects juvenile female athletes from knee injury Zhao Xiang1, 2, Zhan Jian-guo1, Xu Bin1 2017, 21 (32):  5108-5114.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.005 Abstract ( 373 )   PDF (1216KB) ( 248 )   Save BACKGROUND: Compared with single proprioceptive training and simple neuromuscular training in the trunk and hip, the integrative neuromuscular training possesses comprehensive effect, which not only prevents sport-induced knee injury, but also improves the athletes’ sport ability. OBJECTIVE: To validate whether the integrative neuromuscular training can enhance sport quality of juvenile female athletes and improve biomechanical pattern of the lower limb when jumping. METHODS: Eighteen juvenile female tennis athletes were selected and randomized into experimental and control groups. The athletes in the experimental group received 8-week integrative neuromuscular training and technical training involving the strength of the lower limb, core stability, plyometrice training, dynamic equilibrium, agility and  speed. Those controls were subjected to 8-week traditional physical training and technical training. The vertical jump, dynamic equilibrium, agility and biomechanics of the lower limb were measured at 1 week before intervention and 7 weeks after intervention to quantize the effect of integrative neuromuscular training on the sport ability and prevention of knee injury. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The vertical jump, agility, overall stability index, the knee extension angle as well as knee adduction and abduction moment in the experimental group were significantly improved (P < 0.05). Integrative neuromuscular training cannot only enhance the explosive strength of the lower limb, dynamic equilibrium, and agility when juvenile female athletes exercising, but also improve the biomechanics of the lower limb when jumping, increase the knee extension angle, and reduce knee adduction and abduction moment 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Related factors accelerate fracture healing in traumatic brain injury combined with fracture Ma Le-yuan, Zhao Yan, Qiao Wan-qing, Zhu Feng 2017, 21 (32):  5115-5121.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.006 Abstract ( 276 )   PDF (1657KB) ( 115 )   Save BACKGROUND: Brain injury can promote fracture healing is becoming an issue of concern, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To establish a model of cerebral injury combined with right tibial fracture, and to investigate the cerebrospinal fluid and serum levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide, nerve growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1. METHODS: New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: group A: blank control group; group B: simple brain injury group; group C: simple tibial fracture group; group D: tibial fracture combined with brain injury. The cerebrospinal fluid and serum levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide, nerve growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 were detected at different time points. The rabbits in the groups C and D were sacrificed at 1, 4 and 8 weeks after modeling to remove the whole tibia, and scanned by X-ray. The callus volume was calculated, and the pathological changes were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The fracture healing was faster in the group D than the group C. The callus volume, trabecular width, trabecular area ratio, and the number of newly born vessels in the group D were significantly higher than those in the group C at 4 weeks after modeling (P < 0.05). The cerebrospinal fluid and serum levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide, nerve growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the group D were significantly higher than those in the group C (P < 0.05), and the cerebrospinal fluid levels reached the maximum values earlier than did the serum levels. Furthermore, in the group D, the calcitonin gene-related peptide level was increased earlier than the other two factors. To conclude, calcitonin gene-related peptide, nerve growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 are essential factors involved in promoting fracture healing after traumatic brain injury, and moreover calcitonin gene-related peptide shows a stronger ability than the other factors. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Co-culture of chondrocytes and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for articular cartilage repair Chen Gang, Qian Ming-quan, Du Wei 2017, 21 (32):  5122-5127.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.007 Abstract ( 483 )   PDF (2645KB) ( 165 )   Save BACKGROUND: Articular cartilage damage caused by traumatic articular cartilage defects and osteoarthritis is a common clinical disorder, and its treatment is an issue of concern. Tissue engineering provides a new method for articular cartilage repair. But insufficient cartilage cell source is always a thorny issue. OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of repairing articular cartilage defects with tissue-engineered cartilage constructed by co-culture of chondrocytes and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and evaluate the curative efficacy. METHODS: Chondrocytes and BMSCs were isolated from swine articular cartilages, expanded in vitro, mixed after the first passage, and then co-cultured for another passage. The mixed cells were seeded onto a polyglycolic acid/polylactic acid scaffold and, followed by 2 weeks co-culture, then sutured into osteochondral complex. The co-culture tissue-engineered cartilage was transplanted into the defect region. The tissue-engineered cartilage constructed with single chondrocytes served as control group. Those received no intervention as blank control group. Six months later, the gross observation and histological staining were performed, as well as the dying area of collagen type II and level of glucosamine polysaccharide were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the co-culture group, the tissues were chondroid with smooth and glossy surface, and well connected with the surrounding tissues. The control group presented with fiber-like tissues, while the blank control group showed no changes. The distribution of cartilaginous extracellular matrice in the co-culture group was more homogenous than the others, and there was a good connection between newly born tissues and the surrounding tissues as well as subchondral bone. Furthermore, the dying area of collagen type II and level of glucosamine polysaccharide in the co-culture group were significantly higher than those in the other groups (P < 0.05). To conclude, the co-culture of chondrocytes and BMSCs can improve the quality of tissue-engineered cartilage, which effectively contributes to the repair of articular cartilage. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of spinal cord hemisection on bone fracture healing in rats Chen Qi-yong, Lin Yu, Liang Gui-qing, Liu Bo-ling 2017, 21 (32):  5128-5133.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.008 Abstract ( 276 )   PDF (4819KB) ( 115 )   Save BACKGROUND: The nervous system has been proved to play an important role in fracture healing, and differentnervous components exert different effects on bony callus. OBJECTIVE: To observe the callus volume and morphological changes in the fracture healing progress of the rats with spinal cord hemisection and fracture. METHODS: Forty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups, and the models of simple fracture and spinal cord hemisection by cutting the right spinal cord combined with fracture were established. The tibia was removed at 14 and 28 days after surgery, and the wet weight was measured, the fracture healing was observed by X-ray examination, morphological changes of the callus were observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the expression level of calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA in the broken bones was detected by SYBR Green qPCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the combination group, the wet weight of the contralateral tibia was more than that of the affected side (P < 0.05), which both were more than those in the simple group (P < 0.05). X-ray findings showed that the combination group had the largest lateral callus, followed by the affected side, and the smallest in the simple group. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that in the combination group, the contralateral cells arranged in disorder, while the fibrous callus and cells in regular arrangement were found in the affected side; there were bony callus and cells in regular arrangement in the simple group at 28 days after surgery. SYBR Green qPCR results revealed that the expression level of calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA in the simple group was significantly higher than that in the combination group (P < 0.05). To conclude, complete innervation is a necessary factor for fracture healing. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Electroacupuncture inhibits the ultrastructural degeneration of osteoarthritic chondrocytes mediated by Ras/Raf/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 signaling pathways Fu Chang-long1, Lin Jie1, Zhao Zhong-sheng1, Wu Guang-wen1, Hong Xiu-e2, Zheng Chun-song1, Lin Qiu-ying3, Dai Yi-chen3, Wu Ming-xia2 2017, 21 (32):  5134-5139.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.009 Abstract ( 266 )   PDF (5515KB) ( 125 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that electroacupuncture (EA) could effectively inhibit the expression of p38 and Fas mRNA mediated by MAPK signaling pathways, to further inhibit the apoptosis of chondrocytes. Meanwhile, EA delays the degeneration of articular cartilage mediated by JAK-STAT signaling pathway through upregulating the expression levels of transforming growth factor β1 as well as the mRNA expression levels of STAT3, Smad3 and LepR. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of EA on the cartilage ultrastructure and mRNA expression levels of Ras, Raf, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 in the rat with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: The rat models of knee osteoarthritis were established, and randomized into four groups at 2 weeks after modeling: model group received no interventions; 15- and 30-minute EA groups were given EA at the Hsiyen (medical, extra) of bilateral knee joints for 15 and 30 minutes, respectively; PD98059 group was given the intravenous injection of extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor PD98059. The intervention time was 3 months. Those rats received normal feeding served as blank control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Transmission electron microscopy showed that compared with the model group, the chondrocytes in the 15- and 30-minute EA and PD98059 groups changed little, the nucleus was larger, partial endoplasmic reticulum cisterna expanded, and the mitochondria structure was clear. ELISA results showed that the 15- and 30-minute EA and PD98059 groups had a significant decrease in the level of tumor necrosis factor α compared with the model group (P < 0.01). RT-PCR revealed that the mRNA expression levels of Ras, Raf, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 in the 15- and 30-minute EA and PD98059 groups were significantly downregulated (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). These results indicate that EA can alleviate chondrocyte injury in the rat osteoarthritic model, reduce the level of tumor necrosis factor α in the synovium, and downregulated the expression levels of Ras, Raf, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 mRNA, further delaying the chondrocyte degeneration in osteoarthritis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Yaotu Granules regulate the Fas/FasL expression in a rabbit model of lumbar disc degeneration He Sheng-hua1, Lai Ju-yi2, Wang Ye-guang1, Sun Zhi-tao1, Wang Jian1, Feng Hua-long2, Huang Fei-qiang2 2017, 21 (32):  5140-5145.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.010 Abstract ( 275 )   PDF (4801KB) ( 121 )   Save BACKGROUND: Yaotu Granules have been proved to protect human nucleus pulposus cells and delay their degeneration. Notably, Yaotu Granules for lumbar disc herniation has achieved good clinical results. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the herbal compound formula Yaotu Granules on the Fas/FasL expression in a rabbit model of lumbar disc degeneration, and further elucidate the underling mechanism of preventing and treating lumbar disc degeneration. METHODS: Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were enrolled and the models of lumbar disc degeneration were established by minimally invasive puncture and rotation cutting, followed by randomized into normal saline, low-, middle-, and high-dose groups (n=5 per group). 10 mL of normal saline, 10, 20, and 40 mL of water decoction of Yaotu Granules were administered intragastrically into the normal saline, low-, middle-, and high-dose drug groups for 21 days, twice daily, respectively. Subsequently, the expression level of Fas/FasL in the rabbit nucleus pulposus cells in each group was detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The signal intensity of the rabbit lumbar disc on MRI was decreased, and ruptured annulus and posterior herniated disc were visible at 12 weeks after modeling. Masson staining showed that the nucleus pulposus cells arranged in disorder, and even ruptured. Additionally, safranin O staining found that the number of nucleus pulposus cells was decreased obviously. The order of the relative expression levels of Fas and FasL mRNA in the nucleus pulposus cells was as follows: normal saline group > low-dose drug group > middle-dose drug group > high-dose drug group (P < 0.05). These results suggest that Yaotu Granules delay the rabbit lumbar disc degeneration by downregulating the expression level of Fas/FasL.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomechanics study on implant-natural tooth supported fixed partial dentures Liu Wei1, Nie Er-min2, Jiang Rui2, Zhang Chun-yuan2, Huang Zhe-xun2, Zhang Yu-hang2, Shi Jian-jie1, Huang Yong-yu1, Luo Bao1, Xue Yan-xiang1, Liang Yun1 2017, 21 (32):  5146-5151.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.011 Abstract ( 251 )   PDF (3805KB) ( 134 )   Save BACKGROUND: The stress distribution is different between implants and natural teeth, and the biomechanical characters of implant-natural tooth supported fixed partial dentures need to be explored. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the distributions of stress and strain on the implant interface and natural tooth ligaments by loading a vertical force to a single implant crown, natural tooth crown and a implant-natural tooth supported fixed partial denture. METHODS: Two male healthy Beagle dogs were selected, and their right mandibular first molars were exacted under general anesthesia. Three months later, a 3.3 mm×10 mm RN ITI implant was implanted into the defect region of each dog. The dogs were killed under anesthesia after another 3 months to remove the mandible. One dog was restored by a single implant and natural tooth crown, and the other was restored by the implant-natural tooth supported fixed partial dentures. The specimens were fixed to the load device after embedded with self caring acrylic resin, and the strain gauges were pasted to the cortical bone around the implant and natural tooth neck. The vertical force was loaded to the implant, natural tooth and fixed denture with 40, 60, 80,120, and 160 N. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: When the force was loaded to the implant of combined denture, the implant stress of combined denture was less than that of the single implant repair, and partial force was loaded on natural teeth; when the force was loaded to the natural tooth of combined denture, the stress to the natural tooth of combined denture was less than that of the single natural tooth repair. When the force was loaded to the natural tooth of combined denture, the stress was assumed by the whole prostheses. However, the stress was almost assumed by the implant when the force was loaded to the implant of combined denture. That is to say, it is feasible to use the implant-natural tooth supported fixed partial dentures. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of four patterns of vibration combined with load on the root mean square amplitude of surface electromyogram of the lower limbs during semi-squats with the heel lifting Luo Li-si, Peng Li, Wang Zhen-huan, Pei Xi-jun 2017, 21 (32):  5152-5157.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.012 Abstract ( 356 )   PDF (991KB) ( 122 )   Save BACKGROUND: The surface electromyography can evaluate the effect of exercise by recording the parameters of muscle activities, and vibration exercise is the best supplement to traditional weight training. More research focuses on the effect of simple vibration training on the surface electromyography of lower limbs, but the influence of vibration combined with weight-bearing training is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of vibration combined with load on the surface electromyography of lower limbs at the micro level of muscle working principle. METHODS: Eight healthy college students were recruited, and subjected to four different stimulations: vibration (45 Hz) combined with load (45% one repetition maximum (IRM)); vibration (45 Hz) combined with load (60% 1RM); vibration (50 Hz) combined with load (45% 1RM); vibration (50 Hz) combined with load (60% 1RM), followed by semi-squat exercise with the heel lifting, 10 times/minute, for 3 courses with more than 2 hours in between. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Different vibrations combined with loads made significant difference on the root mean square amplitude of the surface electromyography (P < 0.01), and there was a significantly increased root mean square amplitude in the vibration (50 Hz) combined with load (45% 1RM), especially at the medial gastrocnemius. The four kinds of stimulations made significant different effects on the surface electromyography of rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius, except semitendinosus (P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the effect showed significant difference among different stimulations except vibration (50 Hz) combined with load (45% 1RM) (P ≤ 0.05). Compared with the other three stimulations, vibration (50 Hz) combined with load (45% 1RM) exerted better effect on the muscular activation. To conclude, different vibrations combined with loads exert different effects on the motor unit of same neuromuscular activity, and a suitable stimulation may produce better effect. Besides, the same stimulus for the motor unit of different neuromuscular activities produces different effects, which may match to the muscle nature. