Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2023, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (35): 5714-5720.doi: 10.12307/2023.852

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Value of a critical bone defect animal model in evaluating osteogenic efficacy of bone tissue engineering scaffold

Xiong Wei1, Yuan Lingmei2, Qian Guowen3, Huang Jinyang1, Pan Bin1, Guo Ling1, Zeng Zhikui2, 4   

  1. 1Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China; 2Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China; 3Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi Province, China; 4National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine Solid Preparations, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
  • Received:2022-10-31 Accepted:2023-01-10 Online:2023-12-18 Published:2023-06-05
  • Contact: Zeng Zhikui, MD, Doctoral supervisor, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China; Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
  • About author:Xiong Wei, MD, Doctoral supervisor, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81960880 (to ZZK); Scientific Research Innovation Team Project of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, No. CXTD22009; a grant from Jiangxi Clinical Medical Center, No. 20212BCG74004

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The repair of critical size bone defects has always been a challenge clinical problem for trauma orthopedic surgeons. With the development of clinical techniques and biomaterials, Ilizarov, Masquelet and bone tissue engineering techniques are gradually replacing the traditional autologous and allogeneic bone transplantation to become the research hotspots in the field of bone repair. Among them, bone tissue engineering scaffolds have the greatest potential for development. But a lot of basic research is necessary before the formal clinical application of bone tissue engineering scaffolds, and animal experiments are the most important. Therefore, it is very important to select an appropriate animal model of critical bone defects for testing the osteogenic efficacy of bone tissue engineering scaffolds.
OBJECTIVE: To systematically summarize the advantages and disadvantages of different types of animal models of critical bone defects and to evaluate the osteogenic efficacy of various types of bone tissue engineering scaffolds in the animal models of critical bone defects.
METHODS: CNKI, WanFang, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and PubMed were searched for relevant literature. Search terms included “bone defects, animal models, bone tissue engineering, scaffolds, bone repair, bone regeneration” in Chinese and English. A total of 62 articles addressing the animal models of critical bone defects and their application to evaluate the osteogenic efficacy of bone tissue engineering scaffolds were included for further review. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The specific definition of critical bone defects is still unclear and there is no consensus on how to establish critical defects in various animal models of bone defects. By searching the published articles about the establishment of critical bone defect animal models in mice, rats, rabbits, pigs, dogs and sheep, we found that domestic and foreign scholars basically followed the principle that the size of the bone defect that could be not self-healing during the experimental period is selected when establishing the critical bone defect model, but there were differences in the specific values. In general, rat skull, femur and rabbit femoral condyles are the more suitable sites for critical bone defect models, which are suitable for large-scale modeling because of their wide sources, low requirement of experimental environment, easy breeding, low modeling cost, and high operability. However, compared with large animals such as sheep and pigs, they have the disadvantages of small bones and the composition of bone tissue is different from that of human, which makes it difficult to fully simulate the human bone healing process. After the biocompatibility and osteogenic activity of the bone tissue engineering scaffolds are evaluated by cytological experiments, its osteogenic efficiency and biological safety in vivo can be confirmed with the help of the stable animal model of critical bone defects. The critical bone defect models of rat skull and femur and rabbit femoral condyle are respectively suitable for the preliminary evaluation of intramembranous osteogenesis and endochondral osteogenesis, while the critical bone defect models of sheep and pig tibia are ideal animal models that are recommended for preclinical evaluation. Further research on the molecular mechanism of bone tissue engineering scaffold osteogenesis is expected to help develop artificial scaffold materials that can match the osteogenesis efficiency of autogenous bone, which is of great significance for overcoming the difficult clinical problem of segmental bone defects.

Key words: bone defect, animal model, evaluation, bone tissue engineering, scaffold, bone graft, bone repair, bone regeneration, osteogenic efficacy, review

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