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18 June 2011, Volume 15 Issue 25 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Osteogenesis and vascularization of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transfected by pcDNA3/hVEGF165 combined with freeze-dried cancellous bone in vivo Zhang Peng, Dong Ling, Yang Lian-jia 2011, 15 (25):  4561-4564.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.001 Abstract ( 156 )   PDF (1392KB) ( 320 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) can improve the implant livability and growth. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of freeze-dried cancellous bone on the osteogenesis and vascularization of bone marrow stem cells transfected with pcDNA3/hVEGF165 in vivo. METHODS: The rabbit bone marrow stem cells, which were transfected with pcDNA3/hVEGF165 by liposome mediated method and then adhered to freeze-dried cancellous bone, were implanted in the muscle pouches of rabbits. The rabbits were divided into three groups: freeze-dried cancellous bone group (A group), freeze-dried cancellous bone combined with bone marrow stem cells group (B group), freeze-dried cancellous bone combined with bone marrow stem cells transfected with VEGF group (C group). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At the 8th week after implantation, it was found, compared with A group and B group, C group grew a large number of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and cartilage, and the number of vessels in C group was more than that in A or B group. The osteogenesis of the freeze-dried cancellous bone combined with bone marrow stem cells transfected with VEGF using pcDNA3/hVEGF165 by liposome mediated method is better than the freeze-dried cancellous bone or freeze-dried cancellous bone combined with bone marrow stem cells. Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical and chemical properties of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement combined with Osteoset-demineralized bone matrix Zhu Jian-hua, Ke Zhen-yong, Huang Liang-ku, Jiang Jiang 2011, 15 (25):  4567-4571.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.003 Abstract ( 189 )   PDF (755KB) ( 398 )   Save BACKGROUND: Clinical studies have shown that the long-term efficacy of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as a perfusion agent for percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) remains to be seen, because of the poor biological activity. OBJECTIVE: To explore the experimental operation of a PVP filler material to meet the physical and chemical requirements with a new type of biological activity of the porous composite material, in order for the complex to lay the foundation of animal studies. METHODS: Sodium bicarbonate, Osteoset-demineralized bone matrix (DBM) particles powder and PMMA bone cement were mixed at different mass ratio (1:40:60, 0:40:60, 1:0:100) to form A, B, C three kinds of composite materials. The solidification time, polymerization temperature, anti-scattered resistance, and resistance to stress were measured, and the ultrastructure was observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In A and B groups, the solidification time, polymerization temperature, and compressive strength significantly differed from those in C group, but all the materials met with PVP filler basic requirements with good anti-scattered nature. SEM showed the material in A group was looser with more pores than those in B and C groups. The composite material A has good physical and chemical properties, as the PVP technique can meet the basic conditions of filling materials, and has good pore structure. Further studies can be conducted on the biocompatibility, biodegradability, bone conduction, induction and other biological properties. Related Articles | Metrics

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Mass transfer characteristics of hemoglobin solution in ultrafiltration process Xiao Ke, Liu Feng, Gao Wei, Wang Xiang, Wang Ying 2011, 15 (25):  4572-4574.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.004 Abstract ( 221 )   PDF (530KB) ( 503 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ultrafiltration membrane has the characteristics of little destruction of the natural conformation of the protein and high recovery, which has been used in the isolation and purification of protein. OBJECTIVE: To optimize utrafiltration of hemoglobin by using of the mass transfer model in order to isolate highly purified hemoglobin. METHODS: Penetration flux, concentration of solution and the relationship between pressure and flux of enrichment hemoglobin solution in the process of ultrafiltration were studied by membrane ultrafiltration isolation and purification methods. Membrane resistance and concentration polarization resistance were quantitatively described and the mass transfer model was established. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: ①For the solution concentration of 1.18, 1.30, 1.39, 1.56 g/L, the ultrafiltration flux was   1.937 5, 1.875 0, 1.812 4, 1.750 0 L/(m2•h) respectively at the pressure of 0.04 MPa, 12 ℃;  ②For the different pressure: 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 MPa, the ultrafiltration flux was 0.165, 0.245, 0.325, 0.400, 0.475 L/(m2•h) respectively with the same time; ③The membrane resistance was 0.118 2, and the pressure coefficient was 0.128. However, the gel layer was gradually formed with the increase of protein concentration; it was hard to concentrate the hemoglobin when the concentration was equal to the gel concentration. The gel concentration Cg was 18.82 g/L, and the ultrafiltration mass transfer coefficient k was 0.700 8. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of the matrix formulation of enclosed dressing intelligent scaffolds by uniform design Tang Na, Deng Ling, Zhou Li-ping, Guo Li, Li Chao, Cai Wen-zhi 2011, 15 (25):  4575-4578.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.005 Abstract ( 222 )   PDF (657KB) ( 352 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, the wound dressing research has developed quickly, but few reports addressing the closed dressings prepared by traditional Chinese medicine combined with polymer composite, the efficacy of existing wound dressings is limited and not suitable for all wounds. But how to make polymer materials and traditional Chinese medicine to mix perfectly is a hot topic recently. OBJECTIVE: To optimize the matrix formulation of enclosed dressing intelligent scaffolds. METHODS: Multiple regression analysis with uniform design and SPSS 16.0 software was used to optimize the matrix formulation of enclosed dressing intelligent scaffolds and survey the aspects comprehensively, such as water absorption of dressing scaffolds, moisture content, relative moisture retention, hand evaluation indicators and so on. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The optimum dressing scaffolds matrix formulation ratio was as follows: chitosan: gelatin: glycerol: polyvinyl alcohol: polyethylene glycol = 8.3∶4.4∶3.1∶3.7∶1, according to analysis of experimental data. It is indicated that the prescription ratio of the matrix formulation of enclosed dressing intelligent scaffolds is feasible. In addition, the technique of the enclosed dressing intelligent scaffolds is steerable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Acellular dermal matrix prepared by NaOH-maceration for ventral hernia repair Wang Jun, Zhang Bao-liang, Yuan Qing-xin, Mi Li-guo 2011, 15 (25):  4579-4582.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.006 Abstract ( 189 )   PDF (588KB) ( 397 )   Save BACKGROUND: The use of an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) may represent a new alternative to prosthetic mesh products. OBJECTIVE: To study the value of porcine ADM made by NaOH-maceration as ventral hernia-repairing material. METHODS: ADM was made from the full thick skin of the back of swines by NaOH-maceration. Forty-five male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups including ventral hernia group (n=7), ADM group (the ventral hernia repaired by 3.5 cm× 4.0 cm ADM, n=28) and Marlex mesh group (the ventral hernia repaired by 3.5 cm×4.0 cm Marlex mesh, n=10). The occurrence of ventral hernia was observed postoperatively 1 week. To evaluate ADM histology, 4 rats in ADM group were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 weeks after surgery respectively; 6 rats were respectively selected from the Marlex group and ADM group for the experiment of tension resistance at 5 weeks after surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The occurrence of ventral hernia in ADM group and Marlex mesh group was significantly lower than that of ventral hernia group 1 week after surgery (P < 0.001), but there was no difference between ADM group and Marlex mesh group(P > 0.05). The collagen of ADM did not change much after implantation. ADMs became infiltrated with little fibroblasts by 1 week after surgery. New wessels in ADMs were found by 2 weeks after surgery. The vessel density of ADMs kept stable by 5 weeks after surgery. The Marlex had a significantly higher breaking strength than that of the ADM (P < 0.001). But 5 weeks after surgery, the tension resistance of ADM-fascial interface was higher than that of the Marlex-fascial interface (P < 0.05). ADM prepared by the maceration of NaOH can be used as the material repairing ventral hernia. Related Articles | Metrics