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation of angiopoietin-1 with angiogenesis during scar formation Wu Zi-han1, Li Gao-feng2 2017, 21 (32):  5158-5163.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.013 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (5046KB) ( 147 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are many studies on the correlation between vascular endothelial growth factor and scar, but the correlation between angiopoietin-1 and scar is rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression of angiopoietin-1 and its correlation with angiogenesis during scar formation. METHODS: New Zealand white rabbits irrespective of gender were enrolled, and the scar models were established at the ear ventral center. The scar tissue and normal ear ventral tissue were removed at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after epithelialization. The morphology of scar formation was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, changes of angiogenesis during scar formation were observed through immunohistochemical staining of CD34, and the expression level of angiopoietin-1 was detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression level of angiopoietin-1 in the scar tissue was increased firstly, peaked at 2 weeks after epithelialization, then decreased gradually, and the lowest at 12 weeks close to the normal value. The number of microvessels was the highest at 4 weeks after epithelialization and then decreased gradually. The number of mature vessels was on a rise. Number of mature vessels/total number of microvessels tended to be increased. The expression of angiopoietin-1 was correlated negatively with the number of mature vessels, and number of mature vessels/total number of microvessels during scar formation (P < 0.05). To conclude, angiopoietin-1 may play an important role in angiogenesis during scar formation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Modeling and biological effects of radiation-induced xerostomia Li Bi-xia1, Chen Qian-yi1, Dai Zhen-hui2, Ye Jing-yun1, Wang Wen-jing1, Chen Shan1, Zhang Jia-peng1, Chen Pei-yi1 2017, 21 (32):  5164-5169.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.014 Abstract ( 332 )   PDF (5373KB) ( 143 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is little information available in the mechanism of radiation-induced salivary gland injury, and its treatment and prevention are still at the exploratory stage. OBJECTIVE: To establish a rat model of radiation-induced xerostomia with 18 Gy electron beam and to observe the pathological changes of the submandibular gland and changes in saliva ingredients. METHODS: Totally 115 Wistar rats were randomly divided into exposure and control groups: the rats in the exposure group were subjected to anesthesia, and the submandibular gland received 18 Gy electron beam radiation to establish the model of radiation-induced xerostomia. The rats in the control group were only anesthetized but not exposed to radiation. The water intake was recorded at 21 dys after modeling. The saliva was collected and the submandibular gland was removed at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days to detect the saliva volume and submandibular gland index, and the morphological changes of the submandibular gland were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 1-21 days after modeling, the average daily water intake was (6.42±1.91) mL in the exposure group and (4.82±1.20) mL in the control group, respectively (P < 0.05). During 42 days after modeling, the saliva secretion volume in the exposure group was lower than that in the control group, which was the lowest on day 7, and the difference was significant at 7, 21, 28 and 42 days after modeling between two groups (P < 0.05). The submandibular gland index in the exposure group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 1 and 21-42 days after modeling (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin-eosin staining results showed that in the exposure group, the rat submandibular gland appeared with inflammatory infiltration, glandular atrophy and karyopyknosis that were aggravated with time until day 42. To conclude, the rat model of radiation-induced xerostomia is established successfully with 18 Gy beam, characterized as increased water intake, decreased saliva volume and progressive aggravation of pathological injury of the submandibular gland. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanical properties of a osteoporotic rat model after treated with Xianling Gubao Capsule Li Peng, Li Xin-ying, Li Zheng-wei, Li Ya-jun 2017, 21 (32):  5170-5176.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.015 Abstract ( 397 )   PDF (5447KB) ( 118 )   Save BACKGROUND: The effect of Xianling Gubao Capsule for the elderly female osteoporotic animal models assessed by compression and bending mechanical properties is little reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the curative efficacy of Xianling Gubao Capsule, alendronate sodium, calcium carbonate and parathyroid hormone (3-34) for an osteoporotic rat model through compressive and bending tests at the femur. METHODS: The rat models of osteoporosis were established by bilateral ovariectomy, and were then subjected to the treatment of Xianling Gubao Capsule, alendronate sodium, calcium carbonate and parathyroid hormone (3-34), respectively, for 20 weeks. Afterwards, the rats were killed by cutting the abdominal aorta, and then the bilateral femurs were removed to undergo compressive and bending tests.