Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2024, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (2): 302-307.doi: 10.12307/2023.894
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Lyu Moran1, Xu Wenxin1, Wang Di2, Li Ming1
Received:
2022-11-21
Accepted:
2023-01-29
Online:
2024-01-18
Published:
2023-06-30
Contact:
Li Ming, PhD, Associate professor, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian Province, China
About author:
Lyu Moran, Master candidate, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian Province, China
Supported by:
CLC Number:
Lyu Moran, Xu Wenxin, Wang Di, Li Ming. New trends and developments of functional training research in the field of health care[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2024, 28(2): 302-307.
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2.1 功能性训练在健康领域的文献数量分析 通过文献数量变化可以有效分析出该领域研究的发展情况,在一定程度上预测未来发展状况[5]。如图3所示,功能性训练有关健康研究的总体发文量呈现不断上升的3个阶段。第一个阶段为2013-2016年,为平稳增长期,这个时期的文献数量变化不是很大,2014年出现微微下降的情况,但总体呈现较为平稳,这一时期世界各国大部分都处于初级探索期;第二个阶段为2017-2019年,在此阶段发文量增加的幅度较大;第三个阶段为2020-2021年,这一阶段是近10年发文数量增加最为快速的一个时期,增幅较大,通过相关资料可以看出,从最初应用于专业训练队来提高运动员的竞技成绩,到现在更加关注健康、提高普通群众的生活质量,发文量大幅度增加。由此可见,功能性训练对于健康的有关研究已经引发更多专家学者们的重视。"
神经科学和神经学都是同属于生物学范畴之内,是功能性训练有关研究的理论基础,随着研究的深入,许多优秀成果在功能性训练领域被广泛应用。 许多试验表明,经常参加力量训练,中枢神经系统激活不同肌纤维的神经输出的效果都会增强,募集的运动单位出现明显增多的现象。因此功能性力量训练不仅仅是单纯的肌肉训练,更是大脑的训练。经常进行身体功能性训练对自主神经调控能力有明显提高的效果,并伴随副交感神经的活动显著增强,变异性有所增高,更加体现出功能性训练的临床价值。 在心理学研究领域主要研究功能性训练对于不同群体的心理健康的影响,集中于竞技运动员和普通群体。竞技运动员在学习新的动作或者日常训练中出现某些障碍,会使得运动员的心理发展产生一系列失调现象。经常出错误的技术动作会产生一种代偿现象,从而导致功能动作的障碍,不及时改正,不仅会导致运动成绩降低也会使得运动损伤的概率明显提高,继而影响日常训练、比赛以及运动成绩。在过去近10年里,功能性训练在健康领域针对普通人群的日常生活、身心健康等研究越来越多,尤其是针对老年人这一群体。FRAGALA等[6]认为力量训练不仅可以增强中老年人的行动能力、身体机能、日常生活能力表现,而且对老年人独立性、心理健康的保持起着重要的作用。许多专家学者进行大量的科学研究致力于探索出可以有效提高老年人的认知功能或避免认知能力减退的方法和手段。BOWIE等[7]认为对老年人进行功能性训练和认知练习相结合的方法可以提升其认知能力,并且进行具有科学性、结构性、趣味性的运动锻炼对于提高身体健康、降低运动损伤风险、形成健康的生活方式具有很大的作用。除此之外对受试者心理健康及认知能力会产生有益的影响。 2.6 功能性训练在健康领域主要关键词分析 关键词在一定程度上反映了该研究领域的研究热点以及广大学者关注的焦点[7],运行Citespace V,选择keyword(关键词),top N设置为50,选择Log-likelihood ratio,term labeling进行运算,关键词数量超过180次的高频关键词分别是Exercise(锻炼,291次)、Performance(表现,232次)、Fmri(功能磁共振成像,198次)、Functional connectivity(功能链接,181次)。