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Enhancement of bone formation by recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2/chitosan bone biomaterials Wang Ding-ding, Zeng Rong, Yang Min-er, He Jian-xian, Chen Yang, He Shui-lian, Chen An-an, Zhou Zhi-you, Yuan Li-ying, Wang Ju 2011, 15 (25):  4583-4586.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.007 Abstract ( 191 )   PDF (1269KB) ( 553 )   Save BACKGROUND: The recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) administered in solution often loses its bioactivity in a short time and does not always exhibit efficacy required in bone regeneration in vivo. It would be ideal to develop a system for the sustained delivery of biologically active rhBMP-2 over an extended period of time. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate rhBMP-2 sustained delivery and osteoinductive effects of bone biomaterials which were combined with chitosan films containing rhBMP-2. METHODS: ①The rhBMP-2 was added into a chitosan solution to prepare chitosan films which were spread on the bone materials. The effect of slow release was analyzed by ELISA assays. ②In vitro, the osteoinductive to differentiation marker (osteocalcin) of C2C12 cells after induction of rhBMP-2/chitosan (CS) bone biomaterials was assayed by Alizarin red staining.  ③Intramuscular implantation test was made in vivo, rhBMP-2/CS carriers were implanted in muscles of the hind leg of rat for two weeks. The amount of calcium deposited in the implants was measured to assay bioactivity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: ①A scanning electron micrograph of the rhBMP-2/CS bone biomaterials showed uniform distribution of chitosan films on the material surface with rhBMP-2 scattering like cluster. ②An abrupt rhBMP-2 release from rhBMP-2/CS carriers was observed. 50% of the loaded rhBMP-2 was released in 4 days. Thereafter, the release rate was nearly constant until day 12 when 90% of rhBMP-2 was released. All of it was released by day 18 at last. ③In vitro rhBMP-2 released from the rhBMP-2/CS carriers stimulated an increase in osteocalcin of C2C12 cells after 4 weeks. ④In vivo bone formation studies showed the rhBMP-2/CS biomaterials induced bone formation to a much greater extent than control groups by Ca2+ test assay. These results demonstrate that the rhBMP-2/CS bone biomaterials delivery system is capable of potentiating the osteogenic efficacy of rhBMP-2 and underscore its importance as a possible bone regeneration strategy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and biocompatibility evaluation of composite scaffold material of polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin Guo Tao, Han Zhi, Yang Tian-fu, Li Yu-bao, Yuan Tian-hong, Xiao Jie, Chen Yi-xin 2011, 15 (25):  4587-4590.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.008 Abstract ( 221 )   PDF (1389KB) ( 523 )   Save BACKGROUND: The tissue engineered scaffolds prepared with gelatin as base have good biocompatibility and biodegradability, but low mechanical properties and difficulty to control degradation rate are their shortcomings. OBJECTIVE: To prepare a new type of composite scaffold material of polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin and to evaluate the biocompatibility of composite scaffold. METHODS: New type composite materials (polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin) were prepared by foaming method. The pore size and porosity, IR spectroscopy, mechanical performance and biocompatibility were detected by using scanning electron microscope, mechanical test and subcutaneous implantation test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Composite materials (polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin) were three-dimensional porous structure. The pore size was even, and the porosity was 61.8%. The water content rate of the composite materials was 44.6%. The tensile strength was (5.01±0.03) MPa, and the compressive strength was (1.47±0.36) MPa. The new type composite materials have been proved to have good biocompatibility and biomechanical properties. Related Articles | Metrics

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Acellular nerve scaffold loading bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to prepare artificial nerve for sciatic nerve defects Zhang Cai-shun, Lü Gan 2011, 15 (25):  4591-4596.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.009 Abstract ( 206 )   PDF (1890KB) ( 448 )   Save BACKGROUND: The authors have successfully prepared an acellular nerve graft to be combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in artificial nerve bridge of rat sciatic nerve defects. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the motor function of rats with sciatic nerve defects following repairing using acellular nerve graft combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS: Adult SD rats were used to prepare rat models of 15-mm sciatic nerve defects. Tissue-engineered nerve, tissue-engineered nerve scaffold, and autogenous nerve were separately applied to bridge sciatic nerve defects. After 20 weeks, electrophysiological determination of regenerated nerves was conducted, wet weight of the anterior tibial muscle was determined, and histological and transmission electron microscopy analyses of the gastrocnemius was done. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Twenty weeks after nerve grafting, no difference in the wet weight of the anterior tibial muscle was shown to be significant between tissue-engineered nerve and autogenous nerve grafts (P > 0.05). The nerve conduction velocity was (30.56±2.15) m/s. The findings indicate that the acellular nerve graft combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can promote the recovery of motor function in rats with sciatic nerve defects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of bacterial cellulose on reducing hypertrophic scar in rabbit ears Qiu Jun, Liu Da-lie, Zhang Yang, Wang Jin-huang, Xi Ting-fei, Zhang Zhi-xiong, Lai Chen, Zhong Chun-yan, Sheng Gao-ming 2011, 15 (25):  4597-4601.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.010 Abstract ( 185 )   PDF (1478KB) ( 452 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bacterial cellulose (BC) as a kind of new biological materials for the wound healing before scarring has been reported in the world, but the efficacy of bacterial cellulose used in hypertrophic scar after wound healing remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of BC on reducing rabbit ear hypertrophic scar. METHODS: Hypertrophic scar model were established in rabbit ears. At 21 days postoperative wound epithelization was observed, five different scars of each rabbit ear which were given different treatments were randomly divided into five groups: patching absorbent film (water holding capacity: 1:5, 1:6, 1:8) as the BC treated groups, patching silicone scar film as a positive control group, without sticking any litter and natural growth of scar as a negative control group. At 0, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56 days of givening scar surface different treatments, the development process of hypertrophic scar  was observed grossly and histologically RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The scars tissue hyperplasia thickness of the BC treated groups was lower than that of negative control group, but higher than that of positive control group (P < 0.01). Compared with the negative control group, the dermal thickness in scars was thinner, number of fibroblasts was fewer, collagen fibers in scars were losser and more regular in the BC treated groups; compared with the positive control group, number of fibroblasts was slightly increased, collagen fibers in scars were slightly denser and irregular in the BC treated groups. The number of fibroblasts and the scars tissue thickness in the BC treated-group were compared, the BC (1: 5) treated-group > the BC (1: 6) treated-group > the BC (1: 8) treated-group (P< 0.05). It has been proved that BC effectively inhibits the rabbit ear hyperplastic scar after the wound healing. and the more water content the BC has, the better effect it appears in hypertrophic scar. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cytotoxicity of chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel to rat osteoblasts Li Pian, Feng Jin-yi, Cai Zhi-gang, Xie Rong-quan, Wang De-yin, Zheng Li-bin, Rui Gang 2011, 15 (25):  4602-4606.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.011 Abstract ( 198 )   PDF (1549KB) ( 416 )   Save BACKGROUND: Thermosensitive chitosan shows good compatibility to many cells. It is a good vector in the tissue-engineering field. However, its effect on osteoblasts remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To study the cytotoxicity of chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel to osteoblasts. METHODS: Osteoblasts were cultured in chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel, and then viewed cell morphology under a microscope; at the same time, osteoblasts were cultured with different concentrations of chitosan thermosensitive extracts in vitro for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours, respectively. The MTT assay was used to determine the relative growth rate (RGR) of osteoblasts and determined the level of cytotoxicity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Osteoblasts were round at 24 hours after culture in chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel under a microscope, which extruded its horns and amplified after 48 hours. The RGF of osteoblasts cultured in different concentrations of chitosan thermosensitive extracts in vitro in each group was 92% to 112% at different time points, and the cytotoxic of all kind of concentrations of chitosan thermosensitive extracts were 0 or 1, which completely meet the standards of safety evaluation of biological materials. Related Articles | Metrics

