中国组织工程研究 ›› 2024, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (12): 1907-1913.doi: 10.12307/2024.029

• 骨科植入物相关临床实践 Clinical practice of orthopedic implant • 上一篇    下一篇

膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死的阶梯治疗策略

潘建科1,杨美平2,韩燕鸿1,赵  第2, 黄和涛1,曹厚然1,刘  军1,2,3,罗明辉1,李  想1,陈红云1,杨伟毅1   

  1. 1广州中医药大学第二附属医院(广东省中医院)运动医学科,广东省广州市   510120;2广州中医药大学第二临床医学院,广东省广州市   510405;3广东省第二中医院,广东省广州市   510095
  • 收稿日期:2023-01-28 接受日期:2023-03-29 出版日期:2024-04-28 发布日期:2023-08-23
  • 通讯作者: 杨伟毅,博士,主任医师,广州中医药大学第二附属医院(广东省中医院)运动医学科,广东省广州市 510120
  • 作者简介:潘建科,男,1988年生,汉族, 2016 年广州中医药大学毕业,博士,副主任医师,主要从事中西医结合治疗骨关节病及运动损伤方面的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(82004386),项目负责人:潘建科;广东省自然科学基金——面上项目(2022A15150117000),项目负责人:潘建科

Stepwise treatment strategy for spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle of the knee joint

Pan Jianke1, Yang Meiping2, Han Yanhong1, Zhao Di2, Huang Hetao1, Cao Houran1, Liu Jun1, 2, 3, Luo Minghui1, Li Xiang1, Chen Hongyun1,  Yang Weiyi1   

  1. 1Department of Sports Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China; 2Second Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, Guangdong Province, China; 3Guangdong Second Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510095, Guangdong Province, China 
  • Received:2023-01-28 Accepted:2023-03-29 Online:2024-04-28 Published:2023-08-23
  • Contact: Yang Weiyi, MD, Chief physician, Department of Sports Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
  • About author:Pan Jianke, MD, Associate chief physician, Department of Sports Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China (Youth Program), No. 82004386 (to PJK); Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (General Project), No. 2022A15150117000 (to PJK)

摘要:


文题释义:

膝关节自发性骨坏死:指发生于股骨内、外侧髁甚至胫骨平台负重面深层、原因不明的局部骨坏死,其临床特征是明确定位于病变区的突发膝关节疼痛,由于大部分膝关节自发性骨坏死发生在股骨内侧髁,故症状多局限于膝关节内侧。
内侧半月板突出:是指内侧半月板向外周缘移位超出内侧胫骨平台边缘,当突出长度≥3 mm则为内侧半月板半脱位,内侧半月板突出可增加股骨内侧髁和胫骨平台之间的接触应力。
股胫角:股骨的解剖轴线与胫骨解剖轴线在膝关节中心形成的向外侧的夹角,此夹角平均174°。在内翻畸形中,股胫角大于174°;在外翻畸形中,股胫角小于174°。


背景:目前临床上对于膝关节自发性骨坏死已经有多种保守治疗和手术的方案,并取得了优良的效果,但在手术指征和具体手术方案选择方面尚未形成广泛的共识,临床中仍存在一发现膝关节自发性骨坏死就行单髁置换或全膝关节置换的误区,亟需普及阶梯治疗的理念。

目的:从文献和临床病例中总结发现导致膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死保守治疗效果欠佳的因素,同时与Koshino分期结合,提出膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死阶梯治疗的策略。
方法:系统检索文献数据库,总结发现导致膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死保守治疗效果欠佳的因素。同时检索住院电子病例系统回顾性分析2017年1月至2023年1月在广东省中医院骨科因膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死行保守和手术治疗的病例,对典型病例治疗成功和失败的原因进行总结分析。

