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10 September 2014, Volume 18 Issue 38 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Effect of bisphosphonate on osteoclast differentiation and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase Dong Wei, Feng Xiao-jie, Liang Yong-qiang, Deng Jiu-peng, Wen Li-ming, Qi Meng-chun 2014, 18 (38):  6069-6073.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.001 Abstract ( 357 )   PDF (813KB) ( 549 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase is a specific marker for osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, which is a sign of osteoclast maturity. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of alendronate on tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase related to osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. METHODS: Osteoclasts were cultured by mouse monocyte-macrophage cell line-RAW264.7. The cells were divided into two groups: control group, treated with 100 μg/L receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand factor; alendronate group, treated with 100 μg/L receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand factor+10-7 mol/L alendronate. Osteoclastogenesis and resorption function of osteoclasts were examined at 7 days of culture. Gene expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was detected by immunofluorescence method. Western blot assay was used to detect protein expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive multinuclear cells were observed and resorption lacunae formed in two groups. Control group showed the higher number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive multinuclear cells and larger size of resorption lacunae than the alendronate group (P < 0.01). Immunofluorescence showed expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was higher in the control group than the alendronate group (P < 0.01); furthermore, the protein expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was also lower in the alendronate group than the control group (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that bisphosphonates could strongly inhibit osteoclastogenesis and its resorption function by inhibiting protein  expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of methylation of p21 gene in the proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells Hou Xiao-fei, Sun Xiao-jian 2014, 18 (38):  6074-6078.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.002 Abstract ( 320 )   PDF (625KB) ( 432 )   Save BACKGROUND: Proliferation, migration and phenotypic changes of vascular smooth muscle cells is the core of the occurrence of atherosclerosis, and a series of related genes via methylation are involved in the process. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) on DNA methylation in the promoter region of the p21 gene and its potential mechanism in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.  METHODS: Cultured human vascular smooth muscle cells were treated with different concentrations of ox-LDL (0, 10, 20, 40 mg/L) for 24 hours. The degree of DNA methylation was assayed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, the expression of p21 mRNA was measured by reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction and the proliferative activity of vascular smooth muscle cells was determined by the MTT assay.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The ox-LDL treatment resulted in a promotion in the methylation in the promoter region of the p21 gene and a decrease in mRNA expression with a concentration-dependent manner; it also induced a dose-dependent promoting effect on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. The atherogenic mechanism of ox-LDL might promote vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by the hypermethylation of the p21 gene that may lead to the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of platelet-rich plasma composited Bio-Oss/Bio-Gide to repair a critical-size alveolar defect in rabbits Liang Heng-yan, Jiao Xin, Wang Yang, Ge Zhen-lin 2014, 18 (38):  6079-6084.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.003 Abstract ( 268 )   PDF (2383KB) ( 591 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have found that the platelet-rich plasma (PRP) can promote bone and soft tissue injury repair, but its effect on the process of bone healing is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To contrastively observe the osteogenesis effect of PRP/Bio-Oss/Bio-Gide in the repair process of alveolar bone defect in rabbits, so as to explore the role of PRP in bone healing. METHODS: Sixteen New Zealand white rabbits were used to establish animal models of critical-size alveolar bone defect. One side was damaged randomly and repaired by PRP/Bio-Oss/Bio-Gide as experimental side, and the other side repaired by Bio-Oss/Bio-Gide as control side. Four animals were executed at each time-point, postoperative weeks 2, 4, 8, 12. Through general observation, X-ray radiograph, Cone Beam CT assessment, histological examination, the osteogenesis effect in the defect region was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: It could be know from each observation index that as time went on, the experimental and control sides had a different degree of new bone formation and the degradation-absorption of bone graft material. At 12 weeks, continuous cortical bone formation was seen on the surface of the experimental side, new bone formed and tended to be mature, obvious degradation of the bone graft was found, but those in the control side were not as good. At each time-point of 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks, the bone mineral density of the experimental side were lower than that of the control side (P < 0.05), but the percentage of new bone area was  larger than in the experimental side than the control side (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the PRP/Bio-Oss/ Bio-Gide has a better osteogenesis effect than the Bio-Oss/Bio-Gide in the repair process of alveolar bone defect in rabbits, and PRP can promote new bone formation and degradation-absorption of Bio-Oss. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of miniscrew implant anchorage on adjacent roots and periodontal tissues Li Qin, Su Yi 2014, 18 (38):  6085-6089.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.004 Abstract ( 282 )   PDF (1719KB) ( 299 )   Save BACKGROUND: Implanted site and direction of miniscrew implants, post-implantation movement of implants, contact between tooth and implant after tooth movement all can cause root damage. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of the root surface, periodontal tissue and osteoprotegerin expression in the periodontal tissue at periods of time after miniscrew implant loading. METHODS: Two beagle dogs were selected. For each dog, miniscrews were implanted into the labial alveolar bone near the roots of the maxillary second, third, and fourth premolars and the maxillary second, third, and fourth premolars and first molar. Fourteen miniscrew implants were in one dog, including six in the maxillary and eight in the mandible; two miniscrews of the maxillary acted as control group with no loading, and the rest miniscrews were as experimental group under orthodontics force. Two weeks after miniscrew implantation, 150 g force was loaded between two miniscrews with nickel-titanium closed-coil springs. The dogs were sacrificed after miniscrews loading 4 and 8 weeks respectively, the teeth were cut completely with alveolar bone tissue and decalcified to make the histological specimen. The histological changes of the root and periodontal tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and expression of osteoprotegrin in the periodontal ligament was also inspected by using immunohistochemistry.