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Growth of Schwann cells in silk fibroin scaffolds with different pore sizes Jiao Wei, Zhao Xia, Lu Yan, Wang Yang, Wen Jian-chuan, Shao Zheng-zhong 2011, 15 (25):  4607-4610.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.012 Abstract ( 171 )   PDF (499KB) ( 496 )   Save BACKGROUND: The growth behaviors of cells on the biomaterials scaffold may be affected by the topography, pore size, wettability, porosity and other factors. OBJECTIVE: This research is aimed to observe the growth and proliferation of Schwann cells in silk fibroin scaffolds with different pore sizes. METHODS: Two kinds of silk fibroin scaffolds with different pore sizes were prepared, including a large pore size scaffold (pore size 50-60 μm) and a small pore size scaffold (pore size 10-20 μm). Schwann cells (R3 [33-10ras3]) served as seed cells and incubated in 37 ℃, 5% CO2 incubation box. When cells filled up the culture bottle bottom and formed a dense monolayer, they were digested and the cell concentration adjusted, then Schwann cells were seeded onto the surface of the porous silk fibroin scaffolds with different pore sizes. After seven days of co-culture, the growth and proliferation of Schwann cells were observed under scanning electron microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The growth of Schwann cells on the surface of silk fibroin scaffolds with different pore sizes was varied. On the surface of small pore size scaffold (10-20 µm), the cell density was low, while the phenotype of cells was bipolar, cells arranged in parallel or linked as the cell chains. On the surface of large pore size scaffold (50-60 µm), more cells could be seen, but most of the cells were in the shape of single sphere, cells clustered on the surface of the porous scaffold or aggregated as a bunch of grape at the bottom of pores. Only few cells were bipolar and lied on the ridge between the pores. The result showed that the pore size of porous silk fibroin scaffolds is an influential factor for the growth and adhesion of Schwann cells. Schwann cells are conducive to grow on the scaffolds with pore size larger than cell body diameter. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 loaded chitosan nanosphere and its cytotoxicity in vitro Wang Wei, Yin Qing-shui, Zhang Yu 2011, 15 (25):  4611-4614.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.013 Abstract ( 162 )   PDF (1150KB) ( 383 )   Save BACKGROUND: The study on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) release approach has more important significance, but in recent years studies focus on the release effect of microspheres loaded various bone growth factors. However, the biocompatibility, especially cytotoxicity of drug-loaded chitosan nanoparticles, has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: To prepare and characterize a controlled release system for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) and to evaluate the cytotoxicity and biological safety of chitosan nanospheres as a carrier for controlled release of rhBMP-2. METHODS: The rhBMP-2 loaded chitosan nanospheres were prepared using an ionic crosslinking method with ripolyphosphate  as the crosslinking agent. Transmission electron microscope was used to evaluate the morphological properties and particle size analyzer was used to analysis particle size distribution. A cytotoxic test in vitro was adopted to determine the biological safety of rhBMP-2 loaded chitosan nanospheres. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The rhBMP-2 loaded chitosan nanospheres were spherical in shape, and showed a smooth surface. The mean diameter of nanospheres was 230 nm. The cell relative growth rates (RGR) of rhBMP-2 loaded chitosan nanospheres and blank chitosan nanospheres groups were 0 or 1, and all were qualified. The rhBMP-2 loaded chitosan nanospheres prepared by ionic crosslinking method show a good property and biocompatibility. Such a novel type of controlled release system has the potential of being applied for the bone tissue engineering. Related Articles | Metrics

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Delayed release of compound chitosan nano-microspheres PLGA/nHA control-releasing carrier systems An Shi-chang, Sun Jian, Li Ya-li, Xu Yao-xiang, Wang Ke, Chen Li-qiang, Xiao Wen-lin 2011, 15 (25):  4615-4618.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.014 Abstract ( 244 )   PDF (1777KB) ( 536 )   Save BACKGROUND: Polylactic acid-glycolic acid (PLGA) is a kind of biodegradable polymer with excellent biocompatibility, plasticity and certain strength and toughness. But its degradation products are acidic, which can affect local pH and inhibit tissue growth. OBJECTIVE: To prepare composite scaffolds with excellent characteristics of delayed release of proteins. METHODS: Using bovine serum album (BSA) as model protein, chitosan microspheres (CMs) were prepared by ionotropic gelation. Ice particulates were used as porogen. Composite scaffolds were prepared with CMs/nHA/PLGA by freeze-drying. Scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, mercury porosimeter and universal testing machine ware used to observe the characteristic and morphology of the composite scaffolds. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The CMs were spherical in shape with a regular surface. The diameters of the CMs were in the range of 220-770 nm, mainly ranging 380-650 nm. The encapsulation efficiency of the CMs was 68.3%, and the loading capacity was 39.2%. The both were related with the initial concentration of BSA. The pore diameter of the composite scaffolds was about 125-355 m, the porosity was 83.4%, and the compressive strength was about 1.4-2.1 MPa. The cumulative degradation was 28.6% at 10 weeks. The cumulative release of BSA from PLGA/nHA scaffolds was 85% in 2 days, which from CMs and CMs/nHA/PLGA scaffolds was 48.9% and 35.7% in 9 days. The CMs microspheres and CMs/nHA/PLGA scaffolds have a desirable release rates for BSA and strength, are expected to use as carrier for growth factor and bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relative biological evaluation of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals surface-grafted with L-lactic acid oligomer/poly(lactide-co-glycolde) cultured with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells Tan Yu-ying, Zhang Duo, Li Yu-xin, Sun Ying, Xu Yang, Li Chun, Jin Hong-juan, Shao Ying 2011, 15 (25):  4619-4622.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.015 Abstract ( 179 )   PDF (1433KB) ( 451 )   Save BACKGROUND: The hydroxyapatite nanocrystals surface-grafted with L-lactic acid oligomer/poly (lactide-co-glycolde) (PLGA/g-HA) composite material is preferable to good stability and favorable mechanical property. As scaffold cultured with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). OBJECTIVE: To study the bioactivity and biocompatibility of BMSCs cultured with PLGA/g-HA composite material in vitro. METHODS: Third passage BMSCs of rabbits were cultured in PLGA/g-HA extract at different concentrations (10%, 30%, 50% and 80%), and cell proliferation was detected by MTT method. Meanwhile, the cell adhesion and morphology were observed with scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between 10% group and negative group at 1 and 3 days after culture. The cytotoxic grade was Grade 1 in all the four concentrations. BMSCs could stretch pseudopodium gradually and adherent on the surface of PLGA/g-HA firmly. The results indicated that: ①BMSCs could proliferate in PLGA/g-HA leaching liquor. ②BMSCs have a good state on the surface of PLGA/g-HA. And we can apply the scaffold to bone defect repair, because of its good biocompatibility and cellular adhesion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Breast lesions following breast augmentation with polyacrylamide hydrogel injection Sun Yan-hua, Song Jian-ming, Wen Wen, Guan Hong, Xu Mei-quan 2011, 15 (25):  4623-4626.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.016 Abstract ( 207 )   PDF (1373KB) ( 538 )   Save BACKGROUND: Polyacrylamide hydrogel is a kind of soft tissue fillers, mainly used for augmentation via injection. OBJECTIVE: To study the tissue pathology of breast lesions associated with polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for augmentation mammoplasty. METHODS: Thirty-five cases of breast lesions after polyacrylamide hydrogel injection were studied by using hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, PAS and AB staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Twenty-six cases showed foreign-body granuloma and 3 cases showed breast cancer in 35 cases of polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for augmentation mammoplasty. Incidence of foreign-body granuloma was 74.3%, and incidence of breast cancer was 8.6% after polyacrylamide hydrogel injection for augmentation mammoplasty. The process was composed of mutliple cysts, in which there were a lot of irregular blue foreign material, surrounded by foreign body giant cells and histiocyte. Some patients showed acute inflammation with abscess formation. There was coagulation necrosis in breast tissue, fat and muscle. There were intraductual proliferative lesions in the surrounding breast tissue. Polyacrylamide hydrogel has certain toxicity to human body and induces coagulation necrosis and foreign-body granuloma in tissue. It may be related to the development of breast cancer. Related Articles | Metrics