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The compressive test: the elastic stress, elastic load, elastic strain, elastic displacement, maximum load, maximum strain, maximum stress, maximum displacement and elastic modulus in the model group were significantly lower than those in the blank control, Xianling Gubao Capsule, alendronate sodium and parathyroid hormone (3-34) groups (P < 0.05). The maximum load, maximum strain, maximum stress, and maximum displacement did not differ significantly between Xianling Gubao Capsule and blank control groups (P > 0.05). All indexes in the compressive and bending tests showed no significant differences between model and calcium carbonate groups (P > 0.05). Bending test: the maximum load, maximum stress, maximum strain, maximum bending moment and bending section modulus in the model group were significantly lower than those in the blank control, Xianling Gubao Capsule, alendronate sodium and parathyroid hormone (3-34) groups (P < 0.05). The bending mechanical indexes showed no significant differences between Xianling Gubao Capsule and blank control groups (P > 0.05). To conclude, after compressive and bending tests, Xianling Gubao Capsule, alendronate sodium, and parathyroid hormone (3-34) all restore the mechanical properties of the femur, and Xianling Gubao Capsule obtains a significant curative efficacy. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese herbal compound combined with electrical pulse for cervical spondylosis in a rat model: microcirculation improvement and the underlying mechanism Zhu Chuan-wu1, Yang Fang2 2017, 21 (32):  5177-5182.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.016 Abstract ( 324 )   PDF (1207KB) ( 132 )   Save BACKGROUND: Wulong Dan, a clinical prescription designed by Professor Zang Kun-tang, has been used to treat ischemic encephalopathies including cerebral infarction, transient ischemic attack, convalescent stage of cerebral hemorrhage and cervical spondylosis, showing overt curative efficacy and safety. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of Chinese herbal compound combined with electrical pulse on hemorrheology and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into normal, treatment and model groups (n=8 per group). The models of cervical spondylosis induced by unbalanced dynamic and static forces were established in the rats in the latter two groups. At 3 days after modeling, the rats in the treatment group received Chinese herbal compound combined with electrical pulse: a damp-dry cotton cloth after immersed in Chinese herbal was put on the rat neck which was then covered with two electrode plates and fixed for electrical pulse therapy, 20 minutes daily, 20 days a course. The model group was given no treatment. The whole blood viscosity and plasma viscosity were detected using blood viscosity tester; the maximum erythrocyte deformation index was detected by erythrocyte detector; the hematocrit was detected using high speed centrifugation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the normal group, the whole blood viscosity at shear rates of 1, 5, 30 and 150 s-1 was significantly increased in the model group, and the whole blood viscosity in the model group was significantly higher than that in the treatment group (P < 0.01-0.05). Compared with the normal and treatment groups, the plasma viscosity was significantly increased in the model group (P < 0.01). There was significantly elevated erythrocyte aggregation in the model and treatment groups compared with the normal group (P < 0.01), but there was no significant difference in the erythrocyte aggregation between model and treatment groups. The hematocrit in the treatment group was significantly improved compared with the model group, but it was still significantly higher than that in the normal group. The order of platelet aggregation rate was as follows: the model group > treatment group > normal group (P < 0.01). These results suggest that Chinese herbal compound combined with electrical pulse can significantly improve microcirculation by aggregating red blood cells and depolymerizing palates in a rat model of cervical spondylosis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Polysaccharide from Ophiopogon japonicus protects against ultraviolet B damage to the human dermal fibroblasts Chen Gao-min, Wang Lu, Du Pei, Li Zhong-ping, Shen Hong-yi 2017, 21 (32):  5183-5188.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.017 Abstract ( 270 )   PDF (1096KB) ( 130 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the deterioration of environment, the atmospheric ozone layer is seriously destroyed; thereafter, ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation to the earth surface is increasing. Prevention and control of UVB-induced skin photoaging is of great significance. OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effect of polysaccharide from Ophiopogon japonicus on the photoaged human dermal fibroblasts METHODS: Human dermal fibroblasts were divided into five groups: control group received no UVB radiation, and cultured in the free-drug medium; other four groups were irradiated under 200 mJ/cm2 UVB to establish the photoaging model, and then cultured in the drug-free medium (model group), or in the medium of polysaccharide from Ophiopogon japonicus (10, 100, and 1 000 mg/L), respectively. The cell viability was detected by cell counting kit-8 assay after 48-hour culture; the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde were detected by kit method; and the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases-1 and -3 as well as c-Jun gene were detected by quantitative PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, 200 mJ/cm2 UVB significantly reduced the viability of human dermal fibroblasts and levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as increased the malondialdehyde level, and expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3, and c-Jun gene (P < 0.05). In the meanwhile, 10, 100, and 1 000 mg/L polysaccharide from Ophiopogon japonicus significantly reversed all above phenomena (P < 0.05). To conclude, polysaccharide from Ophiopogon japonicas can reduce the damage of UVB to human dermal fibroblasts, maybe by alleviating UVB-induced oxidative stress, inhibiting the relative signaling pathways, and reducing the expression of c-Jun gene, further inhibiting the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -3, and reducing collagen degradation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Caspofungin for preventing fungal infection after kidney transplantation using donation after cardiac death donors: a prospective controlled trial Shang Wen-jun, Wang Zhi-gang, Suo Jing-jun, Li Jin-feng, Pang Xin-lu, Feng Yong-hua, Liu Lei, Xie Hong-chang,Feng Gui-wen 2017, 21 (32):  5189-5196.