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: When the miniscrews were adjacent to the roots, absorption lacuna occurred in the alveolar bone; after horizontal force was loaded opposite to the roots, alveolar resorption became much more animate. When the miniscrews contacted with the pericementum, some areas of the cement absorbed seriously and even reached the dentin; when sustaining pressure from the miniscrews, the whole layer of the cement absorbed and the dentin was exposed and began to be absorbed. The osteoprotegrin in the periodontal ligament of control group expressed sharply and its expression was notable at 8 weeks; while the osteoprotegrin of experimental group weakly expressed at 8 weeks, and there was significant divergence between control group and experimental group at 8 weeks (P < 0.01). The roots and periodontal tissue were all damaged variously after miniscrew implantation adjacent to the roots. When horizontal orthodontic force was loaded opposite to the roots, the expression of osteoprotegrin was influenced slightly; as the loading period prolonged, pressure dramatically restrained the expression of osteoprotegrin. When discovering the miniscrew implant adjacent to roors, the miniscrew implant anchorage should not be used to load orthodontical force opposite to the roots but ought to be removed in order to leave the root repair autonomously and avoid further damage. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Platelet-derived growth factor-B gene transfection reduces ischemia and hypoxia-induced myocardial apoptosis  Chen Bang-dang, Chen Xiao-cui, Ma Yi-tong, Yang Yi-ning, Ma Xiang, Liu Fen 2014, 18 (38):  6090-6098.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.005 Abstract ( 336 )   PDF (3173KB) ( 591 )   Save BACKGROUND: Platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF-B) is an effective pro-angiogenic growth factor, and adeno-associated virus type 9 (rAAV9) has a strong cardiomyocyte targeting affinity, which is an ideal vehicle for ischemic heart disease gene therapy. OBJECTIVE: To explore the PDGF-B gene transfection of in vitro neonatal rat myocardial cells mediated by rAAV9 against ischemia and hypoxia-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis. METHODS: Rat neonatal myocardial cells were isolated and cultured, and then transfected by rAAV9-PDGF-B and empty virus, rAAV9 with enhance green fluorescent protein (eGFP), under multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 105, 106 and 107, respectively. We observed the expression of eGFP under fluorescence microscopy every day, and used flow cytometry to measure transfection efficiency of vector rAAV9. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate protein expression of PDGF-B. Myocardial ischemia and hypoxia injury model was established in vitro on the 5th day of transfection of rAAV9-eGFP and rAAV9-PDGF-B with 107 MOI. The number of myocardial apoptosis was measured by TUNEL assay. Western blot was employed to detect the protein expression of Bax and Caspase-3 which were related apoptosis, and the effect and its possible mechanism of PDGF-B gene overexpression against myocardial apoptosis were explored. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: rAAV9 vector can efficiently transfect neonatal rat myocardial cells. eGFP and PDGF-B protein expressed in myocardial cells correctly and efficiently, and the expression intensity increased gradually with the increasing of time course and MOI. The expression became stable on the 5th day, and the transfection efficiency showed significant difference among these groups (P < 0.01). Myocardial apoptosis rate was significantly reduced in the rAAV9-PDGF-B group than the rAAV9-eGFP group (P < 0.05), and protein levels of Bax and Caspase-3 in the rAAV9-PDGF-B group were significantly lower than those of the rAAV9-eGFP group (P < 0.05). These data indicate that overexpression of PDGF-B gene can effectively reduce ischemia and hypoxia-induced myocardial apoptosis, and the possible mechanism might be by inhibiting Bax and Caspase-3 protein expression, which can provide evidence of rAAV9-PDGF-B vector in the gene therapy of ischemic heart diseases. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone morphogenetic protein-4 compounded with platelet-rich plasma promotes bone healing Shi Jian-jie, Luo Zhi-bin, Chen Wen-xiong 2014, 18 (38):  6099-6104.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.006 Abstract ( 274 )   PDF (821KB) ( 630 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that bone morphogenetic proteins play a key role in skeletal development. Platelet-rich plasma alone in animal or clinical trials cannot significantly promote bone graft healing. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the osteogenesis effect of bone morphogenetic protein-4 compounded with platelet-rich plasma the bone defect area. METHODS: Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were selected to establish maxillary bone defect models, and then were randomly divided into four groups, six rats in each group. Group A was blank control group; Group B was β-tricalcium phosphate (0.1 g)+Bio-gide group; group C was β-tricalcium phosphate (0.1 g)+Bio-gide+ platelet-rich plasma (1 mL) group; and group D wasβ-tricalcium phosphate (0.1 g)+Bio-gide+platelet-rich plasma (1 mL)+bone morphogenetic protein-4 (5 μg). Gross observation, histological observation and imaging analysis were performed for analysis of new bone formation at weeks 4, 8, 12 after modeling. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 4 weeks, group D had more new bone and vessels formed in the bone defect area than the group B (P < 0.01); however, the amount of new bone was higher in the group B than the group A (P < 0.01). After 4, 8, 12 weeks, the amount of new bone in the bone defect area was higher in the group D than the groups B and C (P < 0.01), and lowest in the group A (P < 0.01). In the β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold, platelet-rich plasma combined with bone morphogenetic protein can significantly promote the healing of bone defects. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of transfection efficiency of THP-1 monocytes by different methods Ge Jing, Cheng Bei, Peng Wen, Li Yun-qiao, Zhai Wei 2014, 18 (38):  6105-6109.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.007 Abstract ( 1374 )   PDF (584KB) ( 1468 )   Save BACKGROUND: Human THP-1 is a typical suspension cell line. It is more difficult to transfect and transiently express foreign genes into the adherent cells than the suspension cells. Diethylaminoethyl dextran (DEAE-dextran) transfection method has been previously established, but rarely used in China. OBJECTIVE: To transfect plasmid vector coding enhanced green fluorescent protein N1 into human THP-1 monocytes by different methods and to acquire the method with better transfection efficiency.  METHODS: The cells were transfected by different methods with DEAE-dextran, Lipofectamine 2000, FuGENE 6, Sofast transfection reagents. Transfection efficiency and cell viability were determined.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The transfection efficiency was the highest by DEAE-dextran transfection, then by Lipfectamine 2000, and lowest by FuGENE 6 and Sofast transfection reagent, as detected by fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry. Plasmid enhanced green fluorescent protein N1 was effectively expressed after being transfected into THP-1 monocytes in vitro, and the transfection efficiency was enhanced and the impact on cell viability was reduced by optimizing the transfection methods. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound mediated Clematis chinensis Osbeck on the proliferation and expression of type II collagen and transforming growth factor-beta1 of rabbit knee articular chondrocytes Ma Yong, Guo Yang, Tu Juan, Cheng Ji-hua, Guo Ge-pu, Huang Gui-cheng 2014, 18 (38):  6110-6115.  Abstract ( 368 )   PDF (2347KB) ( 668 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that Clematis chinensis Osbeck can promote articular chondrocyte proliferation, maintain and promote the synthesis of cartilage proteoglycan and type II collagen in chondrocytes. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound can effectively improve the carticular chondrocyte proliferation, increase the cell membrane permeability, and promote chemicals or genes delivery, so as to improve the biological effects of chemicals. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound mediated Clematis chinensis Osbeck on the proliferation of cartilage cells and the expression of type II collagen and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 of rabbit knee articular chondrocytes cultured in vitro, and explore the effect and mechanism of Clematis chinensis Osbeck mediated by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on cartilage damage.  METHODS: The rabbit knee articular chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro. Cells of the second generation in logarithmic growth phase were randomly divided into four groups: control group, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) group, Clematis chinensis Osbeck (CCO) group, and CCO + LIPUS group. After cells were cultured under different conditions for 3 days, cell proliferation was measured with Cell Count Kit-8 assay. The secretion of type II collagen was detected by cytochemical staining method, and the expression of TGF-β1 was assayed by western blot analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The number of cells in the other three groups were significantly higher than that in control group at 3 days after culture (P < 0.05), while the CCO + LIPUS group had the most cells. Cytochemical staining showed that the area and absorbance value of type II collagen in cartilage cells were significantly increased in CCO + LIPUS group, compared with control group (P < 0.05), and the difference with control group was larger than the amount of that of LIPUS group and CCO group with control group. Western blot analysis showed that TGF-β1 was significantly expressed in CCO + LIPUS group, and the relative gray value was significantly higher than the other groups (P < 0.05). Both low-intensity pulsed ultrasound and Clematis chinensis Osbeck can promote the proliferation of cartilage cells and expression of type II collagen and t-β1 of rabbit knee articular chondrocytes cultured in vitro. The combined method could produce synergistic effects. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Recombinant mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 10 in human osteoclast differentiation Zhang Yuan-yu, Guo Yong-rong, Liu Xia, Li Kun 2014, 18 (38):  6116-6122.  Abstract ( 249 )   PDF (2730KB) ( 474 )   Save BACKGROUND: The mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 10 exerts effects on the osteoclasts by in vitro mouse cranium experiment, OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and mechanism of recombinant mycobacterium tuberculosis heat shock protein 10 (CPN10) on the differentiation of osteoclasts in the in vitro culture system that induces osteoclast differentiation.  METHODS: Human macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent adhesive blood mononuclear cells were divided into four groups: receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)+CPN10 (1 mg/L), RANKL, CPN10 (1 mg/L), and negative control (complete culture medium). Monocytes were resuspended in a-MEM medium containing macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and were cultured in each group for 7, 14, 21 days. The morphology, quantity and bone resorption area of osteoclasts were examined by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. The expressions of NFATc1 and c-Fos gene and protein were also detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In negative control group, no TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclasts generated, while in the other groups, TRAP-positive multinucleated osteoclasts differentiated and formed the lacunae in the small bone grinding. The number of osteoclasts formation and resorption in CPN10 group were significantly lower than that in RANKL+CPN10 group. The expression of NFATc1 and c-Fos in the negative control group C was significantly lower than that of RANKL+CPN10 group and CPN10 group. However, CPN10 expressed NFATc1 and c-Fos protein, which was significantly lower than RANKL+CPN10 group. CPN10 is involved in the formation of osteoclasts, and the mechanism is related with the upregulation of NFATc1, c-Fos expression. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha enhances the bone-resorptive capabilities of osteoclasts by improving the expression and activity of vocuolar-type ATPase Zhu Wei-ping, Lin Lin, Liu Geng-rong, Li Zhong-he, Liu Shuang-xin, Shi Wei 2014, 18 (38):  6123-6128.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.010 Abstract ( 253 )   PDF (1976KB) ( 395 )   Save BACKGROUND: Vocuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) is highly expressed in osteoclasts and especially plays an important role in osteoclastic bone resorption. Tumor necrosis factor-α is a potent stimulator of bone resorption. However, the effect of tumor necrosis factor-α on expression and activity of V-ATPase is still not clear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of tumor necrosis factor-α to promote osteoclastic bone resorption by observing expression and activity of V-ATPase. METHODS: Osteoclasts cultured in vitro were intervened by different concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (5, 10, 30 μg/L) in order to observe the changes in expression and enzyme activity of V-ATPase and its effects on bone resorption of osteoclasts. Under an inverted microscope, we observed the formation of resorption lacunas, and bone resorption area was analyzed using Image J software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression and activity of V-ATPase increased significantly after 48 hours of tumor necrosis factor-α intervention and the increase of tumor necrosis factor-α concentration might enhance this effect. In addition, osteoclastic bone resorption was promoted after intervention with tumor necrosis factor-α. The bone-resorbing capabilities of osteoclasts increased in parallel with the concentration of tumor necrosis  factor-α.The results suggested that tumor necrosis factor-α, as a significant inflammatory mediator involved in the pathological process of bone resorption, not only promotes formation of osteoclasts but also enhances bone-resorbing capabilities of osteoclasts by increasing V-ATPase expression and activity. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Primary culture and identification of neonatal rabbit osteoblasts: modified tryptase and collagenase sequential digestion Yang Sen, Feng Fu-ming, Wang Yin-hui 2014, 18 (38):  6129-6135.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.011 Abstract ( 378 )   PDF (965KB) ( 432 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are many kinds of ways to obtain osteoblasts at present, but how to get high-purity osteoblasts in a easy and fast way has become a hot research. OBJECTIVE: To explore a method to get massive and high purified osteoblasts effectively by comparing three common primary osteoblast culture methods, and to observe the biological characteristics of the osteoblasts from the skull of neonatal rabbit. METHODS: Calvarias were dissected from newborn New Zealand white rabbits within 24 hours, and osteoblasts were isolated with bone tissue method, collagenase digestion method and modified tryptase and collagenase sequential digestion method respectively, then the cells were subcultured in vitro. Osteoblast proliferation and osteogenic activity were identified by inverted microscope for morphology observation. The rate of living osteobalsts was counted with trypan blue staining. The growth curve of the cells was drawn with MTT method. Alizarin red staining was applied to detect alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin protein in the cell culture supernatants. Collagen I and collagen III immunohistochemical staining was also performed. RT-PCR was used to determine the expression of osteocalcin and collagen I mRNA expression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The cultured cells showed highly homogeneous appearance with active proliferation, and they had the typical features of osteoblasts. Alizarin red staining and collagen I immunohistochemical staining were both positive, while collagen III immunohistochemical staining was negative.  Alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin protein expression in the cell culture supernatants can be detected. The expression of osteocalcin and collagen I mRNA was positive in the RT-PCR test. Compared with collagenase digestion method, the modified tryptase and collagenase I sequential digestion method cost less time, presented higher production of osteoblasts and higher cell survival rate (P < 0.05). Bone tissue method was the easiest method and did the least damage to osteoblasts, but it presented lowest production of osteoblasts and cost the maximum time among the three methods. So it cannot be used in large-scale osteoblast culture. A large quantity of high purity osteoblasts were obtained by modified trypsase and collagenase I sequential digestion method, which can be used as a reliable and efficient way to obtain the original generation osteoblasts in vitro. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Predicting deep venous thrombosis using Wells scoring system combined with D-dimer and fibrin degradation product Shen Ming-quan, Xie Zeng-ru 2014, 18 (38):  6136-6140.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.012 Abstract ( 375 )   PDF (633KB) ( 578 )   Save BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis has been reported in the literatures, but whether the combination with risk prediction scoring system and a variety of laboratory index increase the diagnosis rate of deep venous thrombosis remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To improve the diagnosis sensitivity of traumatic deep venous thrombosis of lower extremity using Wells scoring system combined D-dimer and fibrin degradation product. METHODS: A total of 82 patients with low limb fractures and spine fracture were included in this study, those patients with high risk factors of deep venous thrombosis or with the history of deep venous thrombosis were excluded. After admission, the following indicators of deep venous thrombosis were determined, including D-dimer, fibrin degradation product, fibrinogenase, prothrombin time, activated partial thrombokinase time, blood platelets count, C-reaction protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In addition, Doppler ultrasound detection of double lower limbs deep vein was performed, and the results were recorded. According to scoring system of deep venous thrombosis of lower extremity (Wells scoring system), the patients were assigned into low-risk, middle-risk and high-risk cases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Doppler ultrasound detection showed that, there were 30 cases in deep venous thrombosis group, and 52 cases in non-deep venous thrombosis. The peak value of D-dimer and fibrin degradation product showed significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.05). According to Wells  scoring system, there were 13 low-risk cases, 32 middle-risk cases, and 37 high-risk cases. The diagnosis rate of deep venous thrombosis using D-dimer and fibrin degradation product: positive prediction value for middle-risk deep venous thrombosis was 44.44% and for high-risk deep venous thrombosis was 70.97%. Logistic regression analysis showed that, in the middle-risk and high-risk deep venous thrombosis cases, the Wells score has a positive correlation with laboratory test and Doppler ultrasound detection of deep venous thrombosis (P < 0.05). The score of Wells scoring system combined D-dimer and fibrin degradation product have clinical significances for the formation of deep venous thrombosis of lower extremity after trauma. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Thoracic dorsal artery perforating flap transplantation under high-frequency ultrasound guidance Shen Mei-hua, Alimujiang Abulaiti, Aihemaitijiang Yushufu, Dong Jian, Wang Wei, Liu Ya-fei 2014, 18 (38):  6141-6145.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.013 Abstract ( 258 )   PDF (709KB) ( 395 )   Save BACKGROUND: The most advanced and representative diagnosis techniques for perforating branch of blood vessels include digital subtraction angiography, CT, MRI and other imaging techniques. These methods can visualize blood vessels clearly and have a high precision, but there are some trauma and less popular. OBJECTIVE: To apply high-frequency ultrasound for detection of thoracic dorsal artery and perforating branch, and provide a reference for preoperative design of thoracic dorsal artery perforating flap. METHODS: Fifteen patients candidate for thoracic dorsal artery perforating flap were included in this study. Before surgery, we used high-frequency ultrasound to detect the perforating branch, including vascular contorts, diameter, the location of the perforators and surface markers. The thick, superficial, parallel perforating branch was selected as the main blood vessels, to design and cur the skin flap. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the involved 15 cases, thoracic dorsal artery were derived from the subscapular artery, thoracic dorsal artery and its main branches, as well as more than 1 mm main perforating branch in 13 cases were clearly visible. It was consistent with intraoperative measurement results. The perforating branch less than 1 mm only showed strip-like blood flow signal or no blood flow and spectrum signal,  and there was an unclear boundary to surrounding tissue. One case appeared distortion and variation of blood vessels before surgery, thus changed to other surgery. Two cases had no perforating branch by preoperative detection, which was then confirmed by intraoperative anatomy. High-frequency ultrasound has a significant effect on preoperative position of perforating branch, and the combination with computer tomography angiography and magnetic resonance angiography can support a more comprehensive and reliable reference. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Chinese herb for anti-inflammation, blood circulation promotion and spasmolysis improves renal ultrastructure of rats undergoing 4-week exhaustive exercise at simulated altitude of 4 000 meters Lin Xi-xiu, Zhao Yong-qiang, Xie Ya-ping, Qiu Ji-wang, Luo Zi-qiang, Qu Shu-lin 2014, 18 (38):  6146-6152.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.014 Abstract ( 235 )   PDF (1202KB) ( 404 )   Save BACKGROUND: Chinese herb for anti-inflammation, blood circulation promotion and spasmolysis can repair the kidney, supply renal blood, reduce the permeability of the glomerular capillaries, and enhance renal filtration function.  OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of a Chinese herb for anti-inflammation, blood circulation promotion and spasmolysis on ultrastructure of renal cells and a-smooth muscle actin in rats after 4-week exhaustive exercise living at simulated altitude of 4 000 meters. METHODS: Thirty-two rats which could complete 15-minute adaptive run on the treadmill at a speed of 10 m/min were enrolled and randomized into normal control group, exhaustive exercise group, exhaustive exercise+high-altitude group and exhaustive exercise+Chinese herb group, eight rats in each group. Except the normal control group, rats in the other three groups were subjected to exhaustive exercise, living at simulated altitude of 4 000 meters followed by exhaustive exercise, and intragastric administration of Chinese herb followed by 4-week exhaustive exercise, respectively. The ultrastructure of renal cells in rats was observed by hematoxylin eosin staining and transmission electron microscope, and expression of a-smooth muscle actin detected by immunohistochemical method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the exhaustive exercise group, rats appeared to have chronic renal injury, the ultrastructure of glomerular filtration membrane was damaged and tubulointerstitial fibrosis occurred. As compared with the exhaustive exercise group, the movement distance of rats in the exhaustive exercise+high-altitude group and exhaustive exercise+Chinese herb group was extended (P < 0.05), and the damaged ultrastructure of the kidney was more obviously improved; in addition, the expression of a-smooth muscle actin was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Results show that the Chinese herb for anti-inflammation, blood circulation promotion and spasmolysis combined with living at simulated altitude of 4 000 meters can protect against renal ultrastructure damage in rats following 4-week exhaustive exercise. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Soluble expression and function of von Willebrand factor-A1 in Escherichia coli Wang Yi-lu, Liu Xiao-ling, Ding Xiao-ru, Fang Ying 2014, 18 (38):  6153-6159.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.015 Abstract ( 277 )   PDF (899KB) ( 773 )   Save BACKGROUND: von Willebrand factor-A1 (VWF-A1) plays a crucial role in primary hemostasis by mediating blood platelet adhesion to sites of vascular damage under conditions of high shear stress. However, mostly expression of recombinant VWF-A1 in form of inclusion bodied within Escherichia coli (E. coli) that is not conducive to purify and functional study in vitro. OBJECTIVE: To acquire soluble recombinant VWF-A1 including wild type and its mutation G1324S which can be stable efficiently expressed in E. coli and to verify their biological function. METHODS: Wild-type VWF-A1 and its mutation G1324S recombinant plasmids were transformed into competent cells DH5α, to screen and extract the plasmids. Then the extracted plasmids were respectively transformed into  E. coli BL21 and E. coli M15, to screen monoclonal bacterium. The bacterium was cultured in LB culture medium. The bacteria breaking methods with lysozyme and with ultrasonic were compared. Then, the solubilized proteins were passed over Ni-NTA agarose column to purify the VWF-A1 protein, and the purity and immune activity of purified products were identified with SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis. Finally, the biological function of the purified proteins was assessed by their ability to support flow-dependent platelet adhesion by parallel-plate flow chamber system. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We obtained about 5.77 mg VWF-A1, 6.83 mg VWF-G1324S in culture supernatants per 100 milliliter, respectively, which all showed high purity and immune activity. The data of flow chamber experiment demonstrated that both VWF-A1 and VWF-G1324S could mediate platelet adhesion. As the shear stress increased from 0.1 Pa to 1 Pa, the decline (46.8%) of the number of adhesive cells in G1324S mutation group was higher than that of wild type group (20.5%). This evidence indicated that, the A1 molecule functions were attenuated after mutation. Our research shows that, wild type of VWF-A1 showed a stronger interaction with platelet in shear stress, which is consistent with clinical characteristics. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Lumbar epidural injection of methylene blue affects the spinal cord and spinal ganglia structures Liu Chun-yu, Jin Li, Peng Bao-gan 2014, 18 (38):  6160-6164.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.016 Abstract ( 339 )   PDF (1741KB) ( 440 )   Save BACKGROUND: Methylene blue can hinder abnormal pain conduction via the sensory nerve, and its mechanism is to block bradykinin-induced hyperalgesia and eliminate pain caused by local tissue inflammation. OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of methylene blue solution on the lumbar spinal cord and spinal ganglia function of rats, and to investigate whether methylene blue is safe for treating discogenic low back pain. METHODS: Totally 120 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: three experimental groups, a saline control group and a blank control group, n=24 in each group. Lumbar segmental dura was exposed in rats. In the three experimental groups, 0.2, 1, and 2 mL methylene blue were injected epidurally, respectively. The saline control group was subjected to the epidural injection of 1 mL saline. In the blank control group, there was no treatment. Six rats from each group were selected randomly and perfused at 30 minutes, 2 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours after injection, respectively. Then, the corresponding segments of the spinal cord and ganglions were removed. Hematoxylin eosin staining was used for comparing histological and structural changes under light microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that at 30 minutes, 2 hours, 24 hours and 72 hours after injection of methylene blue, the spinal dorsal side exhibited the structural integrity, clear boundaries between the white matter and gray matter, dense nerve fibers in the white matter, and round or oval nuclei of glial cells among fibers; dense nerve fibers in the posterior horn of gray matter; light-colored neuronal nuclei with prominent nucleoli; a bundle of nerve fibers among cell populations. There was no significant change in tissue structure of lumbar spinal cord and spinal ganglia between the experimental groups and the saline control group  or between the experimental groups and the blank control group. Thus, the epidural injection of 1% methylene blue has no significant effect on the spinal cord and spinal nerve structures. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Protection of curcumin against tumor necrotic factor-alpha-mediated inflammatory injury of vascular endothelial cells Zhao Yun, Han Xiu-min, Zhao Ming, Sun Ying-hui, Zhu Xian-yang, Zhang Duan-zhen 2014, 18 (38):  6165-6171.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.017 Abstract ( 458 )   PDF (2510KB) ( 429 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that, curcumin plays a crucial role on the inflammation in cells caused by oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the biological effect and mechanism of curcumin in the pathological inflammation reaction in vascular endothelial cells.   METHODS: Human vascular endothelial cells were taken as the cell models. Tumor necrosis factor (10 μg/L) treatment was used to induce the inflammation of cells. Curcumin (0, 50, 100 μg/L) treatment for 24 hours was used to intervene the cells. The intercellular hyperpermeability of the vascular endothelial cell monolayers was examined by HRP-conjugated bovine serum albumin, and intercellular filamentous actin stress fiber formation was examined by rhodamin-phalloidin staining. ELISA assay was used to detect the secretion of interleukin-1β in vascular endothelial cells. Immunoflurensece staining was applied to investigate the expression and  translocalization of nuclear factor-κB. Western blot analysis reflected the expression of NRLP3 and caspase-1. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: HRP-bovine serum albumin detection results showed that, curcumin inhibited the intercellular hyperpermeability of the vascular endothelial cell monolayers and the formation of robust intercellular filamentous actin in a dose-dependent manner. ELISA assay showed that curcumin protected vascular endothelial cells against tumor necrotic factor-α-induced interleukin-1β secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the nuclear factor-κB expression was increased and the translocation of nuclear factor-κB into the nuclei was obviously seen in vascular endothelial cells induced by tumor necrosis factor-α, but the translocation was not changed in 100 μg/L curcumin-treated cells. Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed that the expression of NRLP3 and caspase-1 were inhibited in curcumin-treated cells. Curcumin can inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α-induced activation of inflammasome and secretion of interleukin-1β in vascular endothelial cells by down-regulating the expression of nuclear factor-κB, thus prevent pathological inflammatory injury in cells. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of hyaluronic acid on osteopontin mRNA and CD44 mRNA expression in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes Zhou Bin, Zhang Fang-jie, Luo Wei, Gao Shu-guang, Zeng Chao, Xiong Yi-lin, Li Yu-sheng, 2014, 18 (38):  6172-6178.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.018 Abstract ( 361 )   PDF (2399KB) ( 511 )   Save BACKGROUND: Progressive fracture of the cartilage is considered the characteristic lesion in later osteoarthritis, the expression of osteoarthritis-related factors such as hyaluronic acid, osteopontin and CD44 in osteoarthritic cartilage is increased. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of hyaluronic acid on the expression of osteopontin mRNA and CD44 mRNA of chondrocytes in the in vitro cultured chondrocytes of patients with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: The cartilage samples obtained from osteoarthritic patients were cultured and purified into acquire chondrocytes in vitro, and the cells were divided into three groups: blank control group, hyaluronic acid      (100 mg/mL) group and hyaluronidase (200 mg/mL) group. After 48 hours of cell culture, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect the expression of CD44 mRNA and osteopontin mRNA. The difference of the expression levels before and after the intervention of hyaluronic acid was compared and analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the blank control group, hyaluronic acid (100 mg/mL) upregulated osteopontin mRNA expression in the chondrocytes, hyaluronidase (200 mg/mL) also reduced osteopontin mRNA expression in the chondrocytes. The CD44 mRNA expression in the chondrocytes of  hyaluronic acid (100 mg/mL) group and hyaluronidase (200 mg/mL) group was lower than that in the blank control group. Hyaluronic acid can upregulate the expression of the osteopontin mRNA expression in the osteoarthritic chondrocytes; the biphasic effects of hyaluronic acid on CD44 mRNA expression in osteoarthritic chondrocytes might be associated with the molecule weight of hyaluronic acid. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cell and gene therapies for tendon healing: how about their prospects? Jiang Hong-tao, Wang Wei, Na Lei, Gao Jun, Gao Yun-feng, Sun Bo, Yu Chang-yu 2014, 18 (38):  6179-6183.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.019 Abstract ( 385 )   PDF (673KB) ( 512 )   Save BACKGROUND: Various views and methods for prevention of tendon adhesion have emerged in recent years; however, there is still no method that can effectively prevent tendon adhesion. OBJECTIVE: To conclude the etiology and pathogenesis of tendon adhesion and to introduce several popular methods for prevention of tendon adhesion by means of reviewing relevant literatures published in recent years. METHODS: PubMed database and VIP database were searched for articles related to etiology, healing method and prevention of tendon adhesion published from January 1992 to January 2014 using the keywords of “tendon Injuries; tendon adhesion; healing; mechanisms; prevention” in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally, 41 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Studies have suggested that there is a close correlation between the mechanisms of tendon adhesion and tendon healing. Endogenous healing and exogenous healing are contained in the process of tendon healing. Endogenous healing is that fiber cells on the tendon surface promote tendon healing through their own proliferation. Exogenous healing is to form scar tissues through granulation generated by the surrounding tissues of tendons. Different suture methods can also cause different tendon repair processes. The suture method with strong tensile strength and smooth surface is considered to be an effective mean to reduce tendon adhesion. To inhibit exogenous healing, we can increase or decrease the corresponding macromolecular substances. Polymer compounds cannot only be the barrier but also can promote endogenous healing. By introducing the gene and mesenchymal stem cells into the tendon, we can promote tendon healing, which means the cell therapy and gene transfer have become the new way to promote the healing of tendon. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An adaptation to changes in knee muscle strength is a basic principle for rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction Chen Jian 2014, 18 (38):  6184-6188.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.020 Abstract ( 539 )   PDF (578KB) ( 594 )   Save BACKGROUND: How to improve reduced muscle strength and the electromechanical delay of the knee flexor at early stage after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is worth studying. OBJECTIVE: To review the research development of muscle strength change and rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS: A computer-based search of PubMed and Wanfang databases was performed for articles related to muscle strength change after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, elevation methods, muscle function rehabilitation published from January 2000 to January 2014. The keywords were “anterior cruciate ligament; hamstring; muscle strength; electromechanical delay” in English and Chinese. Finally 34 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Removal of the hamstring tendon can decrease muscle strength of the involved knee flexor and tibial internal rotation strength, then affect the involved knee stability and functional ability. Based on the clinical signs and isokinetic testing results, we can assess the clinical effects after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. The change of H/Q ratio can be used to guide the rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Graft remodeling process after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has a longer period than other animal experimental studies, and tendon relaxation degree is an important factor influencing electromechanical delay. Based on the basic rehabilitation principles, the rehabilitation training is adjusted timely according to the individual functional level to fully embody the individualized training. Both domestic and foreign researches indicate that the rehabilitation process begins before anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, in order to start training of muscle contraction as early as possible to maximize prevent muscle atrophy. The problems are mainly concentrated in the more refined and scientific rehabilitation methods and the degree of early rehabilitation training. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Damage to skeletal muscle cells leads to delayed muscle soreness: how to effectively improve muscle recovery both in recovery speed and quality Liu Qiang, Zhao Xiang-xuan, Pan Shi-nong, Guo Qi-yong 2014, 18 (38):  6189-6199.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.021 Abstract ( 577 )   PDF (667KB) ( 663 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is no simple and effective method to relieve delayed muscle soreness. OBJECTIVE: To conclude the injured mechanism and therapies of delayed muscle soreness by reviewing literature about damage and repair of the skeletal muscle. METHODS: Wanfang and PubMed databases (from January 1991 to January 2014) were retrieved for articles related to morphological structure of the skeletal muscle, mechanism of delayed muscle soreness, and treatment and repair of the skeletal muscle using the keywords of “molecular mechanisms; delayed onset muscle soreness; pain; skeletal muscle; injury” in Chinese and English, respectively. Finally, 24 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Studies have shown that skeletal muscle injury is related to calcium imbalance, energy imbalance and high concentration of active oxygen. Skeletal muscle injury includes metabolic injury, mechanical injury and inflammatory injury. Insulin-like growth factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-coactivator-1α promoter and tumor necrosis factor α play important roles in skeletal muscle repair process. Animal experiments have demonstrated that edaravone may reduce secondary damage and inflammatory infiltration by means of directly preventing rapid peroxidation injury of free radicals in the skeletal muscle. Clinical studies have shown that Chinese medicine preparations, massage and acupuncture can delay the occurrence of exercise-induced muscle injury and fatigue, to improve the speed and quality of the recovery of damaged muscles. The treatment of delayed muscle soreness can achieve satisfactory results by combining physiotherapy with traditional Chinese medicine. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteoporotic chronic pain: how to understand and prevent it? Wei Xin-wei1, Chen Zhi-xin2 2014, 18 (38):  6194-6199.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.022 Abstract ( 305 )   PDF (767KB) ( 546 )   Save BACKGROUND: For the treatment of osteoporosis, clinicians generally focus on improving bone mineral density and reducing the incidence of fractures, but often ignore the ease of osteoporotic chronic pain.  OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress in osteoporotic chronic pain from domestic and overseas literature in recent years in order to provide reference for basic and clinical research. METHODS: Databases of PubMed and Wanfang database were retrieved with key words of “osteoporosis; chronic pain; treatment of osteoporotic; vertebral compression fracture” in English and Chinese to search papers published from March 1999 to March 2014. Articles related to characteristics, pathogenesis and drug treatment of osteoporotic chronic pain as well as surgical treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Finally 49 articles were summarized according to inclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The pathogenesis of osteoporotic chronic pain includes congestion mechanism and mechanisms of cytokines and lactic acid accumulation, but its exact cytological and biochemical mechanisms are not very clear. Commonly used drugs in the treatment of osteoporotic chronic pain include calcitonin and bisphosphonates. Calcitonin plays an analgesic effect by inhibiting bone resorption to indirectly reduce the hydrogen ion concentration, suppress prostaglandin synthesis, improve animal pain threshold, and increase the plasma concentration of beta-endorphin. The main pharmacological action of bisphosphonate is to inhibit osteoclast formation and activity, inhibit bone absorption, improve osteoporotic bone pain, improve bone mineral density, increase bone strength, and prevent osteoporotic fracture. Benign and malignancy tumor of the spine and osteoporotic spinal compression fractures can be treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty or percutaneous kyphoplasty. After treatment, the vertebral height can be restored completely or partially, the kyphosis is corrected, the vertebral stability is increased and pain is relieved. Combination of various treatments is effective for the treatment of osteoporotic chronic pain, and meanwhile, the prevention and treatment of osteoporotic fractures has a positive role in prevention and treatment of osteoporotic chronic pain. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exercise for primary osteoporosis: effects of different exercise pattern, intensity and frequency on bone mineral density Yang Lu-xin, Guo Jun-hao, Cai Hui 2014, 18 (38):  6200-6204.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.023 Abstract ( 439 )   PDF (621KB) ( 499 )   Save BACKGROUND: The studies have shown that exercise is an important part of the treatment of osteoporosis, and moderate exercise can improve bone metabolism, improve the biomechanical properties of bone and increase bone density. OBJECTIVE: From aspects of the effects of exercise on bone metabolism, bone biomechanics and bone mineral density in different age, and effects of exercise pattern, exercise intensity, exercise time and frequency on osteoporosis, to investigate the research status of exercise intervention on primary osteoporosis. METHODS: PubMed database and VIP Chinese Science and Technology Database were retrieved for articles published from January 2000 to June 2014. The keywords were “osteoporosis; bone density; bone diseases, metabolic; exercise therapy” in English and Chinese. According to the inclusion criteria, 33 articles were further summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the experiments of exercise effect on bone metabolism, the moderate-intensity exercise stimulation and estrogen can improve osteoporosis, and has positive significance for the prevention, mitigation and treatment of osteoporosis. After the appropriate amount of exercise training, in vivo bone remodeling of ovariectomized rats at high conversion status can be alleviated. Research about the effects of exercise on bone biomechanics have shown that exercise and estrogen can significantly increase bone mineral density and bone biomechanical properties of rat femur, but the exercise can better improve bone hardness and enhance the ability of bone to resist deformation. It suggests that the exercise training has a good stimulation effect on the bone and muscle in rats with osteoporosis, and increased muscle also has a good stimulating effect on the quality of bone. The results suggest that by participating in sports activities more early, higher peak bone mass may be obtained; at any time to start regular exercise has a positive effect for the maintenance of the certain bone mass. Exercises in different periods exhibit different effects, which can increase bone mass in childhood, obtain bone mass and save bone mass in adulthood, preserve bone mass and reduce bone loss in the elderly. Therefore, the effects of different exercise pattern, intensity and frequency on bone mineral density are different, and patients should choose the appropriate exercise based on the actual situation,. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Whole body vibration training improves limb motor dysfunction in stroke patients:  lack of evidence Wang Pu, Zhang Chi, Yang Xiao-tian, Yang Lin, Yang Yong-hong, He Hong-chen, He Cheng-qi 2014, 18 (38):  6205-6209.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.024 Abstract ( 398 )   PDF (565KB) ( 1027 )   Save BACKGROUND: Whole body vibration training, a recently developed method of neuromuscular training, is a useful method to improve muscle strength and postural control in the elderly. Recently, researchers attempt to explore whether whole body vibration training can reduce motor dysfunction for stroke patients. OBJECTIVE: To summarize clinical progress in whole body vibration treatment on stroke patients with limb motor dysfunction, including muscle strength of the affected limbs, muscle tension, balance and gait. METHODS: PubMed, EBSCO, Medline database were searched for articles relate to whole body vibration training intervention for stroke patients with motor dysfunction published from January 2002 to June 2014. Finally, 34 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Whole body vibration training is feasible and safe for stroke patients has the feasibility and safety. For therapeutic efficacy, we focus on the muscle strength, muscle tone, balance, posture control ability, but there is no sufficient evidence to support that the whole body vibration training can improve the motor dysfunction. There is also no recognized standard on specific intervention protocols, such as vibration type, treatment frequency, treatment amplitude, treatment time. Many researchers aim to observe the clinical curative effect at present, but rarely explore the intervention mechanism of the whole body vibration. Further large-sample, multi-center randomized controlled experiments are required to test the validity. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The potential values of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 in disease diagnosis and risk assessment Zhang Zhi-fang, Xiao Wei-hua, Zhou Wei-ai 2014, 18 (38):  6210-6215.