Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2023, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (33): 5394-5403.doi: 10.12307/2023.711

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Pretreatment methods improve the role of exosomes in spinal cord injury

Zhou Heshan1, Tan Longwang2, Liu Chuang1, Zhang Chi1   

  1. 1Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi Province, China; 2Department of Spinal Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
  • Received:2022-10-09 Accepted:2022-11-21 Online:2023-11-28 Published:2023-03-31
  • Contact: Tan Longwang, Chief physician, Professor, Master’s supervisor, Department of Spinal Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
  • About author:Zhou Heshan, Master candidate, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81774349 (to TLW)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Exosomes produced by paracrine secretion of different cell types can participate in many cellular processes and have shown good therapeutic effects in spinal cord injury. However, the use of natural exosomes alone to treat spinal cord injury suffers from poor organ targeting and inadequate therapeutic effects.
OBJECTIVE: To review pretreatment methods to improve the role of exosomes in spinal cord injury.
METHODS: The first author searched PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI with English and Chinese search terms “exosomes, spinal cord injuries” and 91 articles were selected for review according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In the treatment of spinal cord injury using natural exosomes, the activity of exosomes is easily inhibited and suffers from a short half-life and poor targeting. (2) During the preparation of exosomes, the function and efficacy of natural exosomes in spinal cord injury can be further optimized and the possibility of adverse effects can be reduced using the corresponding pretreatment. (3) Three common pretreatment methods include the preculture of exosomes, material pre-packaging of exosomes, and preassociation of biological materials. Each of the three pretreatment methods has advantages and disadvantages and intervenes in exosomes from different dimensions. Among them, the drug delivery system constructed by exosomal substance pre-mounting has been the most used at present, and the technology is relatively mature, and clinical studies have been carried out in some fields, which have good prospects. (4) The optimal effect of other interventions on exosomes has also been confirmed experimentally, and these interventions are not independent of each other, combining them organically to achieve a multidimensional pretreatment to achieve repair after spinal cord injury. (5) Appropriate pretreatment measures can improve the targeting and stability of exosomes, prolong the half-life of exosomes, and enhance the colonization of exosomes at the site of spinal cord injury while ensuring the structure of exosomes, thus promoting the repair of spinal cord injury and improvement of neurological function for therapeutic purposes. (6) Taken together, exosomes have great potential and broad prospects in the field of spinal cord injury, and pretreatment and engineering transformation of exosomes are the only way to develop exosomes in the future, which should be gradually promoted from basic experiments into clinical research to realize the clinical application of exosomes in the field of spinal cord injury as soon as possible. 

Key words: exosome, spinal cord injury, pretreatment, engineering, three-dimensional cultivation, drug delivery, non-coding RNA, hydrogel

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