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MACRO-LOCK quartz fiber post restoration effect and safety evaluation He Gang-qing, Deng Min, Liao Ming-hua, Pan Chao, Deng Ru-ping 2011, 15 (25):  4627-4630.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.017 Abstract ( 178 )   PDF (1138KB) ( 533 )   Save BACKGROUND: Because of the good physical and chemical properties, the quartz fiber post is considered as a prefer alternative to metal posts. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical effect and safety of MACRO-LOCK quartz fiber post restoration for residual root and crown. METHODS: The patients with large-area anterior defect were randomly divided into 2 groups: quartz fiber post group: following complete root canal therapy, MACRO-LOCK quartz fiber post, ULPDENT resin adhesive, PULPDENT dual cure resin core material were used to restore tooth post and core, and then all-ceramic crowns or metal ceramic crown was applied; control group: cast metal teeth crown restoration was performed. The patients were followed up for 6 months and 3 years for observation of restoration effects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: During the 3-year follow-up, there was 1 case of post and core loss, 1of broken fiber post, and no root fracture in the quartz fiber post group. The successful rate of the quartz fiber post group was higher than that of the control group during the 3-year follow-up (P < 0.05). The findings indicate that MACRO-LOCK quartz fiber post has a good long-term effect and safety to restore residual roots and crowns. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and characterization of folate targeting magnetic nanomedicine loaded with cisplatin Liu Jie, Xie Min-qiang, Zhang Tao, Zhang Hong-zheng, Xu Yi-ming 2011, 15 (25):  4631-4637.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.018 Abstract ( 324 )   PDF (1915KB) ( 710 )   Save BACKGROUND: Based on its good water-solubility and histocompatibility, aldehyde sodium alginate (ASA) can be used as a modifier to improve surfactivity and stability of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Folate acid (FA) can be used as a targeting molecule for carrier. OBJECTIVE: To prepare cisplatin (CDDP)-loaded magnetic nanomedicine (CDDP-FA-ASA-MNPs) with abilities of folate receptor targeting and magnetic targeting. METHODS: ASA was prepared from sodium alginate by sodium periodate oxidation. FA was activated by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), and coupled with diaminopolyethylene glycol [PEG (NH2)2] to prepare FA-PEG. Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared using the chemical coprecipitation method. The carboxyl group in side chain of ASA was combined with hydroxyl group in Fe3O4 nanoparticles at 85 ℃. And then FA-PEG was connected with ASA by Schiff’s base. Finally, -Cl in CDDP was replaced by hydroxyl group in ASA based on principles of coordination complex, so FA and ASA modified CDDP-loaded magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were prepared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: CDDP-FA-ASA-MNPs prepared by this method could distribute stably in aqueous solution. The mean diameter of Fe3O4 core was (8.116±0.24) nm, hydrodynamic diameter was (110.9±1.7) nm, Zeta potential was (-26.45± 1.26) mV, maximum saturation magnetization was 56.2 emu/g, CDDP encapsulation efficiency was (49.05±1.58)%, and drug loading property was (14.31±0.49)%. In vitro, CDDP-FA-ASA-MNPs were selectively uptaked by HNE-1 cells and Hep-2 cells which expressed folate receptors positively, but not uptaked by CNE-2 which expressed folate receptor negatively. CDDP-FA- ASA-MNPs prepared by this method have good water-solubility and stability. It can be uptaked by nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and laryngeal carcinoma cells with folate receptors positively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of platelet-rich gel on new bone formation and bone maintenance following tooth extraction Wang Cheng-yong, Lu Meng, Lin Hai, Chen Wei-hu 2011, 15 (25):  4638-4642.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.019 Abstract ( 215 )   PDF (1593KB) ( 324 )   Save BACKGROUND: Whether platelet-rich plasma can promote bone tissue regeneration or not is controversial. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP)/platelet-rich gel (PRG) on bone healing after tooth extraction by an animal model of denervation. METHODS: The premolars of both sides were extracted from Beagle dogs, then a filling socket with PRP or PRG was introduced. The Beagle dogs were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks. X-ray, CT scan, hematoxylin-eosin staining were used to detect the effect of PRP or PRG on the new bone formation and maintenance after tooth extraction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIOU: CT scan convinced that compared with group PRP and control, group PRG had more new bone at 2, 4, 8 weeks. While, histological analysis showed that only at 2,4 weeks, group PRG had the advantage of osteogenesis. At all time points, group PRG showed the lest difference of buccal –lingual height. At 12 weeks, the difference of buccal and lingual height in group PRG was still 2mm.PRG had the ability to promote early phase healing of extraction sockets. PRG showed the limited efficiency in bone maintenance when used exclusively after extraction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of injection microwave polymerization on accuracy of denture base resin Wang Peng-yuan, Li Li, Sun Yan 2011, 15 (25):  4643-4646.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.020 Abstract ( 171 )   PDF (1274KB) ( 371 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, clinical applications of injection microwave polymerization have been on the rise. However, reports on its production of denture precision are rarely seen in China and the accuracy needs further verification.  OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of injection microwave polymerization on accuracy of denture base resin. METHODS: The study was to compare the difference of denture base resin cured by injection microwave polymerization and water-bath heat polymerization. The dimensional accuracy between the posterior border of upper complete denture and standardized cast at five different positions was measured by digital microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The five posterior border gaps between the upper complete denture and standardized cast were (200±32) μm，(76±13) μm，(69±15) μm，(81±16) μm，(187±27) μm by the injection microwave polymerization, and (243±50) μm, (100±26) μm, (96±30) μm, (109±32) μm, (213±28) μm by the water-bath heat polymerization. There was significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). Injection microwave polymerization is better than water-bath heat polymerization on accuracy of denture base resin, and the time that injection microwave polymerization takes is shorter than that by water-bath heat polymerization. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of polymethyl methacrylate particles on human synoviocytes receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand / osteoprotegerin expression Xiong Ao, Su Zhi-xiong, Ma Ze-tao, Kang Bin, Xin Feng 2011, 15 (25):  4647-4650.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.021 Abstract ( 205 )   PDF (858KB) ( 344 )   Save BACKGROUND: Various factors can influence bone metabolism through expression of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB/ligand of receptor-activator of nuclear factor-κB (OPG/RANKL/RANK) system. Whether bone cement particles also affects bone metabolic balance around prosthesis via OPG/RANKL/RANK expression in aseptic loosening remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) particles on the expression of RANKL/OPG in human synoviocytes. METHODS: In vitro, human synovial cells were cultured with different concentrations of PMMA particles (0, 0.2, 1 and 10 g/L). The expression of RANKL, OPG and their ratio of each group was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR at different time points. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the expression of RANKL and OPG in each experimental group was significantly down-regulated with time prolonged. While, there was no significant difference in the ratios of RANKL/OPG expression. Synoviocytes biologically reacting to PMMA particles had no interference on the dynamic balance of bone metabolism around prosthesis, thus play no obvious role in the aseptic loosening of artificial prosthesis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Performance testing of colon sac duct prepared with silicone rubber and polyurethane Wang Chun-zhong, Huang Zong-Hai, Shen San-di, Lu Feng, Shi Fu-jun, Chen Fei, Li Jian-guo 2011, 15 (25):  4651-4654.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.022 Abstract ( 199 )   PDF (735KB) ( 308 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is urgent in clinic to design a kind of medical equipment that is microinvasive, safe and effective for treatment of colorectal perforation and anastomotic leakage. OBJECTIVE: To design a kind of medical equipment that can be put into the colon through the anus to aid the treatment of colorectal perforation and anastomotic leakage, and then to test the performance so as to verify its safety and reliability for clinical application. METHODS: The colon sac duct was made of medical silicon rubber and medical polyurethane. Then, the outer capsule flexibility, deformation pressure of inner ducts and outer capsule, colon sac duct leak pressure were tested so as to assess the feasibility and safety of the duct in clinical application. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The outer capsule deformation pressure of the colon sac duct was (30.42±0.46) kPa for medical silicon rubber and (30.73±0.29) kPa for medical polyurethane. The inner duct deformation pressure values were (5.96±0.22) kPa and > 100 kPa, respectively. The colon sac duct leakage gas pressure was (59.23±1.25) kPa and (60.01±1.45) kPa, respectively. The rigidity of the colon sac duct was not better enough, thus easily leading to the stricture and closure of inner tube cavity. The deformation pressure of the outer capsule was somewhat lower, but there was no significant difference (P=0.088), leakage gas pressure of sac duct was no significant difference (P=0.213). The colon sac duct made of polyurethane possessed simple structure and excellent performance: easy to operation, safety and reliability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Panavia F resin adhesive on tetracycline stained teeth mask with different simulated staining levels following Cerinate porcelain veneer repair Shang Wei-rong, Gao Shi-jun, Yuan Wen-jun 2011, 15 (25):  4655-4657.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.023 Abstract ( 221 )   PDF (527KB) ( 377 )   Save BACKGROUND: Aesthetic repair on tetracycline stained teeth is mostly confined to the clinical observation, while the experimental study is relatively few. OBJECTIVE: To study the color changes of Cerinate porcelain veneer repaired tetracycline stained teeth: mild (yellow), moderate (dark gray), severe (yellow-gray), very severe (taupe). METHODS: Simulated tetracycline stained teeth were divided according to staining degree into four groups: mild, moderate, severe, and very severe groups; each group had ten specimens which were repaired with Cerinate porcelain veneer, bonded with Panavia F opaque resin adhesive. The L*, a*, b* values of specimens before and after bonding was measured by electronic color measurement instrument. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Before and after bonding, the values of L*, a*, b* were significantly different (P < 0.05). Mild tetracycline stained teeth bonded using resin adhesive without opaque bonding have a better effect than moderate and severe tetracycline stained teeth bonded with opaque resin adhesive; while, it is best to use other restorations to repair very severe tetracycline stained teeth. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of surface grafting polymerization and blood compatibility of polyethylene terephthalate Zhang Bao-yuan, Zhao Li, Zhang Juan, Lu Qun, Wu Jian 2011, 15 (25):  4658-4660.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.014 Abstract ( 163 )   PDF (465KB) ( 436 )   Save BACKGROUND: Polyethylene terephthalate is a kind of polyester materials with excellent mechanical properties and chemical inertia, but the surface must be modified and their blood compatibility should be improved because of poor blood compatibility of polymeric materials. OBJECTIVE: Based on clotting mechanism, this study introduced surface grafting modification method of polyethylene terephthalate and the blood compatibility after the modification. METHODS: A computer-based online search of PubMed, SDOS and CNKI database from 1990 to 2009 was performed for articles about the mechanism of blood coagulation, type of anticoagulant drugs and their effects on blood coagulation, as well as the polyethylene terephthalate properties, surface grafting method and blood compatibility evaluation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The molecules grafted on the surface just modify a sort of specific properties of materials, which is the limitation of the current approaches of surface grafting polymerization of polyethylene terephthalate. Yet the environment where biomaterials exist in vivo is extremely complex, it is hard to fundamentally improve the blood compatibility of materials through modifying specific properties of materials solely. Then, through inducing the vascular endothelial cell that has physiological activity to adhere and grow by grafting specific molecules from the point of view of bionics, a novel surface which is similar to the model of natural vessel wall can be constructed that will must become the next major direction of promoting the blood compatibility of biomaterials. Related Articles | Metrics