其中中心性超过0.1的关键词有Fmri(功能磁共振成像0.20)、Rehabilitation(康复0.12)、Performance(表现0.11)。通过表5这些高频关键词和中心性可以看出,老年人这一群体的有关研究相对较多,其中大龄妇女、绝经女性的研究更多。在研究内容方面,主要通过功能性力量训练,来增强身体素质,提高运动表现促进身体恢复。抗阻训练可以有效增强老年人的身体活动能力、日常生活能力,除此之外对保持老年人的独立性、促进其心理健康具有一定的作用[8]。功能性训练可以增强肌肉力量和身体平衡性,提高心肺功能,可以有效增进身体健康水平[9]。相关研究表明,运动对大龄妇女(绝经后妇女)的身体功能性、柔韧和肌电值有着积极的提高[10]。功能性训练在医疗健康领域应用越来越多,体医结合愈加紧密。除常规物理治疗外结合功能性训练可以提高脑卒中患者上肢恢复的效果[11]。也有研究者证实功能性训练可以提升慢性阻塞性肺病患者的肌肉力量、身体功能性和日常活动能力,是有效的治疗方案之一[12]。"
RUIZ等[14]认为,在老年人健身和锻炼计划中,应针对薄弱环节的采取干预措施,这不仅可以提高他们身体的健康水平,也可以提高他们的身体独立性,降低跌倒风险,步态能力和身体平衡会得到明显增强。NORTHEY 等[15]表示每天45 min以上运动或者进行小中等强度持续2周的锻炼可以有效提高50岁以上人群的认知功能,如果采取有氧和中等强度的抗阻运动1周发现,对于认知功能的提升明显增强。也有研究表明发现长期性进行功能性训练的周期性阻力训练可以改善帕金森病患者的功能能力、平衡和力量[16]。同年POSNAKIDIS等[17]证明高强度的功能性训练计划可以增加肌肉力量,改善心肺和神经肌肉功能,促进身体健康,不会导致受试者出现明显的炎症或肌肉损伤。 对共被引文献采用LLR算法进行相关聚类分析,图谱模块值(Q)=0.84 > 0.5,聚类结构显著,各聚类可信度较高。在时间线视图中,被引频次与节点大小是成正相关的关系;图7中的颜色可以看出被引文献时间早晚,颜色偏暖色,则说明引文时间相对较晚,反之亦然。共被引文献中的关键词前7位是#0neurofeedback(神经反馈)、#1cognitive training(认知训练)、#2elderly(老年)、#3autism spectrum disorder(自闭症谱系障碍)、#4exercise(锻炼)、#5preverntion(预防)、#6mental training(心理训练)。通过以上不难看出功能性训练在健康领域研究群体以老年人为主,主要应用于提高认知能力及促进心理健康、缓解自闭症、锻炼身体、预防疾病等方面,是当前功能性训练在健康领域研究的热点,其中神经反馈和认知能力的训练被引频次相对最高,从图中可以看出相关研究的热度随着时间变化也略有降低。见表6。"
突现词可以更好地展现该领域的研究前沿,而且还能呈现出该领域近期的热点及趋势,对新研究成果进行预测。以关键词为节点,以1年为分割点,运行Citespace V,在软件中选择burstness为了更好地展现热点与前沿,将时间设置为2017-2022年,生成图8,可以看到15个突现词,body composition(身体成分)、randomized controlled trial(随机对照试验)、functional capacity(功能性能力)、age(年龄)、functional mri(功能性核磁共振)、intervention(干预)、skeletal muscle(骨骼肌)、MRI(核磁共振)、system(系统)、therapy(治疗)、task、prefrontal cortex、health(健康)、walking(步行)。“身体成分、功能能力、年龄”等为2017-2018年的突现热点,2018-2019年研究热点逐渐转向以功能性力量训练作为干预手段来增强骨骼肌的力量。2019-2022年可以看出突现热点转变为“系统、健康、治疗、步行”等,其中therapy(治疗)的突变系数最高,高达6.592 7,由此可见,该领域的专家学者主要通过功能性训练来治疗或缓解部分疾病。Validity(有效性)、disease(疾病)、 movement(运动)、walking(步行)突变系数相对较高并且至今仍然保持较高的发文量,是该领域的研究热点以及前沿,未来几年应该还是主要研究内容。可以看出功能性训练不仅局限于体育领域,在医疗卫生、生理、心理等领域开展情况也展现出良好的发展态势,更加关心功能性训练对于不同人群身心健康的影响。"
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