中国组织工程研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (17): 4472-4486.doi: 10.12307/2026.183

• 组织构建循证医学 evidence-based medicine in tissue construction • 上一篇    下一篇

缺血预处理影响运动表现的系统评价与多层次荟萃分析

张益林1,徐  恺2,殷明越2,孔  昊1,刘承豪1,谢  云1   

  1. 1天津体育学院运动训练学院,天津市   301617;2上海体育大学竞技运动学院,上海市   200438
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-06 接受日期:2025-09-17 出版日期:2026-06-18 发布日期:2025-12-03
  • 通讯作者: 谢云,博士,教授,博士生导师,天津体育学院运动训练学院,天津市 301617
  • 作者简介:张益林,男,2000年生,四川省广元市人,汉族,天津体育学院在读硕士,主要从事运动训练科学化中的运动表现研究。 并列第一作者:徐恺,男,1998年生,安徽省蒙城县人,汉族,上海体育大学在读硕士,主要从事优化运动任务中的运动表现研究。 并列第一作者:殷明越,男,2000年生,四川省成都市人,汉族,上海体育大学在读硕士,主要从事优化心脏代谢健康的新兴运动策略及机制研究。

Effects of ischemic preconditioning on sport performance: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis

Zhang Yilin1, Xu Kai2, Yin Mingyue2, Kong Hao1, Liu Chenghao1, Xie Yun1    

  1. 1School of Sports Training, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China; 2School of Sports Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China 
  • Received:2025-06-06 Accepted:2025-09-17 Online:2026-06-18 Published:2025-12-03
  • Contact: Xie Yun, PhD, Professor, Doctoral supervisor, School of Sports Training, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China
  • About author:Zhang Yilin, MS candidate, School of Sports Training, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China Xu Kai, MS candidate, School of Sports Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China Yin Mingyue, MS candidate, School of Sports Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China Zhang Yilin, Xu Kai and Yin Mingyue contributed equally to this work.

摘要:

文题释义:
缺血预处理方案:指缺血与再灌注的组数与持续时间,例如3×5 min方案,即缺血5 min,再灌注5 min,共3组。
安慰指假性缺血与再灌注,通常施加较小甚至可忽略不计的压力值于肢体近心端。
运动表现:此研究通过一系列综合指标来代替运动表现,包括平衡能力、跳跃、力量、最大氧亏累积、输出功率、重复次数、计时赛成绩、力竭测试时间和摄氧量。

目的:运动表现提升一直是体育科学关注的焦点。缺血预处理作为一种非药物干预手段已被证实可提升运动表现,然而其效果在不同研究中存在分歧,影响因素尚不明确。此项研究旨在对缺血预处理结合运动的原创研究进行系统荟萃分析,探讨其实际效应及潜在调节机制。
方法:依据《系统综述与元分析优先报告条目》规范,于2024-09-04检索Web of Science核心合集、PubMed、Embase与中国知网数据库,以“ischemic preconditioning,performance,sport,缺血预处理”等为关键词。纳入标准:①非疾病人群;②缺血预处理对照为假性缺血预处理或无缺血处理;③结局指标包括平衡、跳跃、力量、氧亏、功率、重复次数、计时成绩、力竭时间与摄氧量等;④研究类型为随机对照试验或随机交叉研究。采用Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0与GRADE评估偏倚风险与证据等级;使用R 4.3.3中的“meta”“metafor”以及“clubSandwich”包进行多层次效应合并、发表偏倚检验、亚组及回归分析。
结果:共纳入90篇文献,1 439名受试者,年龄在18-70岁。①相比假性缺血预处理或空白对照,缺血预处理可有效提高运动表现[ES=0.13,95%CI(0.06,0.21),P < 0.01,Q=427,I2-Level 2=0%,I2-Level 3=9.13%,I2-Level 4=5.74%,PI(-0.18,0.44),低证据等级]。②亚组组间分析发现缺血预处理组 vs.空白对照组的效果提升显著大于(P=0.02)缺血预处理组 vs. 假性缺血预处理组[ESCON=0.22,95%CI(0.12,0.33),P < 0.01;ESSHAM=0.10,95%CI (0.02,0.18),P < 0.01]。③不同能量代谢特点(无氧或有氧运动)、运动经验水平、性别组间未发现显著差异。④缺血预处理方案中,发现仅1篇的1×5 min方案显著大于其余所有方案(P=0.01)。组内差异发现,仅3×5 min [ES=0.14,95%CI (0.03,0.26),P < 0.01]、4×5 min[ES=0.10,95%CI (0.00,0.21),P=0.02]方案在统计学上显著。⑤久坐不动者[ES=0.14,95%CI(-0.10,0.39,P=0.03]、休闲活动者[ES=0.15,95%CI(0.03,0.27),P=0.02]、发展或训练中受试者 [ES=0.19,95%CI (0.04,0.33),P=0.01]的运动表现显著提高;高度训练或国家级运动员、精英或国际级运动员,以及世界级运动员的运动表现变化均不显著。仅男性受试者[ES=0.20,95%CI (0.10,0.30),P < 0.01]在统计学上显著。
结论:缺血预处理对运动表现的提升效果微弱,且存在显著的安慰剂效应(心理作用)。缺血预处理方案(缺血再灌注时长)也是影响运动表现的一个调节因子,其中3×5 min或4×5 min的方案效果最佳。运动经验水平较低的男性反应更为显著,但性别、经验以及年龄作为调节因子尚无明确统计学结果支持。未来研究应加强对安慰剂效应的控制,采用标准化的缺血和再灌注方案深入探索缺血预处理的独立效应与适用边界。