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Repair effect of deproteinised cancellous bone as xenogeneic bone graft material Gao Chun-yang, Jiang Hong-chun, Jin Chun-ming 2011, 15 (25):  4661-4664.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.025 Abstract ( 225 )   PDF (609KB) ( 481 )   Save BACKGROUND: Unequal size, mutual communication, and open pore network structure can be seen in cancellous bone treated with deproteinization. Its inorganic component is hydroxyapatite, and the organic component is collagen, which has a good mechanical property and biocompatibility. It may be a new type of bone graft material. OBJECTIVE: To study the properties of xenogeneic deproteinised cancellous bone being carrier of bone tissue engineering in bone fusion. METHODS: Taking “xenogeneic deproteinised cancellous bone, bone fusion, carrier” in Chinese as search terms, the articles from January 1998 to December 2009 in VIP database, CNKI database, Pubmed database were retrieved by computer. The relevant literatures were included, the literature of irrelevant purpose and repetitive content were excluded, and 33 of them were involved for further analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with synthetic bone material, animal bones have similar biomaterial structure, modeling, excellent cell attachment, and cell growth and proliferation environment. However, the compatibility of bone tissue is poor, because of the differences in species when xenogeneic deproteinised cancellous bone transplantation, and gravis immune rejection, the key question is implantation of immune problems. How to overcome immunogenicity, xenogeneic deproteinised cancellous bone is a good carrier of bone tissue engineering, which can provide a stable environment for revascularization and differentiation of osteoblasts. Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical and chemical modification of zein Wu Guo-ji, Lü Chang-bo, Lu Chuan-hua, Lin Teng 2011, 15 (25):  4665-4668.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.026 Abstract ( 264 )   PDF (686KB) ( 776 )   Save BACKGROUND: Zein has been widely used as a controlled release medicinal materials and biodegradable materials in the pharmaceutical field. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progresses on physical and chemical modification method of zein. METHODS: A computer-based online search of the articles related to zein from CNKI database and PubMed database was performed with the key words “zein, mordification, graft” both in Chinese and in English. The articles related to the research on the modification zein were selected; articles in the same circle published in recent years or in authorized journals. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The modification of zein has been reviewed and which will be helpful to guide the research on modification of zein, so as to increase utility value of zein on the subjects of pharmaceutics and biomedical engineering. Related Articles | Metrics

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Recent progress in instruments for single-incision laparoscopic surgery Cheng Xiao-li, Song Cheng-li 2011, 15 (25):  4669-4674.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.027 Abstract ( 314 )   PDF (788KB) ( 1170 )   Save BACKGROUND: Single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) is a state-of-the-art direction of surgical development because of its less surgical trauma, postoperative painlessness, shorter hospital stay and better cosmetic results. However, there are fewer special instruments to meet the requirements of minimally invasive surgery now. OBJECTIVE: To confirm the feasibility of SILS, and to summarize and analyze the existing single-port access ports and multi-degree-of-freedom instruments to optimize, improve and enhance their proficiency. METHODS: A computer-based online search of Wanfang database, CNKI database, VIP database, Springer Link database, IEEE database, Elsevier database, State Intellectual Property Office of P.R.C, United States Patent and Trademark Office; European Patent Office was performed with key words “single-port access, laparoscopic surgery, minimally invasive surgery, ports, multi-degree-of-freedom instruments” in English and Chinese, respectively. And the articles were mainly selected to be the most representative literatures during the last 10 years. Totally 35 literatures were included according to inspection and sorting. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At present SILS technology has become mainstream of minimally invasive surgery. The existing ports have put several ports together to be one port, which can reduce patients’ trauma. But further research should still be on its stable, economy and functional integration. The existing multi-degree-of-freedom instruments have been more flexible with the increase of joints, but their redundant transmission structure, un-efficient control system and high economic costs are still hindering the development of minimally invasive surgery technology.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Intracranial artery stenosis stent implantation and biocompatibility Luo Gui-yun, Lü Liang, Ji Yun-hai 2011, 15 (25):  4675-4678.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.028 Abstract ( 186 )   PDF (616KB) ( 416 )   Save BACKGROUND: According to structure and materials, the intracranial artery stenosis stent can be divided into metal, polymer, and coating stents. Which one is more suitable for clinical practice remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intracranial artery stenosis stents from the theory, applications, complications and efficacy, in addition, to analyze the biocompatibility of stent. METHODS: PubMed and English Medical Current Contents (EMCC) were searched using key words of “intracranial arteriostenosis, stent placement” for English papers. Meantime, CNKI was searched using key words of “intracranial stenosis, stent placement” and the language was limited in Chinese. In addition, relevant monographs were manual searched. Manuscripts addressing different materials of intracranial arterial stenosis stent were evaluated, including basic research, clinical applications, complications and efficacy evaluation. Totally 151 papers were searched, and 33 manuscripts were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Intracranial artery stenosis stent implantation has obvious advantages than simple drug treatment. In recent years, with the utilization of coronary stents and Wingspan stent, stent implantation has become a safe and effective method for treating intracranial artery stenosis. Although various complications, such as restenosis, cerebral hemorrhage hyperperfusion syndrome, ischemic stroke and so on, would occur after stent implantation, it still receive good short- and midterm outcomes in the treatment of intracranial arterial stenosis. The long-term effect remains to be studied further. The treatment of intracranial artery stenosis stent implantation receives good short- and med term effective, but long-term effect needs further study. There are no significant different of biocompatibility between drug coating stent and Wingspan stent to human body. Related Articles | Metrics

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Histocompatibility of vascular stents constructed using different biomaterials Zhao Guang-jian, Zhao Yao 2011, 15 (25):  4679-4682.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.029 Abstract ( 139 )   PDF (705KB) ( 460 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tissue-engineered scaffold has become a research hotspot in recent years. Tissue-engineered vascular stents prepared by different biomaterials have their own characteristics. Post-implant biocompatibility, infection, and restenosis are the difficulties and important topics in clinic. OBJECTIVE: To review the characteristics and biocompatibility of tissue-engineered vascular stents prepared by different biomaterials so as to find an ideal biomaterial stent in clinic. METHODS: A computer based search of CNKI and PubMed was performed to find articles regarding biofilm resistance mechanisms published from 2002-01 to 2010-12. The keywords were “tissue engineering; stents; compatibility; infection, restenosis” in Chinese and English. Articles published recently or in authorized journals were preferred. Among 285 articles, only 23 met the requirement. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Natural materials containing biological information (such as special amino acid sequence) can promote cell adhesion or maintain the ability of cell differentiation. However, the advantages of artificial materials are their strength, degradation rate, microstructure and permeability that can be controlled in the production process. If biomaterials can be combined with polymer degradable materials according to a certain method to construct a composite matrix, this kind of composite matrix can play their two advantages and will be able to better meet the requirements of vascular tissue engineering to build a tissue-engineered vessel with good performance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone filling materials in bone tumors Yu Meng 2011, 15 (25):  4683-4686.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.030 Abstract ( 585 )   PDF (671KB) ( 796 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone tissue defects due to bone tumor are a difficult problem in clinic, and how to repair bone defects is a hotspot in the orthopedics. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the application of different bone filling materials in bone tumors, and to observe the clinical effects of calcium sulfate bone graft combined with autologous bone to repair bone defects induced by bone tumors. METHODS: A computer-based search of PubMed and CNKI was performed to retrieve relavent articles published 2001-01/2011-01 using the keywords of “bone filled materials, bone tumor, bone defect” in English and Chinese, respectively. Totally 40 articles were retrieved, and finally 24 met the requirment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bone filling materials for bone tumor-induced bone defects are mainly divided into autologous bone, allograft bone, artifical materials. Some scholars have achieved good results by using composite materials. Each kind of materials has its own advantages and disadvantages in the repair of bone defects. Up to now, there is not an ideal filling material for bone defects. The bone filling materials produced by using bone tissue engineering technology may be one of the future developmental direction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Tissue-engineered bone materials for repair of long bone segmental defects Li Chang-geng, Xu Jian-qiang 2011, 15 (25):  4687-4690.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.031 Abstract ( 185 )   PDF (779KB) ( 460 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone graft, artificial substitute replacement, bone lengthening and other repair methods for long bone segmental defects have been used in clinic, but they have their own limitations. OBJECTIVE: To review and summarize the current methods of bone defect treatment, and to analyze the developmental prospect of the treatment for the long bone defect. METHODS: The first author searched PubMed Database and Chinese Medical Current Contents to retrieve articles about long bone defect repair published 2000-01 to 2010-12. The keywords were “bone defect, bone tissue engineering, artificial bone, bone transplantation, therapy” in English and Chinese. Older articles and repetitive studies were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Thirty-three articles were included in final analysis. Repair methods for long bone segmental defects include autogenous bone graft, allograft, bone lengthening, bone substitute transplantation. Tissue engineered bone to repair bone defects has become the hot topic nowadays, but there are many urgent questions to be solved. The tissue engineered bone is a promising means of treating bone defects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cartilage repair materials used for repair of sports-induced knee cartilage injuries Sun Hao, Zuo Jian 2011, 15 (25):  4691-4694.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.032 Abstract ( 310 )   PDF (672KB) ( 399 )   Save BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of cartilage repair materials on the repair of knee cartilage injuries so as to support a certain experience for medical and scientific research workers. METHODS: An electronic search of Wanfang database was performed using the keywords of “biomaterials; articular cartilage; injuries; repair” to retrieve articles about repair materials for knee cartilage injuries published between 2000-01 and 2011-03. Repetitive articles, review and Meta analysis were excluded, and finally 26 articles were eligible. RESULTS: Knee cartilage injuries are commonly seen in sports-induced injuries. The main treatment is to repair cartilage defects in the knee with autogenous bone graft. The new cartilage substitute material is still in the phase of animal tests. The long-term efficacy and biomechanical changes in model animals need further studies, and then the related clinical trials can be done. CONCLUSION: There are many important and difficult problems to be explored in the basic and clinical research concerning the repair of knee cartilage injuries. However, a new progress from biomaterial grafts to reconstructed active bone is realized in the repair of knee cartilage injuries. With the development and research of various new-type materials, the repair of knee cartilage injuries can be increasingly perfect. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of different biomaterials in Achilles tendon repair Li Min, Li Guang-jie 2011, 15 (25):  4695-4698.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.033 Abstract ( 275 )   PDF (633KB) ( 402 )   Save BACKGROUND: The key to construct tissue engineered tendon is to look for appropriate scaffold materials for tendon cell adhesion, growth and functional differentiation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of different biomaterials on Achilles tendon injury. METHODS: “Biomaterial, Achilles tendon, repair” were used as keywords to retrieve articles about biomaterials for treatment of Achilles tendon injuries published 1985-01/2011-01 in Wanfang database. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Self-healing and repair of old Achilles tendon rupture is difficult, and pain and dysfunction easily occur. Over the years, there are many studies about treatment of Achilles tendon injuries from autologous tendon graft and tendon allograft to artificial tendon and tissue-engineered tendon. The above-mentioned methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. Although studies on scaffold materials for tissue-engineered tendon have achieved some results, the poor biocompatibility, degradation or mechanical properties as well as difficulty to molding lead to a great difference from ideal scaffold materials. Related Articles | Metrics

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Drug delivery materials in the field of medicine and its application Jin Li-xia 2011, 15 (25):  4699-4702.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.034 Abstract ( 299 )   PDF (590KB) ( 861 )   Save BACKGROUND: Drug delivery is the physical or chemical method of combining small molecule drug with polymer carrier to release small molecule drug at the appropriate concentration through diffusion and permeation approaches to achieve a therapeutic effect in the body. OBJECTIVE: To study the characteristics and application of drug delivery materials in the field of medicine. METHODS: A computer based search of CNKI and PubMed databases was conducted to retrieve relevant articles published between 1993-01 and 2010-11 using the keywords of “drug delivery, carrier material, biodegradable, chitosan, polylactic acid, sodium alginate” in Chinese and English. Articles about polymer biomaterials and drug delivery carriers were searched. Repetitive articles or Meta analysis were excluded. Finally, 31 papers were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Chitosan and polylactic acid are commonly seen in the drug delivery system, which combines small molecule drug with polymer carrier by physical or chemical methods for sustained release at the appropriate concentrations to achieve a therapeutic effect. They have more significant advantages than single biomaterials, and possess a better biocompatibility and biodegradability. At present, a lot of research is still in experimental stage, and there are some problems to be solved, such as the immature preparation approach, difficulty to control dosage, and high cost. Related Articles | Metrics

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High-flux dialysis membranes in hemodialysis Shi Lei 2011, 15 (25):  4703-4706.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.035 Abstract ( 314 )   PDF (711KB) ( 875 )   Save BACKGROUND: High-flux membrane is characterized as high permeability and solute transport properties. During dialysis, many solutes with relative large molecular weight transport from the blood into the dialysis fluid, called as high-flux dialysis, which is an efficient blood purification treatment. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the application of high-flux membranes in hemodialysis. METHODS: A computer based search of VIP database was performed to retrieve articles published from 2000-02 to 2008-10 using keywords of “high-flux dialysis membrane; hemodialysis; clinical application”. The inclusive criteria were as follows: application of high-flux dialysis membranes in hemodialysis; materials-related clinical research. Repetitive or old articles were excluded. Finally, 12 papers were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the low-flux one, the high-flux dialysis can clear β2-microglobulin, lower blood lipids, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone levels, reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial changes in dialysis patients. It cannot affect the levels of plasma cell factors and endotoxin in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. In the remove of urea nitrogen and creatinine, the high-flux dialysis is also superior to conventional dialysis. Therefore, the high-flux dialysis can prevent long-term complications, such as renal osteodystrophy and atherosclerosis, improve loss of appetite and high blood pressure symptoms, and increase the adequacy of dialysis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application and development of artificial tympanic membrane materials Zhao Dong 2011, 15 (25):  4707-4710.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.036 Abstract ( 282 )   PDF (610KB) ( 1069 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tympanic membrane repair materials continue to update and develop, and their efficacy and treatment course vary. How to select a proper tympanic membrane repair material is the key to tympanic membrane repair. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance and application of artificial tympanic membrane repair materials to find a reasonable alternative to the tympanic membrane. METHODS: An electronic search of Wanfang and Medline databases were done to find articles about tympanic membrane perforation using the keywords of “tympanic membrane repair, tissue engineering, biomaterials”. Repetitive articles, review and Meta analysis were excluded, and 20 articles were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There are two methods for tympanic membrane repair: patch-bonded bypass method and surgical repair. Bonded repair materials for the tympanic membrane are various, such as egg coats, cotton sheets, plastic films, starch sponge, sheep fetal membranes. These materials can only be used as scaffold to improve perforation healing without promoting effects on cell growth. The surgical repair using temporal fascia or mastoid periosteum is more precise in the repair of tympanic membrane perforation, but big trauma and expensive cost are its disadvantages. At present, the tympanic membrane repair materials used in China include fibrin sponge, heterologous collagen membrane, tissue engineered tympanic membrane, acellular dermal matrix mucosa. Although autologous materials, allograft materials, synthetic materials are widely used in clinical tympanic membrane repair, but because of their inevitable shortcomings, tympanic membrane perforation repair materials needs further development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Targeted and controlled-release gastric cancer drugs Su Xiao-hui, Li Rong-nian 2011, 15 (25):  4711-4714.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.037 Abstract ( 244 )   PDF (646KB) ( 402 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, studies on targeted and controlled release of gastric cancer drugs have obtained an obvious progress, but there are still some problems. OBJECTIVE: To conclude the application status of gastric cancer drugs in targeted and controlled release manners in recent years. METHODS: A computer search of VIP database was performed for articles about targeted and controlled release of gastric cancer drugs published between January 1998 and October 2010. The keywords were “gastric cancer, delayed release, target” in Chinese and English. Finally, 31 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Currently, there are many studies concerning lymphatic-targeted chemotherapy of gastric cancer, and nano-carbon used in lymphatic targeted chemotherapy in gastric cancer has obtained initial success, which is expected to become the primary means of lymphatic targeted chemotherapy for gastric cancer. How to select a proper administration approach is needed to be further studied as well as how to combine different drugs via multi-approaches and regulate chemotherapy standards for gastric cancer and how to develop individualized treatment. Targeted and controlled release gastric cancer drugs are characterized as low toxicity, functional release and good lymphatic tendency, which are expected to inhibit primary tumor incidence and lymp node metastasis, shrink the tumor, increase resection size, reduce the recurrence and metastasis, so as to improve patients’ survival rate and quality of life. Related Articles | Metrics

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Silicone rubber materials in facial plastic surgery Wang Hai-han, Long Teng-he, He Yong, Wang Jia 2011, 15 (25):  4715-4718.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.038 Abstract ( 237 )   PDF (874KB) ( 614 )   Save BACKGROUND: Silicone rubber can be used as an ideal material for facial plastic. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the application of silicone rubber in facial plastic surgery. METHODS: A computer-based search was performed using the keywords of “Silicone rubber，Composite, Mechanical properties, Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing, Head and facial plastic surgery” in Chinese and English for articles about silicone rubber in facial reconstruction published from 2001-01 to 2010-12. Repetitive articles and Meta analysis were excluded, and finally 22 articles were eligible. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A computer model can be used for surgical design of facial plastic. All kinds of complications occur in 6% patients receiving facial plastic surgery, and the reasons are as follows: ①operative misconduct; ②do not perform the surgery according to the cosmetic principles; ③weak of sterile concept. Based on preoperative computer simulation design and effectiveness preview, the patients can participate in the individual design of their cosmetic surgery, which greatly increases the success rate of surgery. As long as a good grasp of cosmetic elements using solid silicone materials and surgical principle, the majority of complications can be avoided. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of tissue engineering scaffold materials in repair of spinal cord injury Wang Xin-hong, Shen Yi-xin, Fan Zhi-hai, Zhang Feng 2011, 15 (25):  4719-4722.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.039 Abstract ( 172 )   PDF (669KB) ( 457 )   Save BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to the continuous loss of cells and tissues initially. Tissue engineering scaffolds can simulate the physiological state of the extracellular matrix, which is conducive to cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the progress of tissue engineering scaffold materials combined with cells and (or) cytokines repairing SCI. METHODS: The articles related to tissue engineering scaffold materials repairing SCI from PubMed database, Ovid Medline database and CBM database between October 2000 and October 2010 were retrieved by computer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Tissue engineering materials for repair of SCI need three elements: seed cells, tissue engineering scaffold, and cytokines. Tissue engineering scaffold plays a bridging role in broken ends of fractured bone of SCI; however, the seed cells and (or) cytokines can promote the growth and migration of neural axon. The materials that can be used for tissue engineering scaffold were divided into natural materials and synthetic materials, including collagen, chitosan, agarose/alginate, polylactic acid, fibronectin, polyglycolic acid/polylactic acid, poly-β hydroxybutyrate, etc. Animal experiments have obtained some achievements. Tissue engineering scaffold materials combined with cell transplantation have a better effect on repairing SCI. However, there is no research addressing tissue engineering scaffold materials repairing SCI currently. Related Articles | Metrics

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Composite scaffolds of different biomaterials for repair of articular cartilage defects Wei Yi-yi 2011, 15 (25):  4723-4725.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.040 Abstract ( 706 )   PDF (451KB) ( 5055 )   Save BACKGROUND: Composite scaffolds prepared by different biomaterials have their own characteristics in the repair of cartilage defects. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the tissue engineering characteristics and effect evaluation of composite scaffolds prepared by different biomaterials for repairing articular cartilage defects. METHODS: The key words were “cartilage tissue engineering, biomaterials, engineered cartilage, composite scaffold” in Chinese and “tissue engineering, articular cartilage, scaffold material” in English. A computer based search of CNKI and PubMed databases was performed for relevant articles about composite scaffolds with cells for articular cartilage defects published from 1993-01 to 2010-11. Repetitive articles or Meta analysis were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Composite scaffolds are commonly used in cartilage tissue engineering, which are degradable scaffolds with better biocompatibility, toughness, porosity and mechanical strength than single scaffolds. Composite scaffolds are prepared not only by the same type of biomaterials but also by different kinds of biomaterials, which can be divided into natural scaffolds, artificial scaffolds, natural and artificial scaffolds. Complementary properties of biomaterials based on composite scaffolds meet the requirement of the ideal biomaterial scaffold to some extent. Nowadays, there are still some problems to be solved, such as compound ratio of different biomaterials and composite process. Related Articles | Metrics

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Arthroscopic anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Autograft versus allograft Ma Ye-tao, Song Shi-feng, Zeng Fan, Chen Shi-qiang, Xiao Hai-tao, Liu Fu-cun, Zhang Xi-min, Xu Shi-zhong, Yao Li-yang 2011, 15 (25):  4726-4730.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.041 Abstract ( 227 )   PDF (831KB) ( 727 )   Save BACKGROUND: Using autologous tendon graft to reconstruct the knee cruciate ligament has been widely applied, but the technique has shortages such as donor site prone to complications, relatively longer operation time and greater trauma. So allogeneic tendon grafts have been applied as an important alternative materials in reconstructing knee cruciate ligament more and more frequently. OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacy difference between using autologous tendon and allograft tendon to reconstruct knee cruciate ligament under arthroscopy. METHODS: We had divided 40 cases of cruciate ligament injury into two groups: Group autologous tendon of 21 cases in which autogenous semitendinosus and gracilis muscle was used to reconstruct knee anterior and posterior cruciate ligament, while Group allograft tendon of 19 cases receiving allograft tendon provided by the Shanxi Province Bone Allograft Tendon Tissue Bank. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the patients were followed up for 6 to 36 months. There was statistical significance in contralateral thigh circumference difference, Lachman test, anterior drawer test in neutral position and the International Knee Documentation Committee scoring, Lysholm and Tegner scores between the two groups before and after surgery (P < 0.01). All the indexes showed no significant difference in the same group after surgery (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in clinical efficacy between autologous tendon and allograft tendon with a simple deep-frozen tendon in anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Experiment study of vessel wall reconstruction after a novel biological small-diameter vascular graft Xu Yi-min, Qi Song-tao, Lin Lü-biao, Zeng Shao-wen, Li Wei-qiu, Zhuang Bing-rong 2011, 15 (25):  4731-4734.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.042 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (539KB) ( 595 )   Save BACKGROUND: Compared with human vessels, vascular prosthesis has the greastest advantage for its rich source. Besides, its characteristics are similar to the human vessel, and vascular prosthesis has high histocompatibility after graft. OBJECTIVE: To observe the survival and life status, graft histocompatibility and histopathological changes of the reconstructed vascular wall in experimental dogs within eighteen months following the implantation of biological small-diameter vascular graft. METHODS: By crosslinking fixation, removing antigen, covalent bonding with heparin and coupling with specific polypetide capable of sticking and enriching growth factors, a kind of highly anticoagulant biological artificial vessel with the diameter of 3.5 to 4.5 mm was prepared. Artificial vascular grafts were implanted end-to-end by a continuous suture in the common carotid artery of the experimental dogs. Sample procedure was performed at different time for postoperative eighteen months, for histopathological examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Only a little adhesion between the artificial artery and the surounding tissue was found during sampling procedure. Eight weeks after grafting, the host tissue penetrated the poros of grafts and protruded into the lumen, forming the neointima of the graft vessel. Twelve weeks after grafting, endothelial cells were sparsely distributed throughout the neointima near the stoma. Six months after grafting, endothelial cells were present on the whole surface of the patent graft lumen. Twelve months after grafting, VG staining of the graft wall revealed that the graft stent had been replaced by a large amount of newly grown collagen fibers and blood capillaries. The previous graft stent was partly replaced by the host vascular tissue. Eighteen months after grafting, the previous graft stent was mostly replaced by the host vascular tissue. All of the above proves that the novel biological small-diameter vascular graft has early and intact formation of the neointima with strong capacity of vessel wall reconstruction and intravascular stent regeneration, taken together with the good biocompatibility and stability. Related Articles | Metrics

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Injection of fibrin glue directly into the sternum for sternal bleeding in old patients with osteoporosis during coronary artery bypass Zhang Yu-hai, Gu Tian-xiang, Zhang Guang-wei, Wang Chun, Liu Yu, Yu Yang 2011, 15 (25):  4735-4738.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.043 Abstract ( 205 )   PDF (521KB) ( 314 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, fibrin glue play a hemostasis role through wound smearing; however, studies about injection of fibrin glue into the bone cavity are rare.  OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of injecting fibrin glue directly into the sternum for hemostasis in elder patients with osteoporosis during coronary artery bypass. METHODS: Forty-eight elder patients with severe osteoporosis, aged over 75 years, undergoing the coronary artery bypass were randomly divided into 2 groups using random digits table: experimental group and control group. Fibrin glue injected directly into the sternum in the experimental group; bone wax was used to stop bleeding in the control group. The drainage volume within the first 12 hours, total postoperative volume, the time of removing the drainage tube, wound healing condition were recorded and observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: As compared with the control group, the drainage volume within the first 12 hours and total volume, the time of removing the drainage tube and the time of discharge were obviously decreased in the experimental group  (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the time of continuous fever and the number of patients with postoperative sternal rupture between the two groups. In the control group, there was 1 case of wound infection and dehiscence. No adverse effects were found in the experimental group. It is indicated that direct injection of fibrin glue into the sternum can decrease the occurrence of hemorrhage and complications, and have no effect on sternum healing in elder patients with severe osteoporosis during coronary artery bypass. Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of oxidized regenerated cellulose in the hemostasis of severe sternal osteoporosis during cardiopulmonary bypass Wang Chun, Gu Tian-xiang, Yu Lei, Liu Bo, Lu Chun-mao 2011, 15 (25):  4739-4742.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.044 Abstract ( 226 )   PDF (693KB) ( 468 )   Save BACKGROUND: Patients with serious osteoporosis have more bleeding volume than those without osteoporosis during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. OBJECTIVE: To study the efficacy of oxidized regenerated cellulose on reducing post-cardiopulmonary bypass sternal bleeding and preventing sternal infection in patients with severe osteoporosis． METHODS: Eighty-four cases of severe osteoporosis undergoing open heart surgery were randomly divided into oxidized regenerated cellulose group and control group. The sternal wound and bone marrow cavity of the oxidized regenerated cellulose group was filled with oxidized regenerated cellulose, and that of the control group was with medical bone wax. Drainage volume at the first postoperative day, total drainage volume, time of draining tube, blood transfusion volume, suture removal time, duration of persistent fever, average hospital staying, postoperative sternal wound healing were recorded and observed, and all the patients were follow-up for 6 months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The comparison between two groups in the drainage volume at the first postoperative day, the total drainage volume, time of draining tube, the volume of blood transfusion and average hospital staying was significantly different (P < 0.05). During the follow-up, there was no case of discharging the foreign body from sternal wound in the oxidized regenerated cellulose group and 3 cases of discharging bone wax in the control group. Oxidized regenerated cellulose can be used in reducing bleeding and preventing sternal infection in patients with severe sternal osteoporosis after cardiopulmonary bypass. The short- and long-term efficacy is reliable. Related Articles | Metrics

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Inguinal hernia repair using human acellular dermal matrix Liu Fei-de, Li Ji-ye, Yao Sheng, Wang Shi-bin, Zhu Ying-mei 2011, 15 (25):  4743-4746.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.045 Abstract ( 210 )   PDF (547KB) ( 431 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tension-free repair using polypropylene mesh is the standard technique for inguinal hernia repair at the present, but the prosthetic material maybe has harmful impact on the patient reproductive functions.  OBJECTIVE: To summarize the experience and evaluate the clinical effect of human acellular dermal matrix in inguinal hernia repair. METHODS: Nineteen patients aged 5-38 years with inguinal hernia underwent hernia repair using human acelluar demall matrix. Of the patients, there were 15 male and 4 female. The wound healing was observed and regular follow-up was conducted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Of the 19 patients, all patients recovered with primary wound healing without infection of incisional wound or seroma. Eighteen patients were followed up. During a follow-up of 3-30 months, no chronic pain or discomfort at the incisional area or hernia recurrence occurred. It is feasible and safe to use human acellular dermal matrix patch in inguinal hernia repair, especially in young people or man with inguinal hernia willing to procreate. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of early rehabilitation training on inflammatory response of coronary heart disease patients following Partner or Cypher stent implantation Wang Li 2011, 15 (25):  4747-4750.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.25.046 Abstract ( 211 )   PDF (629KB) ( 447 )   Save BACKGROUND: Serum inflammatory factors levels are elevated after stent implantation during early stage, such as post-surgery 24 hours. However, little is known about long-term changes in serum inflammatory factors levels. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate histocompatibility of Partner and Cypher drug-eluting stents by observing change of serum inflammatory factor levels in patients with coronary heart disease, and to compare the effects of early rehabilitation training on quality of life of patients with coronary heart disease following implantation of two different drug-eluting stents. METHODS: Totally 108 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admitted in the Third Hospital of Liaoning Medical University from 2007 to 2009 were chosen. All patients were assigned to Partner (implantion) group (n=58) and Cypher (implantion) group (n=50). Among them, 34 cases in Partner (implantion) group and 28 cases in Cypher (implantion) group received early rehabilitation training. Levels of interleukin-18 (IL-18), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum were determined before stent implantation, 3 and 5 weeks after stent implantation. Quality of life of patients was evaluated at 5 weeks after stent implantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Serum levels of IL-18, CRP and TNF-α between the patients not receiving rehabilitation training in Cypher and Partner groups were similar. Which indicated histocompatibility of Cypher and Partner stents are excellent, and no histocompatibility difference was observed between two kinds of stents. Serum levels of IL-18, CRP and TNF-α in patients receiving Cypher and Partner stents implantation were not affected by rehabilitation training, while quality of life in patients were improved following rehabilitation training. Related Articles | Metrics