中国组织工程研究 ›› 2025, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (15): 3253-3261.doi: 10.12307/2025.807

• 骨与关节综述 bone and joint review • 上一篇    下一篇

有限元分析技术在膝关节生物力学应用中的特点与优势

郭欢萱1,康志杰2,白小龙1,田晓燕1,金  凤1   

  1. 1内蒙古医科大学附属医院影像诊断科,内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市   010010;2内蒙古医科大学研究生院,内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市   010010
  • 收稿日期:2024-05-22 接受日期:2024-07-01 出版日期:2025-05-28 发布日期:2024-11-06
  • 通讯作者: 金凤,主任医师,内蒙古医科大学附属医院影像诊断科,内蒙古自治区呼和浩特市 010010
  • 作者简介:郭欢萱,女,1997年生,内蒙古自治区包头市人,汉族,内蒙古医科大学在读硕士,主要从事数字医学方面的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    内蒙古自治区卫生健康科技项目(202201266),项目负责人:金凤;内蒙古医科大学联合项目(YKD2021LH008),项目负责人:金凤

Characteristics and advantages in finite element analysis techniques in knee biomechanics

Guo Huanxuan1, Kang Zhijie2, Bai Xiaolong1, Tian Xiaoyan1, Jin Feng1   

  1. 1Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China; 2Graduate School of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China 
  • Received:2024-05-22 Accepted:2024-07-01 Online:2025-05-28 Published:2024-11-06
  • Contact: Jin Feng, Chief physician, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • About author:Guo Huanxuan, Master candidate, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010010, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
  • Supported by:
    Health Science and Technology Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, No. 202201266 (to JF); Joint Project of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. YKD2021LH008 (to JF)

摘要:

文题释义
有限元分析:一种通过计算机模拟复杂结构的物理行为的数值分析方法,可通过将复杂的连续体划分为有限数量的小单元,并在这些单元上进行近似求解,从而得到整个系统的近似解,该技术广泛应用于工程学和医学等领域。
生物力学:一门应用力学原理和方法研究人体力学问题和现象的学科,包括人体结构和功能在力学作用的反应,为疾病的诊断、治疗方案设计及医疗器械开发提供理论基础。

摘要
背景:有限元分析是一种先进的计算机工程技术,利用数学近似的方法对真实人体进行模拟,可以真实反映膝关节结构内部的生物力学特征,为理解膝关节疾病发病机制、优化手术方案以及开发新型植入材料提供了有效的工具。
目的:对膝关节有限元模型的建立及其在膝关节疾病研究中的应用进行综述,并展望了未来的发展趋势。
方法:第一作者于2024年4月以“Finite Element Analysis,FEA,knee joint ,Finite Element Model,Knee Biomechanics,Knee Osteoarthritis,Knee Prosthesis,Knee Ligaments,Meniscus”为英文检索词在PubMed和EI数据库进行检索,以“有限元分析,有限元模型,膝关节,生物力学,骨关节炎,计算模型,膝关节假体,膝关节韧带,半月板”为中文检索词在中国知网和万方数据库进行检索,最终纳入75篇文献进行分析。
结果与结论:①有限元分析法利用医学影像数据获得三维人体模型,将复杂的人体关节结构简化为有限且相互连接的单元,通过对模型施加外部载荷,直观地显示膝关节内部的应力分布。②研究者通过有限元分析深入研究膝关节在不同工况下的内部应力和应变分布,可发现膝关节内部载荷分配平衡改变时,关节软骨的过度载荷及部分区域的负荷下降,这种长期异常应力会引起软骨变形和磨损,最终缺失,对于理解生物力学因素如何引起膝关节退行性变至关重要。③有研究通过有限元分析评估膝骨关节炎患者采用太极拳、步态调整等物理治疗方法的效果,结果显示这些治疗方法减少了软骨的过度负荷,为临床治疗提供了科学理论依据。④临床医生通过有限元分析在手术前进行三维重建、数据测量和模拟手术,能够优化手术治疗策略;此外,还可以通过模拟不同假体的力学特征,改进假体的形状、材料和固定方式,减少患者的并发症,提高患者的治疗效果。⑤人工智能与有限元分析相结合使得有限元模型的构建更为精确和易于操作,极大提高了临床医生医疗实践的效率和患者的治疗效果。⑥有限元分析仅是数字化的模拟,与真实物理状态仍存在一定差异。


中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程


关键词: 膝关节, 关节软骨, 半月板, 生物力学, 有限元分析, 有限元模型, 膝骨关节炎, 关节置换, 人工智能, 综述

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Finite element analysis is an advanced computer-based engineering technique that uses mathematical approximations to simulate the human body. This method accurately reflects the biomechanical characteristics within the knee, providing a powerful tool for understanding knee disease pathogenesis, optimizing surgical protocols, and developing new implant materials.
OBJECTIVE: To review the establishment of finite element modelling of the knee joint and its application in the study of knee joint diseases, and look forward to the future development trend.
METHODS: The first author searched the PubMed and EI databases in April 2024 by applying a computer with English search terms “finite element analysis, FEA, knee joint, finite element model, knee biomechanics, knee osteoarthritis, knee prosthesis, knee ligaments, meniscus” and searched CNKI and WanFang databases with Chinese search terms “finite element analysis, finite element model, knee joint, biomechanics, osteoarthritis, computational model, knee prosthesis, knee ligament, meniscus.” Finally, 75 papers were included in the analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Finite element analysis method uses medical imaging data to obtain a three-dimensional human model, simplifies the complex human joint structure into finite and interconnected units, and visually displays the internal stress distribution of the knee joint by applying external loads to the model. (2) The researchers deeply study the internal stress and strain distribution of the knee joint under different working conditions by means of finite element analysis, revealing the overloading of the articular cartilage and the decrease of load in some areas when the balance of the internal load distribution of the knee joint is changed, and that such long-term abnormal stresses cause deformation, wear and tear, and eventual loss of cartilage, which is crucial for understanding how biomechanical factors cause degenerative changes of the knee joint. (3) The effect of physical therapy methods such as Tai Chi and gait adjustment in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joint was evaluated by finite element analysis, and the results showed that these treatments reduced the overloading of the cartilage, which provided a scientific theoretical basis for clinical treatment. (4) Clinicians are able to optimize surgical treatment strategies by performing three-dimensional reconstruction, data measurement, and simulation of surgery before surgery through finite element analysis. Furthermore, the mechanical characteristics of different prostheses can be simulated to improve the shape, material, and fixation of the prostheses, reduce patient complications, and improve patient outcomes. (5) The combination of artificial intelligence and finite element analysis makes the construction of finite element models more accurate and easy to operate, greatly contributing to the efficiency of clinicians’ medical practice and patient outcomes. (6) Finite element analysis is only a digital simulation, which is still somewhat different from the real physical state.

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程

Key words: knee joint, articular cartilage, meniscus, biomechanics, finite element analysis, finite element model, knee osteoarthritis, joint replacement, artificial intelligence, review

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