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.018 Abstract ( 443 )   PDF (1342KB) ( 152 )   Save BACKGROUND: Caspofungin, a novel echinocandins systemic antifungal agent, has been shown to exert broad-spectrum antibacterial effect on deep fungal infections, which is superior to or equivalent with the role of amphotericin B, but there is no report on its application for preventing fungal infection after renal transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the difference in high risk factors of fungal infection after kidney transplantation using donation after cardiac death donors and living-related donor kidney transplantations, and to explore the feasibility and safety of caspofungin to prevent fungal infection after kidney transplantation using donation after cardiac death donors. METHODS: This was a prospective, single-center, controlled trial finished at the Department of Kidney Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Province, China. Totally 188 patients undergoing primary kidney transplantation without history of fungal infection and use of antifungal drugs between January 2012 and August 2013 were enrolled, including kidney transplantation with donation after cardiac death donors (n=102, trail group), and kidney transplantation with living-related donors (n=86, control group). The CYP3A5 genotype was determined preoperatively. All patients received tacrolimus+mycophenolate mofetil+prednisone triple immunosuppression after transplantation. The trial group was subjected to caspofungin therapy for 2 weeks. The risk factors for fungal infection in the two groups were compared, and the effects of caspofungin on the tacrolimus concentration, tacrolimus concentration/dose were detected in the recipients with same CYP3A5 genotype recipients at 1 and 2 weeks, and 1, 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The liver and kidney function, adverse events and fungal infections were recorded at different time points. This trial was registered with the Chinese Clinial Trial Registry (Regitration number: ChiCTR-OON-17013342). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The survival rate of patient/kidney was 98.4% and 97.3% respectively, 97 cases in the trial group and 86 controls competed 6-month follow-up. Preoperative hemodialysis time, hemoglobin value, cold ischemia time, warm ischemia time, intraoperative blood transfusion volume, time of central venous catheter kept in situ, methylprednisolone usage, ATG usage, serum creatinine reduced level at 1 week, thrombocytopenia and duration of postoperative body temperature > 38 ℃ were the risk factors for fungal infection in the trail group relative to the control group. The fungal infection rate in the trial and control groups was 0% and 2.3%, respectively, at 6 months of follow-up. The serum creatinine level in the trail group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 1 month postoperatively (P < 0.05), and the level showed no significant difference between two groups at other time points (P > 0.05). After 2 weeks of caspofungin treatment, the concentrations of tacrolimus and tacrolimus concentration/dosage did not differ significantly in different CYP3A5 genotype recipients (P > 0.05). Caspofungin might induce some adverse reactions, especially electrolyte disturbance with an incidence of 21.6%, but there was no significant difference between two groups (P > 0.05). These findings imply that kidney transplantation using donation after cardiac death donors presents with various risk factors for fungal infection compared with living-related donor kidney transplantation. Furthermore, caspofungin is effective and safe for preventing fungal infection and has no effect on tacrolimus concentration; therefore, it can be used as a new anti-fungal agent after kidney transplantation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Roles of modifications of chromatin and histone in osteogenesis Zhang Wen-hai 2017, 21 (32):  5197-5202.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.019 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (817KB) ( 128 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteogenesis is a key part in bone tissue engineering. The modifications of chromatin and histone are paid much more attention during the process of osteogenesis. Methylation and acetylation are important styles of modifications, which are highlighted in the field of bone tissue engineering. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the effect of methylation and acetylation in osteogenesis and their mechanisms in modifications of chromatin and histone, especially in bone. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in PubMed databases using the keywords of “osteogenesis, methylation, acetylation, epigenetics” from January 2007 to May 2016. The language was limited to English. The artides were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and then summarized in aspects of DNA methylation and its biological regulation, DNA methylation in bone, histone post-translational modifications, biological regulation of histone methylation and acetylation as well as histone modifications in bone. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 102 articles were collected and 42 articles were included finally. These results show that methylation and acetylation are important styles of modifications of chromatin and histone, both playing important roles in osteogenesis. Modifications of osteogenic chromatin and histone are characterized as dynamization and specificity. The DNA methylation is beneficial to gene silence. The histone acetylation helps gene expression in osteogenesis, both playing important roles in information transduction and epigenetic information. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in bone metabolism Han Jun1, Sun Wei2, Gao Fu-qiang2 2017, 21 (32):  5203-5206.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.020 Abstract ( 272 )   PDF (1142KB) ( 139 )   Save BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoids play an essential role in osteoblast differentiation, but excessive glucocorticoids will inhibit the osteoblastic phenotype. Regulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) contributes to optimizing the effect of glucocorticoids. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the effect of 11β-HSD in bone metabolism. METHODS: The corresponding author retrieved PubMed and CJFD databases for the articles published before 2016 using the keywords “11β-HSD, bone” in English and Chinese, respectively. Totally 115 articles were retrieved, including 98 English and 17 Chinese articles, and finally 45 eligible articles were included in accordance with the inclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Glucocorticoid action can be regulated at prereceptor level by 11β-HSD. 11β-HSD1 activity may predict individual susceptibility to glucocorticoids, which instructs the individualized application of glucocorticoids precisely. 11β-HSD1 activity is closely related to osteoblast differentiation and the presence of an intrinsic differentiation-driven molecular switch inhibits the activity of 11β-HSD1. Instead of regulating the mesenchymal progenitors directly, gucocorticoids regulate the mesenchymal progenitors to differentiate into cranial skeleton mainly through mature osteoblasts. Short-term glucocorticoid exposure directly increases 11β-HSD1 activity and continuous exposure to glucocorticiod indirectly inhibits 11β-HSD1 activity. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ghrelin effects on the growth hormone release, osteoblast proliferation and bone growth Chen Yu-feng, Yang Hui-lin, Zou Jun 2017, 21 (32):  5209-5214.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.021 Abstract ( 222 )   PDF (1074KB) ( 136 )   Save BACKGROUND: The balance between bone formation and bone resorption plays an important role in maintaining bone mass, and the stability and balance of the internal environment are affected by many factors. Ghrelin, a major hormone that regulates the secretion of growth hormone, plays a critical part in bone remodeling and body energy metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of ghrelin on the release of growth hormone and its effect on osteoblast proliferation and bone growth. METHODS: PubMed and WanFang databases were retrieved for the Chinese and English literature addressing the mechanism of ghrelin and the effects of ghrelin on osteoblast proliferation, bone metabolism and bone remodeling published from 1999 to 2016. The repetitive articles were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Ghrelin is involved in the regulation of pituitary growth hormone release, energy metabolism, inflammatory response and osteogenesis. Ghrelin can promote the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts and can be secreted by chondrocytes, participating in bone metabolism and growth. Ghrelin can be used as an important target of bone growth, but its mechanism is complex and needs to be further studied. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Platelet-rich-plasma for intervertebral disc degeneration: from bench to bedside Ma Liang-yu1, Wang Shan-zheng2, Guo Yu-dong2, Chen Xiang-xu2, Yu Jia-bin1, Jia Jun1, Wang Chen2 2017, 21 (32):  5215-5220.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.022 Abstract ( 259 )   PDF (1301KB) ( 138 )   Save BACKGROUND: Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common cause of low back pain. Microenvironmental and cytological changes of intervertebral disc are main factors inducing disc degeneration. However, the  underlying mechanism still remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To review the application of platelet rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of IDD. METHODS: First, the article structure was designed, and then WanFang and CNKI databases were retrieved for related articles using Chinese and English keywords. After analyzing the abstract and main body, the eligible articles were enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment has achieved remarkable outcomes in the treatment of middle- and late-stage IDD. However, there is still no good conservative therapy for early degeneration. PRP has been extensively applied in the treatment of IDD due to its improvement in tissue healing and regeneration. PRP has been proved to be capable of effectively delaying and even reversing IDD through cytology tests and animal experiments. Some clinical trials have shown that PRP treatment can ease low back pain, while others have demonstrated that the combination of PRP and other biological treatments can significantly improve IDD. Nowadays, most of the experiments are limited in the study of cytology and zoology rather than clinical trials, and there is still no unified standard for extraction method, dose and optimal injection time of PRP. Moreover, there is little reported on its side effects. Consequently, the curative effect of PRP for IDD needs to be verified further. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different additive ingredients on the activity of adipocytes: research progress and application status Sun Yin1, Wei Guo-qian1, Gu Luo-sha2, Gu Jin-song3 2017, 21 (32):  5221-5226.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.023 Abstract ( 295 )   PDF (1178KB) ( 180 )   Save BACKGROUND: Autologous adipose tissue has become an ideal filling material due to the fact that it has no rejection reaction, but has abundant source, good texture and appearance after transplantation, and low cost. OBJECTIVE: To review the research advance in the effect of different additive ingredients on the activity of adipocytes. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval of CNKI, WanFang, VIP, PubMed, Elsevier, and Embase databases was conducted for the articles about adipocyte viability using the keywords of “autologous adipose tissue, rate of survival, stromal vascular fraction, platelet-rich plasma, growth factor, adipose derived stem cells, leptin” in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally 47 eligible articles were included for further analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Autologous fat transplantation still holds some limitations. It has been found that the survival rate of single autologous fat globules is less than 60%. The high absorption rate of adipose tissues, cyst, calcification and other complications after transplantation restrict its far-ranging application. In order to improve the survival rate of transplanted adipose tissues, most of scholars have been trying to improve the method of liposuction, cryopreservation conditions, or add different ingredients such as platelet-rich plasma and stromal vascular fraction. The stromal vascular fraction, platelet rich plasma, adipose derived stem cells, botulinum toxin A, and some cytokines have been confirmed to be feasible and effective according to a series of trials; however, the studies on leptin and some other kinds of cytokines and drugs still in the experimental stage, which need to be explored in depth. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Signaling pathways in secondary injuries following spinal cord injury  Yang Yong-dong1, Zhao He1, Yu Xing1, Tang Xiang-sheng2, Hu Zhen-guo1, Chen Si-xue1, Liu Tao1, Xu Lin1 2017, 21 (32):  5227-5233.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.024 Abstract ( 280 )   PDF (1264KB) ( 154 )   Save BACKGROUND: Primary injuries of the spinal cord are irreversible in the pathoplhysiological process. Most of studies have focused on prevention against secondary injuries, by reducing neuronal apoptosis and necrosis as well as decreasing damage area, which provides favorable environment for axonal regeneration, blocks secondary injury and promotes neural regeneration after spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE: To review the recent advances in the signaling pathway related to secondary injuries after spinal cord injury, and to clarify the related signaling pathways, thereby providing theoretical basis for the treatment of spinal cord injury. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Medline, CNKI, CJFD and Wanfang databases were retrieved for the articles addressing the signaling pathways in spinal cord injury published between 2006 to 2016. The keywords were “spinal cord injury, signaling pathway” in English and Chinese, respectively. The signaling pathways in secondary injuries after spinal cord injury were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Mitogen activated protein kinase, nuclear factor of kappa B, PI3K/PKB (Akt), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, and Wnt signaling pathways are mainly involved in secondary injuries after spinal cord injury. All these pathways play a significant role in the development and repair of spinal cord injury, and future investigation on them is warranted. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Low frequency-pulsed electromagnetic fields promote bone healing: a Meta-analysis Zhao Xin-juan1, Zhang Jing2, Yin Bo2, Kang Yi-ting2 2017, 21 (32):  5234-5239.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.025 Abstract ( 219 )   PDF (1031KB) ( 135 )   Save BACKGROUND: Low frequency-pulsed electromagnetic fields (LF-PEMFs) have been confirmed to not only treat delayed bone union or nonunion, but also be effective for fresh bone fractures, ostectomy and fatigue fractures. OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of LF-PEMFs for bone healing.  METHODS: CNKI and PubMed databases were retrieved for the randomized controlled trials concerning LF-PEMFs promoting bone healing published from January 1985 to May 2016. Meta-analysis was conducted on RevMan 5.1 software after data management and quality assessment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Thirteen eligible literatures were enrolled, involving 1244 patients. Meta-analysis showed that the overall effectiveness and bone mineral density in the LF-PEMFs group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The healing time in the LF-PEMFs group was significantly shorter than that in the control group. These results suggest that LF-PEMFs show high efficacy and safety for bone healing, and also can markedly shorten the healing time. However, more high-quality multi-center, large-scale randomized controlled trials are still needed to testify all above conclusions. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Stability improvement in adult maxillary transverse deficiency after surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion: a Meta-analysis Fei Lu, Bai Yang, Yuan Xiao-ping 2017, 21 (32):  5240-5248.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.026 Abstract ( 254 )   PDF (1375KB) ( 147 )   Save BACKGROUND: Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) has been proved to exert good  therapeutic efficacy on maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD) in adults, but its long-term efficacy and stability still remain controversial. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the stability improvement in adult MTD after SARME through a Meta-analysis. METHODS: A computer-based search of PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, Central Register of Controlled Trials, CNKI, and WanFang databases was conducted for the randomized, quasi-randomized controlled trials and clinical case-control trials published before May 31st, 2015. The quality evaluation and data extraction in the middle- and high-quality literature were performed by two professional researchers independently, and a Meta-analysis was then performed using Revman5.3 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 13 articles involving 513 cases were included. The results of Meta-analysis showed that: (1) the stability of the teeth: the difference of the first molar (WMD=-1.03, 95%CI: -2.00--0.06), canine (WMD=-1.26, 95%CI: -2.02 to -0.49) had significant difference after surgery and the follow-up; (2) the stability of the bone: the maxillary alveolar width of the first molar (WMD=-0.43, 95%CI: -1.82 to 0.97) at post-operation and the follow-up had no significant difference; (3) the stability of the nasal airway: in the short-term, the function of the nasal airway was improved significantly, while the long-term efficacy needed to be confirmed further. To conclude, after SARME, the dental and the maxillary alveolar in adult MTD have kept long-term stability, and the nasal airway is improved significantly in short-term. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics