中国组织工程研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (28): 7378-7387.doi: 10.12307/2026.823

• 组织构建综述 tissue construction review • 上一篇    下一篇

代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病:共性和异质性途径介导的病理机制

孙志远1,徐  凯2,田雪文1,商庆慧1   

  1. 1山东体育学院山东省科学健身指导中心,山东省济南市  250102;2长江大学教育与体育学院,湖北省荆州市  434000
  • 收稿日期:2025-10-15 修回日期:2025-12-16 出版日期:2026-10-08 发布日期:2026-02-24
  • 通讯作者: 田雪文,博士,教授,山东体育学院山东省科学健身指导中心,山东省济南市 250102 通讯作者:商庆慧,博士,讲师,山东体育学院山东省科学健身指导中心,山东省济南市 250102
  • 作者简介:孙志远,男,1996年生,山东省滨州市人,汉族,博士,讲师,主要从事运动促进健康方面的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    国家科技重大专项-四大慢病重大专项项目(2024ZD0531803),项目负责人:田雪文

Metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease: pathological mechanisms mediated by common and heterogeneous pathways

Sun Zhiyuan1, Xu Kai2, Tian Xuewen1, Shang Qinghui1     

  1. 1Shandong Scientific Fitness Guidance Center, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, Shandong Province, China; 2College of Education and Physical Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434000, Hubei Province, China
  • Received:2025-10-15 Revised:2025-12-16 Online:2026-10-08 Published:2026-02-24
  • Contact: Tian Xuewen, PhD, Professor, Shandong Scientific Fitness Guidance Center, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, Shandong Province, China Corresponding author: Shang Qinghui, PhD, Lecturer, Shandong Scientific Fitness Guidance Center, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, Shandong Province, China
  • About author:Sun Zhiyuan, PhD, Lecturer, Shandong Scientific Fitness Guidance Center, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, Shandong Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Science and Technology Major Project - Major Project of Four Major Chronic Diseases, No. 2024ZD0531803 (to TXW)

摘要:



文题释义:
代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病:指从传统非酒精性脂肪性肝病中独立出来、以代谢紊乱为核心背景的肝脏疾病,病理特征为肝细胞脂肪过度沉积,严重时可进展为脂肪性肝炎、肝纤维化乃至肝硬化。代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病具有显著异质性,如瘦型患者占比达7%-20%(2022年美国胃肠病学会数据),其虽体质量正常但因脂肪分布异常、脂解失调仍会出现肝内脂质蓄积,并且全因死亡风险高于非瘦型患者;同时受PNPLA3 I148M、TM6SF2 E167K等遗传变异调控,可独立驱动肝脂肪变性。
胰岛素抵抗:指机体组织细胞对胰岛素敏感性下降的病理状态。胰岛素抵抗主要通过两种途径导致肝内脂质异常沉积:一是激活肝脏新生脂肪生成,二是抑制脂肪酸氧化;同时可通过激活核因子κB炎症信号通路加剧肝细胞损伤,还能上调转化生长因子β信号通路促进肝纤维化。临床研究显示,携带PNPLA3 I148M变异的患者中,胰岛素抵抗指数与肝脂肪含量呈显著正相关,是推动疾病进展的关键驱动因素。

背景:近些年来,伴随研究体系的不断成熟,代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病在传统非酒精性脂肪性肝病一类中独立出来,其代谢紊乱背景和异质性疾病进展模式更新了学界对该类疾病的研究理解,而关于该类疾病的共性发生机制与个体间病理差异的关联还需通过系统研究进行深入阐释。  
目的:综述代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病病理机制中普遍存在的共性通路(如胰岛素抵抗、氧化应激),深入探讨其异质性调控网络(如遗传变异、脂肪组织功能障碍),以此剖析两者的交互作用关系。  
方法:系统检索Web of Science、PubMed、Embase、中国知网、万方和维普等数据库的中英文文献,文献检索时限为各数据库建库至2025年6月发表的相关文献,聚焦代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病的代谢紊乱共性机制、遗传/微环境异质性途径及临床表型分型,梳理领域相关文献并整合研究证据。  
结果与结论:代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病的病理机制围绕“共通路异质性调控动态相互作用”的核心展开。在常见的途径中,胰岛素抵抗是核心环节,它激活肝脏中新脂肪的产生、抑制脂肪酸氧化,并共同导致肝细胞中异常脂质沉积;激活核因子κB炎症通路加剧肝细胞损伤,上调转化生长因子β通路促进肝纤维化。氧化应激和氧化还原失衡、脂肪酸过度积累的协同作用会损害线粒体功能,增加活性氧的产生,破坏细胞结构,而失衡状态(如β-羟基丁酸酯/乙酰乙酸酯比值异常)会进一步加剧损伤并促进代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病的进展。在异质性调节方面,PNPLA3 I148M抑制甘油三酯水解,TM6SF2 E167K减少极低密度脂蛋白前体分泌,独立驱动代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病、肝纤维化和癌症的风险;脂肪组织功能异常是瘦型代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病的关键,导致异位脂肪沉积和脂联素水平降低;在3种代谢亚型中,A型心血管风险较低,而B/C型肝纤维化进展迅速。因此,遗传、代谢和环境之间的动态相互作用会影响疾病的发展轨迹,基于代谢亚型和遗传代谢风险评分的差异化干预可以为代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病的精确风险分层和个性化治疗提供理论支持。

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1438-9999(孙志远)


中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程

关键词: 代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病, 病理机制, 胰岛素抵抗, 遗传变异, 脂肪组织功能障碍, 代谢亚型

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In recent years, with the continuous maturity of the research system, metabolic dysfunction related fatty liver disease has become independent from traditional non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Its metabolic disorder background and heterogeneous disease progression patterns have updated the academic understanding of this type of disease. However, the relationship between the common occurrence mechanism of this type of disease and the pathological differences between individuals still needs to be further elucidated through systematic research.   
OBJECTIVE: To review the common pathways (such as insulin resistance and oxidative stress) commonly found in the pathological mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction related fatty liver disease, and to explore their heterogeneous regulatory networks (such as genetic variation and adipose tissue dysfunction) in depth so as to analyze the interactive relationship between the them.   
METHODS: A systematic search was conducted on Chinese and English literature from databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP. The search period covered relevant literature published from the database inception to June 2025. The focus was on the common mechanisms of metabolic disorders, genetic/microenvironmental heterogeneity pathways, and clinical phenotype typing in fatty liver disease related to metabolic dysfunction. A narrative review method was used to organize relevant literature in the field and integrate research evidence.   
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The pathological mechanism of fatty liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction revolves around the core of “dynamic interactions of heterogeneous regulation of common pathways.” Among the common pathways, insulin resistance is a key link, activating the production of new fat in the liver, inhibiting fatty acid oxidation, and jointly leading to abnormal lipid deposition in hepatocytes. Activation of the nuclear factor κB inflammatory pathway exacerbates hepatocyte damage, and upregulation of the transforming growth factor β pathway promotes liver fibrosis. The synergistic effect of oxidative stress, redox imbalance, and excessive fatty acid accumulation impairs mitochondrial function, increases reactive oxygen species production, and damages cell structure. Imbalances (such as abnormal β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratios) further exacerbate this damage and promote the progression of metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease. Regarding heterogeneous regulation, PNPLA3 I148M inhibits triglyceride hydrolysis, and TM6SF2 E167K reduces very low-density lipoprotein precursor secretion, independently driving the risk of metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, and cancer. Abnormal adipose tissue function is key to metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease, leading to ectopic fat deposition and decreased adiponectin levels. Among the three metabolic subtypes, type A has a lower cardiovascular risk, while types B/C show rapid progression of liver fibrosis. Therefore, the dynamic interactions between genetics, metabolism, and environment influence the disease trajectory. Differential interventions based on metabolic subtypes and genetic metabolic risk scores can provide theoretical support for precise risk stratification and personalized treatment of metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease. 

Key words: metabolic dysfunction-related fatty liver disease, pathological mechanism, insulin resistance, genetic variation, adipose tissue dysfunction, metabolic subtype

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