结果与结论:①膝关节自发性骨坏死的早诊断和早治疗,对预后有着非常重要的意义。临床上对突发的膝关节疼痛,X射线片检查未见明显异常时,如症状持续不能缓解大于1周,建议行MRI检查,可以发现早期的膝关节自发性骨坏死。②膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死的Koshino1期和2期的影像在X射线片下较难区分,需借助MR进行区分,Koshino 1期MR图像主要以骨髓水肿为主,尚未形成边界清晰的骨坏死区,而Koshino 2期MR上可见边界清晰的坏死区。③总结出5个导致膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死保守治疗效果欠佳的因素:a.坏死区面积> 5 cm2;b.坏死区占比超过髁的40%;c.内侧半月板相对挤压百分比≥33%(伴或不伴随内侧半月板损伤、软骨下骨髓水肿);d.MRI上坏死区深度(矢状位坏死区域前后径) > 20 mm;e.下肢力线内翻> 6°。④Koshino 1期的膝关节自发性骨坏死保守治疗效果良好。Koshino 2期的膝关节自发性骨坏死,优先选择保守治疗方案;或在保守治疗方案的基础上配合行钻孔减压治疗;如果保守治疗3个月后症状没有减轻或MR上没有改善时,患者同时存在5个因素中的任一个,则应考虑行保膝手术治疗。Koshino 3期和4期的膝关节自发性骨坏死,需在考虑5个因素的基础上,同时兼顾患者年龄、性别和活跃程度,选择保膝手术治疗。对于合并症状性髌股关节炎、外翻畸形、坏死区范围大影响单髁假体稳定性等的Koshino 4期膝关节股骨内侧髁自发性骨坏死,采用全膝关节置换治疗。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-6111 (潘建科) 

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程

关键词: 膝关节自发性骨坏死, 膝关节软骨下不全骨折, 半月板突出, 半月板损伤, 阶梯诊疗决策

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Currently, there have been a variety of conservative and surgical treatment plans for spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee, achieving excellent results. However, a broad consensus on indication and guide of surgical treatment has not been announced. In clinical practice, there is still a misunderstanding that unicondylar replacement or total knee arthroplasty should be performed upon the discovery of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee, while an urgent need for universal access to the concept of stepwise therapy. 
OBJECTIVE: To summarize and find the factors leading to the poor effect of conservative treatment in spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee, which occurred on the medial femoral condyle, from the literature and clinical cases, at the same time, combined with the Koshino stage, to propose the strategy of stepwise spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee treatment on the medial femoral condyle. 
METHODS: A systematic search of the literature database was conducted to summarize the factors leading to poor outcomes of conservative treatment in spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle. Meanwhile, according to the Clinical & Health Records for analytics & Sharing system, the cases receiving conservative and surgical treatment in spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle in the Department of Orthopedics of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine from January 2017 to January 2023 were analyzed retrospectively, then the causes of success and failure in typical cases were summarized and analyzed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Early diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee were very important for prognosis. For sudden knee pain in some patients, if no obvious abnormality was found in the X-ray examination, and the symptoms persisted and could not be relieved for more than 1 week, an MRI examination was recommended to detect early spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee. (2) The X-ray images of Koshino stage 1 and stage 2 of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle were difficult to be distinguished, which needed to be probed by MRI. MRI images of Koshino stage 1 were mainly characterized by bone marrow edema, and an osteonecrosis area with a clear boundary was not formed, while MR images of Koshino stage 2 showed a necrotic area with a clear boundary. (3) Five factors leading to the poor effect of conservative treatment on spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle were summarized: a. The necrotic area was > 5 cm2; b. The necrotic area accounted for more than 40% of the condyle; c. relative compression percentage of medial meniscus ≥33% (with or without medial meniscus injury and subchondral bone marrow edema); d. MRI depth of necrotic area (anterior-posterior diameter of sagittal necrotic area) > 20 mm; e. varus deformity of lower limb >6°. (4) Conservative treatment of spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee in Koshino stage 1 was good. For spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee in Koshino stage 2, conservative treatment was preferred or combined with drilling decompression. If there was no relief or improvement of symptoms or in MRI after 3 months, while the patient had any of the previous five factors, then knee preservation surgery should be considered. For spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee in Koshino stage 3 and stage 4, knee preservation surgery should be selected based on the previous five factors, including age, gender and activity level of the patient. Total knee arthroplasty was used for spontaneous osteonecrosis in Koshino stage 4, which was associated with symptomatic patellofemoral arthritis, valgus alignment, or necrotic area, which greatly affected the stability of unicondyle prosthesis.

Key words: spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee, subchondral insufficiency fractures of the knee, medial meniscus protrusion, meniscus injury, stepwise treatment strategy

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