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.025 Abstract ( 1351 )   PDF (545KB) ( 750 )   Save BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) plays an important role in cell growth, proliferation and differentiation. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), as the main binding protein of IGF1, is involved in the regulation of IGF1. OBJECTIVE: To attempt to analyze the relation of IGFBP-3 and various diseases, and to explore the potential values of IGFBP-3 in disease diagnosis and risk assessment. METHODS: Databases of PubMed, Science Direct and Wanfang database were retrieved with key words of “insulin-like growth factors 1; IGFBP-3; cancer; growth hormone deficiency; diabetes; osteoporosis” in English and Chinese, respectively, by screening titles and abstracts to search papers related to IGFBP-3 structure and function as well as relationship of IGFBP-3 with cancer, growth hormone deficiency, diabetes, osteoporosis. Finally, 43 articles were summarized according to inclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In recent years, the relationship between gene of IGFBP-3 and risk of cancer is becoming a hot research topic. The results show that IGFBP-3 is a protective agent of cancer risk, and it is an important factor in evaluating the risk of cancer, exhibiting a potential application value. IGFBP-3 is also associated with growth hormone deficiency and diabetes. In addition, IGFBP-3 can assist IGF-1 to play the regulatory role in bone growth and differentiation, which is closely linked with osteoporosis. Therefore, IGFBP-3 can be a potential predictor for osteoporosis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of myocardial heat shock protein under stress state Wan Li-li,Hu Ming-hua, Shi Shao-rong, Wu Chang-chu 2014, 18 (38):  6216-6221.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.026 Abstract ( 270 )   PDF (647KB) ( 701 )   Save BACKGROUND: Heat shock proteins have unique biological characteristics, and exploration of such proteins expressed in the myocardium under exercise stress has important value. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the studies about the expression of myocardial heat shock proteins under stress condition, and analyze the expression characteristics of myocardial heat shock proteins under different stress conditions. METHODS: A computer-based online retrieval was performed to find articles about the production, classification and function of heat shock proteins, as well as the expression of myocardial heat shock proteins published from January 1991 to January 2014 in PubMed database and Wanfang databases. The key words were “heat shock protein; myocardium; exercise stress” in English and Chinese. Finally 48 relevant articles were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Heat shock proteins have the immune synergy effect. Researches show that, exercise training triggers the expression of myocardial heat shock protein. Acute exercise stress leads to a variety of physiological and biochemical changes, accordingly myocardial heat shock protein will make the corresponding expression and protect myocardial cells. Low-intensity exercise can increase the expression level of heat shock protein 72, and inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis. High-intensity exercise reduces the expression of heat shock protein 72, which can not effectively inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis and is not conducive to the myocardial protective effect. The expression of heat shock protein under moderate-intensity exercise remains controversial. Exercise-induced expression of heat shock protein may have protection effect against damage induced by exercise, moderate exercise activities play an important role in enhancing myocardial function and preventing myocardial injury. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of Toll-like receptor 2, Toll-like receptor 4 and Toll-like receptor 6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and their relationship with Treg immune response in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura Gao Hui-xiang, Tian Ling-ling, Chang Hong, Zhu Hai-yan, Zhang Qiu-ye 2014, 18 (38):  6222-6227.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.027 Abstract ( 270 )   PDF (888KB) ( 416 )   Save BACKGROUND: The influence of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) signal transduction pathway and active Treg in children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura has been unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Treg immune response in patients with Henoch-Schonlein purpura, and to explore the role of TLR2, TLR4, TLR6 and Treg activation in the pathogenesis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura. METHODS: Forty-two hospitalized children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura were enrolled in this study. Another 15 healthy children were selected as controls. TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6 at protein level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were detected by flow cytometey; reverse-transcription PCR and real-time PCR were used to evaluate the level of MyD88; the levels of transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. t-test or t’-test was used to compare the levels of these genes and proteins. Pearson’s correlation test was done for correlation analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the protein levels of TLR2, TLR4, TLR6 and the relative expression level of MyD88 mRNA were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.01). The serum levels of transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10 were higher in the Henoch-Schonlein purpura children than the healthy children (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the protein levels of TLR2, TLR4, TLR6 and mRNA level of MyD88  (P < 0.01), but no relationship was found between TLRs and interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-β (P > 0.05). The excessive activation of TLR2, TLR4, TLR6 may be involved in the process of Henoch-Schonlein purpura via MyD88-dependent pathway, and the compensatory activation of Treg may participate in protective immunity. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on pain of patients with knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis Xie Dong-xing, Wang Yi-lun, Li Hui, Yang Tuo, Deng Zhen-han, Yang Ye, Zhang Yi, Ding Xiang,Lei Guang-hua 2014, 18 (38):  6228-6232.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.38.028 Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (599KB) ( 455 )   Save BACKGROUND: Symptomatic treatment is the main management strategy for patients with knee osteoarthritis at early metaphase. Some previous studies have demonstrated that neuromuscular electrical stimulation can alleviate pain in knee osteoarthritis patients. To date, this effectiveness, however, still remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials concerning the efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis were identified from the Medline database conducted up to July 3, 2014. These studies were selected independently by two reviewers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed using Revman5.2 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 5 randomized controlled trials consisting of 239 participants were included. The results of the meta-analysis indicate neuromuscular electrical stimulation has no significant impact on measure of pain in knee osteoarthritis patients in comparison to the blank control group [mean difference= -0.40, 95% confidence interval (-1.34-0.54), P=0.40]. Owing to the sample limitations of our study, it is hard for us to draw a conclusion that the application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in managing pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis is of little significance. Further work based on large-sample and high-quality  randomized controlled trials is needed to determine the role of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in pain in this population. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics