中国组织工程研究 ›› 2025, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (31): 6743-6752.doi: 10.12307/2025.539

• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇    下一篇

外泌体miRNA治疗多发性骨髓瘤的作用与机制

赵艺涵1,2,孙旭杭2,赵  琳3,蒋士卿1   

  1. 1河南中医药大学第一附属医院血液肿瘤科,河南省郑州市   450000;2河南中医药大学第一临床医学院,河南省郑州市   450000;3上海中医药大学附属曙光医院血液科,上海市   200000
  • 收稿日期:2024-07-16 接受日期:2024-08-22 出版日期:2025-11-08 发布日期:2025-02-26
  • 通讯作者: 蒋士卿,博士,教授,主任医师,河南中医药大学第一附属医院血液肿瘤科,河南省郑州市 450000
  • 作者简介:赵艺涵,女,1993年生,河南省郑州市人,汉族,河南中医药大学在读博士,主要从事中西医结合防治肿瘤疾病研究。
  • 基金资助:
    国家中医药管理局联合开放课题“张仲景传承与创新专项”(GZY-KJS-2022-038-2),项目负责人:蒋士卿;河南省自然科学基金项目面上项目(202300420055),项目负责人:蒋士卿;河南省中医药科学研究重大专项课题(2024ZYZD03),项目负责人:蒋士卿;河南中医药大学研究生科研创新类项目(2023KYCX003),项目负责人:赵艺涵

Effects and mechanisms of exosomal miRNA in treatment of multiple myeloma

Zhao Yihan1, 2, Sun Xuhang2, Zhao Lin3, Jiang Shiqing1   

  1. 1Department of Hematology and Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China; 2School of First Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China; 3Department of Hematology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200000, China
  • Received:2024-07-16 Accepted:2024-08-22 Online:2025-11-08 Published:2025-02-26
  • Contact: Jiang Shiqing, MD, Professor, Chief physician, Department of Hematology and Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
  • About author:Zhao Yihan, Doctoral candidate, Department of Hematology and Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China; School of First Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Joint Open Project of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine “Zhang Zhongjing Inheritance and Innovation Special Project”, No. GZY-KJS-2022-038-2 (to JSQ); Natural Science Foundation (General Project) of Henan Province, No. 202300420055 (to JSQ); Major Special Project of Scientific Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine in Henan Province, No. 2024ZYZD03 (to JSQ); Graduate Student Research and Innovation Program of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. 2023KYCX003 (to ZYH)

摘要:

文题释义:

外泌体:是一种直径为30-150 nm的膜性囊泡,由多囊体融合细胞膜释放形成,包含了多类核酸分子(mRNA,微小RNA,环状RNA等)及各种蛋白质、脂质及细胞因子等生物活性物质,来源广泛。作为细胞间信息传递的关键媒介,外泌体在肿瘤的诊断、治疗和预后方面发挥着重要作用。 
miRNA:是一种由19-25个核苷酸序列组成的内源性非编码单链RNA,可直接与靶分子mRNA的3’非翻译区互补序列结合,通过促进mRNA降解或抑制mRNA翻译发挥调控靶基因表达的作用,在整个进化过程中具有高度保守性,广泛参与全身各系统的信号传导,细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等多种生物过程。

摘要
背景:多发性骨髓瘤是最常见的血液恶性肿瘤之一,具有难治疗、易复发、易耐药的特点,至今仍无法治愈。外泌体的内源性转运系统通过影响细胞间功能成分的交换而发挥通讯作用,其中miRNA因尺寸微小更容易被包装在外泌体内,故影响细胞功能的途径多、范围广。
目的:归纳并总结多发性骨髓瘤中外泌体miRNA发挥作用的机制,提出潜在靶点。 
方法:以“multiple myeloma,bone marrow mesenchyml stem cell,fibroblasts,peripheral blood,complication,progression,drug resistance,exosomal miRNA”为英文关键检索词,检索PubMed数据库的相关文献。文献检索时限为数据库建库至2024年6月。通过阅读文题和摘要进行初筛,排除无关或内容重复或无参考意义的文献,最后纳入81篇文献进行综述。
结果与结论:①多发性骨髓瘤细胞通过各种miRNA介导的外泌体调节成骨和破骨功能平衡参与多发性骨髓瘤骨病变、调控红细胞钙离子外排通道参与高钙血症的发生、促进肾上皮-间充质转化引发肾纤维化和肾功能不全、上调骨髓来源的单核抑制细胞促进免疫微环境的抑制;此外,多发性骨髓瘤细胞外泌体miRNA还参与了免疫治疗耐药的发生和发展以及血管生成、细胞增殖及细胞衰老等病理过程。②骨髓间充质干细胞和肿瘤相关成纤维细胞均可通过外泌体miRNA影响多发性骨髓瘤细胞的增殖、转移和凋亡,干预血管生成,调控化疗药物的耐药性。③外周血循环外泌体miRNA作为前沿的无创生物标志物,可发挥判断多发性骨髓瘤病程分期和进展,预测患者生存及预后,评估药物敏感性和耐药性等关键作用。④多发性骨髓瘤外泌体长链非编码RNA、环状RNA、miRNA及mRNA,靶基因多种研究因素可形成不同的组合,灵活地构建新型生物轴和生物分子网络,符合整体医学的发展理念。⑤外泌体miRNA作为预测生物标志物及新药研发的治疗靶点具有巨大的发展潜力,如何最大程度利用外泌体miRNA,如何加快相关科研结果的临床转化值得未来进一步研究。

关键词: 多发性骨髓瘤, 进展, 耐药, 并发症, 骨髓间充质干细胞, 成纤维细胞, 外周血, 外泌体, miRNA

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma is one of the most common hematological malignancies, which is difficult to treat, prone to relapse, and resistant to drugs. The endogenous transport system of exosomes plays a communication role by affecting the exchange of functional components between cells. Among them, miRNA is more easily packaged in exosomes due to its small size, so it affects cell function in many ways and over a wide range.
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the mechanism of exosomal miRNA in multiple myeloma and to propose potential targets. 
METHODS: The terms “multiple myeloma, bone marrow mesenchyml stem cell, fibroblasts, peripheral blood, complication, progression, drug resistance, exosomal miRNA” were used as English search terms in the PubMed database. The time frame of the search was from the inception to June 2024. After reading the titles and abstracts, we excluded irrelevant or repetitive literature, and finally included 81 papers for review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Multiple myeloma cells participate in multiple myeloma bone lesions by regulating the balance of osteogenic and osteoclast functions through various miRNA mediated exosomes, regulating erythrocyte calcium ion efflux channels to participate in the occurrence of hypercalcemia, promoting renal epithelial mesenchymal transition leading to renal fibrosis and renal dysfunction, and upregulating bone marrow-derived mononuclear suppressor cells to promote suppression of the immune microenvironment. In addition, miRNAs in the exosomes of multiple myeloma cells are also involved in the occurrence and development of immunotherapy resistance, as well as pathological processes such as angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell aging. (2) Both bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and tumor-associated fibroblasts can affect the proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells through exosomal miRNA, interfere with angiogenesis, and regulate the resistance of chemotherapy drugs. (3) Peripheral blood circulating exosomal miRNAs, as cutting-edge noninvasive biomarkers, can play a key role in judging the stage and progression of multiple myeloma disease, predicting patient formation and prognosis, and evaluating drug sensitivity and drug resistance. (4) Multiple myeloma exosomes long non-coding RNA, circular RNA, miRNA, mRNA and target gene can form different combinations, and the flexible construction of new biological axes and biomolecular networks is in line with the development concept of holistic medicine. (5) Exosome miRNA has great development potential as a therapeutic target for predictive biomarkers and new drug research and development. How to maximize the use of exosome miRNA and how to accelerate the clinical transformation of related scientific research results deserve further investigation.


Key words: multiple myeloma, progression, drug resistance, complication, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell, fibroblast, peripheral blood, exosome, miRNA

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