Ghrelin effects on the growth hormone release, osteoblast proliferation and bone growth

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.32.021

Abstract

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: The balance between bone formation and bone resorption plays an important role in maintaining bone mass, and the stability and balance of the internal environment are affected by many factors. Ghrelin, a major hormone that regulates the secretion of growth hormone, plays a critical part in bone remodeling and body energy metabolism.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of ghrelin on the release of growth hormone and its effect on osteoblast proliferation and bone growth.
METHODS: PubMed and WanFang databases were retrieved for the Chinese and English literature addressing the mechanism of ghrelin and the effects of ghrelin on osteoblast proliferation, bone metabolism and bone remodeling published from 1999 to 2016. The repetitive articles were excluded.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Ghrelin is involved in the regulation of pituitary growth hormone release, energy metabolism, inflammatory response and osteogenesis. Ghrelin can promote the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts and can be secreted by chondrocytes, participating in bone metabolism and growth. Ghrelin can be used as an important target of bone growth, but its mechanism is complex and needs to be further studied.

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程

Key words: Ghrelin, Osteoblasts, Cell Proliferation, Cell Differentiation, Tissue Engineering

CLC Number:

R318

Chen Yu-feng, Yang Hui-lin, Zou Jun. Ghrelin effects on the growth hormone release, osteoblast proliferation and bone growth[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2017, 21(32): 5209-5214.

Figures/Tables 2

Ghrelin及其受体表达于多种免疫细胞，可以多种内分泌方式调节免疫细胞的功能。Ghrelin可以改善胸腺功能，抑制炎性细胞因子的产生。在炎性疾病患者中ghrelin的水平升高，这可能是对炎症的一种保护性反应。与此同时，ghrelin还可以通过刺激生长激素分泌间接调节免疫系统的功能。通过调节饮食和体质量等从而改变ghrelin的分泌，这可能成为增强机体免疫功能的一种方法。以往研究最多的是ghrelin的调节生长激素分泌及能量代谢、进胃酸分泌，调节胃肠运动等作用，已经有研究表明葡萄糖对ghrelin合成与分泌有显著的抑制作用[10-11]。安振梅等[12]选取10例肥胖的2型糖尿病患者，研究糖负荷和馒头负荷对肥胖和非肥胖的2型糖尿病者血清ghrelin的影响及二者与胰岛素、血糖的关系，结果显示能量摄入相似的情况下，2型糖尿病患者ghrelin对葡萄糖和馒头餐的反应不同；空腹ghrelin与空腹胰岛素负相关、与胰岛素敏感指数正相关。同样有研究显示空腹血糖水平和胰岛素抵抗是导致青少年血ghrelin水平变化的独立危险因素，ghrelin水平降低可能是青少年糖代谢异常的保护因素[13-16]。脂类对ghrelin的作用比较复杂，有动物实验研究分析表明，脂质灌注诱导了肝脏和外周的胰岛素抵抗，高胰岛素血症，而不是游离脂肪酸，降低了大鼠循环ghrelin水平[17]。严光等[18]通过对54例需要禁食的患者进行临床研究发现，血浆ghrelin浓度变化与禁食前患者的脂肪含量有关，体脂含量越高，ghrelin升高出现的时间越晚。同时随着禁食时间的延长，ghrelin的分泌会逐渐增加。提示禁食状态下，ghrelin的分泌变化与禁食前脂肪组织与体质量的比值及禁食时间有关。大量文献证实，胃切除后空腹ghrelin明显上升，对血糖的调控明显改善。推测胰岛素抵抗改善的机制可能与ghrelin的调节有关[19-21]。同样研究发现一定浓度的ghrelin促进胰岛在高葡萄糖诱导下的胰岛素分泌，经ghrelin预处理24 h后该作用更为显著[22]。Ghrelin增加大鼠胰岛内前胰岛素原mRNA的表达，促进胰岛素合成。为了解ghrelin缓解胰岛素抵抗的机制，有实验选取骨骼肌细胞作为研究对象，着重研究胰岛素抵抗的骨骼肌细胞质钙离子的变化及ghrelin对钙离子稳态的维持作用，以及其引起的细胞内葡萄糖转运蛋白的变化，结果发现ghrelin可通过影响钙离子改善胰岛素抵抗、加强细胞内葡萄糖转运蛋白的作用。Ghrelin可能是联系内分泌与骨骼生长的重要物质之一[23]，见表1。"

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