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3285-0851(张益林);https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1960-671X(谢云)


中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程

关键词: 缺血, 力量, 血流, 有氧能力, 计时赛, 输出功率, 力竭测试, 运动, 表现, Meta, 荟萃, 多层次荟萃

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Enhancing sports performance remains a central focus in sports science. Ischemic preconditioning, as a non-pharmacological intervention, has been reported to improve performance. However, the results vary across different studies, and the influencing factors remain unclear. This study aimed to conduct a systematic meta-analysis of original research on ischemic preconditioning combined with exercise, to evaluate its true effects and identify potential moderators.
METHODS: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a systematic search was conducted on September 4, 2024, across the Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, Embase, and CNKI databases using the Mesh keywords “ischemic preconditioning,” “performance,” and “sport.” The inclusion criteria were: (1) studies involving non-clinical populations; (2) sham ischemic preconditioning or non-ischemia treatment as the control for ischemic preconditioning; (3) outcomes including balance, jump performance, strength, accumulated oxygen deficit, power output, maximal repetitions, time trial, time to exhaustion, and oxygen consumption; (4) study designs limited to randomized crossover or randomized controlled trials. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool, and the quality of evidence was evaluated with the GRADE approach. Multilevel meta-analyses were conducted using the “meta,” “metafor” and “clubSandwich” packages in R version 4.3.3, along with publication bias tests, subgroup analyses, and meta-regressions.
RESULTS: A total of 90 studies involving 1 439 participants aged 18–70 years were included. Compared with sham ischemic preconditioning or non-ischemia treatment, ischemic preconditioning significantly improved sports performance [effect size (ES)=0.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.06, 0.21), P < 0.01; Q=427; I²-Level 2=0%, I²-Level 3=9.13%, I²-Level 4=5.74%; PI=–0.18 to 0.44; low certainty]. Subgroup analysis revealed that ischemic preconditioning had a greater effect versus blank control than versus sham ischemic preconditioning (P=0.02) [ESCON=0.22, 95% CI (0.12, 0.33], P < 0.01; ESSHAM 0.10, 95% CI (0.02, 0.18), P < 0.01]. (3) No significant between-group differences were found in terms of metabolic characteristics (aerobic/anaerobic), training level, or sex. (4) Among ischemic preconditioning protocols, the 1×5 minutes design showed a significantly greater effect (P=0.01), though it was reported in only one study. Within-subgroup analyses indicated that 3×5 minutes [ES=0.14, 95% CI (0.03, 0.26), P < 0.01] and 4×5 minutes [ES=0.10, 95% CI (0.00, 0.21), P=0.02] were statistically significant. (5) Ischemic preconditioning significantly benefited sedentary participants [ES=0.14, 95% CI (–0.10, 0.39), P=0.03], recreationally active participants [ES=0.15, 95% CI (0.03, 0.27), P=0.02], and participants undergoing general training [ES=0.19, 95% CI (0.04, 0.33), P=0.01], but not highly trained, elite, or world-class athletes. Significant effects were found only in male participants [ES=0.20, 95% CI (0.10, 0.30), P < 0.01]. 
CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning shows a small effect on sports performance, with a significant placebo effect (psychological effect). Ischemic preconditioning protocols (the duration of ischemic preconditioning), particularly protocols of 3×5 minutes or 4×5 minutes, emerge as a key moderating factor. More benefits appear in male participants with low exercise experience, though current evidence does not conclusively support sex, training experience level or age as moderators. Future studies should adopt standardized ischemic preconditioning protocols and rigorously control for placebo effects to better delineate the boundaries and mechanisms underlying the effects of ischemic preconditioning.


Key words: ischemia, strength, blood flow, aerobic capacity, time trial, power output, exhaustion test, exercise, performance, Meta, meta, multilevel meta

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