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19 November 2013, Volume 17 Issue 47 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Gene-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with allogeneic bone for repair of sheep critical-size bone defects Wang Xiao-zhi, He Hui-yu, Yang Nan, Yang Ze-hui, Hu Yang 2013, 17 (47):  8141-8148.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.001 Abstract ( 151 )   PDF (2712KB) ( 476 )   Save BACKGROUND: Many in vivo and in vitro experiments indicate that implantation of exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor can significantly promote the process of bone formation, but the in vivo degradation of exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor affects the therapeutic efficacy. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor-transfected mesenchymal stem cells which transfected using molecular biology techniques combined with allogeneic bone in the repair of critical-size bone defects in sheep. METHODS: Allogeneic bone with basic fibroblast growth factor-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with allogeneic bone material stents, allograft bone material, β-tricalcium calcium material were respectively implanted into critical-size bone defects in sheep. After 4, 8 and 12 weeks, histological and immunohistochemical staining was performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 12 weeks after implantation of allogeneic bone with basic fibroblast growth factor-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as tissue engineering bone, there were many cartilage-like structures in the operative binding region and a large amount of osteoblast-like cells in the center of operative region, and there was more material degradation in the entire operative area as compared with other groups; there were fibrous connective tissues full of the pores, and osteoclast-like cells were commonly seen around the implant material; bone sialoprotein and collagen type Ⅰ expression were strongly positive. In the other three groups, although the cartilage-like structure appeared in the binding region, dead bone structure was found in the central area, and bone sialoprotein and type Ⅰ collagen expression was weak. These findings indicate that allogeneic bone with basic fibroblast growth factor-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can basically repair critical-size bone defects in sheep. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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In vitro biological properties of gradient strontium-containing hydroxyapatite bone cement Wang Hai-xia, Yue Jin 2013, 17 (47):  8149-8154.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.002 Abstract ( 130 )   PDF (1017KB) ( 573 )   Save BACKGROUND: Strontium-containing hydroxyapatite bone cement can improve the crystallinity and compatibility of the materials, but the effects on cell toxicity, cell surface adhesion, proliferation and expression still need further studies. OBJECTIVE: To observe the in vitro cytobiological properties of gradient strontium-containing hydroxyapatite bone cement. METHODS: Four groups of strontium-containing hydroxyapatite bone cement samples were prepared at a strontium content of 0%, 1%, 5% and 10%. Six parallel samples selected from each group were subjected to ultraviolet radiation sterilization for 3 hours for standby. Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum served as extraction neurotransmitter. Strontium-containing hydroxyapatite cement powder was mixed with extract solution at a ratio of 1 g to 10 mL. L-929 fibroblasts and osteoblasts from immature rabbits were selected and identified. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts on the surface of gradient strontium-containing hydroxyapatite cement, and cell viability was detected using alkaline phosphatase activity method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Cytotoxicity of different amount of strontium-containing hydroxyapatite cement was graded 0 or 1, suggesting the cytotoxicity of each sample was certainly associated with strontium  content, reaction time, and extract concentration. (2) Hydroxyapatite bone cement containing a certain amount of strontium can promote osteoblast adhesion, proliferation and expression and improve the dissolution kinetics and biodegradability of materials, becoming more in line with the clinical requirements. But there is still lack of long-term results. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and characterization of polymethylmethacrylate-based magnetic bone cements containing micron carbonyl iron powder Hu Yan-wen, Wang Xiao-wen, Tang Zheng-hai, Wei Lang-bin, Pang Rui, Tang Jin-tian 2013, 17 (47):  8155-8161.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.003 Abstract ( 109 )   PDF (824KB) ( 488 )   Save BACKGROUND: Magnetic bone cements have been used to treat bone metastasis in Japan, which are made by adding Fe3O4 nanoparticles to bone cements. Magnetic bone cements containing micron carbonyl iron powder have not been reported. OBJECTIVE: To prepare polymethylmethacrylate-based cements containing carbonyl iron powder, and to test the magnetic characterizations and the heat-generating abilities of all samples according to ISO 5833 standard in vitro. METHODS: The carbonyl iron powder was mixed with polymethylmethacrylate-based bone cement power to prepare magnetic bone cements containing 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% carbonyl iron powder, respectively. The setting time, polymerization temperature, compressive strength, magnetic property and in vitro heat-generating ability were tested. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The setting time and polymerization temperature were increased with the increased content of carbonyl iron powder. The highest polymerization temperature of each sample was      65-70 ℃. The increased content of carbonyl iron power could not change the highest polymerization temperature but delay its appearance. The compressive strength of each sample was higher than 60 MPa, and moreover, the compressive strength of the pure polymethylmethacrylate-based bone cement was higher than 60 MPa, which met the ISO 5833 standard. The saturation magnetic intensity was increased with the increasing of carbonyl iron power content. The heat-generating ability of magnetic bone cements had a positive correlation with the magnetic field strength and the content of carbonyl iron powder. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of polyethylenimine-chitosan/DNA nanoparticles for transfecting articular chondrocytes in vitro Lu Hua-ding, Dai Yu-hu, Lian Li-yi, Lü Lu-lu, Zhao Hui-qing 2013, 17 (47):  8162-8168.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.004 Abstract ( 178 )   PDF (1700KB) ( 710 )   Save BACKGROUND: Chitosan is well known as good biocompatibility and biodegradability; however, its extensive use in biomedical applications is restricted due to its poor transfection efficiency. OBJECTIVE: To prepare the polyethyleneimine-chitosan/DNA nanoparticles loading enhanced green fluorescent protein gene, and to detect their physicochemical properties and gene transfection efficiency towards chondrocytes in vitro. METHODS: Low molecular weight polyethyleneimine was covalently linked to chitosan backbone to construct chitosan-graft-polyethyleneimine; then the chitosan-graft-polyethyleneimine was mixed with DNA nanoparticles, which loaded enhanced green fluorescent protein gene, by a complex coacervation method. The nanoparticle morphology was observed under a scanning electron microscopy. The sizes and zeta-potentials of the nanoparticles were measured by a Marven-nano laser diffractometer. The binding capacity of plasmid DNA was evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis analysis. The gene transfection experiments in vitro were performed towards rabbit’s chondrocytes. The gene transfection efficiency was measured with flow cytometry and under fluorescence microscope. How marked DNA entered into the nucleus of chondrocytes mediated by the nanoparticles was detected by laser scanning confocal microscopy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The prepared nanoparticles were mainly spherical, with an average size of  (154.6±18.6) nm, and zeta-potential of (24.68±6.82) mV. The agarose gel electrophoresis analysis confirmed that the nanoparticles could effectively protect plasmid DNA from DNase Ⅰ-induced degradation. Gene transfection in vitro proved that the nanoparticles were efficient in transfecting rabbit’s chondrocytes and the expression of green fluorescent proteins was observed under fluorescent microscope, with a transfection efficiency of (23.80±1.74)% that was significantly higher than that of the naked plasmid DNA and chitosan/DNA nanoparticles (P < 0.05). But no significant differences were observed between polyethyleneimine-chitosan/DNA nanoparticles and LipofectamineTM 2000. These findings indicate that the polyethyleneimine-chitosan/DNA nanoparticles can effectively protect plasmid DNA from nuclease degradation, and exhibit the favorable transfection ability towards articular chondrocytes. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cell bioactivity of micro-arc oxidation coating on the surface of pure titanium Wu Sui-dan, Wang Yan, Zhang Hui, Teng Wei, Ning Cheng-yun, Zheng Hua-de 2013, 17 (47):  8169-8174.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.005 Abstract ( 130 )   PDF (1906KB) ( 485 )   Save BACKGROUND: Micro-arc oxidation technique is used to modify the surface properties of titanium and titanium alloy.  OBJECTIVE: To explore the surface properties of micro-arc oxidation film and its effect on the attachment, proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of MC3T3-E1. METHODS: Forty-six pure titanium discs, 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness, were randomly divided into two groups. The discs of the experimental groups were treated by micro-arc oxidation technique in an electrolytic solution containing 0.02 mol/L sodium β-glycerophosphate and 0.2 mol/L calcium acetate; while the discs of the control group was machine-polished. The surface appearance of the discs was observed by a scanning electron microscopy, the ratio of calcium to phosphorus on the coating surface was detected by X-ray spectroscopy, and the crystalline phase composition of the coating was detected by X-ray diffraction analysis. Cellular morphology in the process of attachment was observed under the scanning electron microscope. Cell proliferation was determined by cell counting kit-8 at 2, 4, 74 days, while alkaline phosphatase activity were determined at 7 and 14 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After micro-arc oxidation treatment, a rough and porous calcium-phosphate film was formed on the surface of titanium. The elements of micro-arc oxidation coating main mainly included Ca, P, O and Ti, and the micro-arc oxidation film was mainly composed of titanium oxide, calcium titanate, calcium phosphate and calcium metaphosphate. Under the scanning electron microscope, pseudopods appeared to grow out of the cells on the surface of micro-arc oxidation coating after 1 hour culture, and the typical morphology of the MC3T3-E1 cells could be observed at 4 hours. MC3T3-E1 proliferation (4 and 7 days of culture) and alkaline phosphatase activity (7 and 14 days of culture) were enhanced significantly in the micro-arc oxidation group compared with the control group. These findings indicate that the rough and porous calcium-phosphate coating produced by micro-arc oxidation technique on pure titanium surface could promote the early attachment, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Equivalence comparison between domestic and imported clopidogrel for percutaneous coronary interventions in 1 798 cases Yang Yu-heng, Sun Zhong-hua, Mi Jie, Zhong Ming-hui, Zhang Jian, Wang Yong-de, Chen Tao, Tian Gang, Zang Xi-wen, Xiong Guo-jun, Luo Huan, Qi Xiang-qian 2013, 17 (47):  8175-8181.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.006 Abstract ( 78 )   PDF (2242KB) ( 502 )   Save BACKGROUND: A few of studies have showed similar efficacy and safety between domestic clopidogrel (Talcom™) and imported clopidogrel (Plavix™) in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention, but there is lack of large-scale, large sample, and prospective clinical comparative study in China. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of Talcom™ and Plavix™ on percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: Totally 1 798 patients with Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease who received percutaneous coronary interventions were divided to two groups: Talcom™ group (n=1 104) and Plavix™ group (n=694). 300 mg clopidogrel was administrated orally before percutaneous coronary intervention followed by 75 mg/d clopidogrel sequentially for 1 year. All the patients were followed for 3-28 months to observe the incidence rate of stent thrombosis at acute, subacute, late, and very late stage, major adverse cardiac events of combination end point (including myocardial infarction, cardiac death, and stroke), and correlated adverse reactions, such as bleeding.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in the incidence of stent thrombosis, target vessel revascularization, cardiac death, bleeding, major bleeding and major adverse cardiac events of combination end point between Talcom™ group and Plavix™ group. In addition, event-free survival also showed no difference between the two groups. After treatment, white blood cell count, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count were significantly decreased in both the two groups (P < 0.05). Hemoglobin level in the Talcom™ group was fewer than that in the Plavix™ group (P < 0.05). The results suggest that effects and safety of Talcom™ are similar to those of Plavix™ for percutaneous coronary interventions. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and cell compatibility of malleable demineralized bone matrix/hyaluronic acid putty Zhang Nai-li, Zhang Yu-min, Zhou Mo, Yang Ting, Wang Xu-sheng, Ma Shao-ying, Xu Wei-jun, Dong Li,Li Bao-xing 2013, 17 (47):  8182-8188.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.007 Abstract ( 129 )   PDF (2115KB) ( 442 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is important to prepare a malleable putty to repair irregular bone defects because the preformed bone substitute material cannot suit to bone defects. OBJECTIVE: To prepare malleable demineralized bone matrix/hyaluronic acid putty and to screen out the optimal composite ratio, as well as to evaluate its cell compatibility. METHODS: Demineralized bone matrix was prepared from the cortical bone of healthy donors. The hyaluronic acid was dissolved at concentrations of 0.75%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and the viscosity of them was measured. Then 450 mg demineralized bone matrix was compounded with 1 mL hyaluronic acid solution to prepare the demineralized bone matrix/hyaluronic acid putty, and the optimal ratio of demineralized bone matrix/hyaluronic acid was screened by the disintegrated time of the putty at 37 ℃. L-929 mouse fibroblasts were cultured in the leaching liquor of demineralized bone matrix/hyaluronic acid, and the cytotoxicity was tested by cell count kit-8 assay at days 1, 4 and 7. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the increase of hyaluronic acid concentration, the viscosity of hyaluronic acid solution was increased; the demineralized bone matrix/hyaluronic acid putty was strengthened and the disintegrated time was prolonged gradually. When the ratio of demineralized bone matrix/hyaluronic acid was 15/1, demineralized bone matrix/hyaluronic acid was molded easily, and the disintegrated time was 8 hours in 7 ℃ PBS. The results of cytotoxicity showed that cell proliferation rates were 93.72%, 101.65% and 97.68% at days 1, 4 and 7 respectively, while the cytotoxicity was in grade 0 or 1. These findings indicate that demineralized bone matrix/hyaluronic acid putty at a compound ratio of 15:1 can be molded easily and difficult to disintegrate, with low cytotoxicity. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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In vitro and in vivo degradation of Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy Wang Yong-ping, Jiang Yao, Mao Lin, Niu Jia-lin, Yuan Guang-yin 2013, 17 (47):  8189-8195.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.008 Abstract ( 261 )   PDF (1539KB) ( 449 )   Save BACKGROUND: Alloying is a convenient and effective method to alter the microstructure and control the corrosion behavior of magnesium alloy. OBJECTIVE: To explore the in vitro and in vivo degradation of Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy as a degradable medical biomaterial. METHODS: (1) In vitro static immersion test: The immersion tests were carried out at (37.0±0.5) ℃ in a thermostatic bath. Six Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy samples and six pure magnesium samples were immersed in the    250 mL simulated body fluid and vibrated without agitation during immersion. After 3, 7 and 30 days static immersion, the samples were taken out from the simulated body fluid. Then the in vitro corrosion properties were evaluated using scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer analysis. (2) In vivo animal experiment: After bone tunnel was established in the left femur of adult New Zealand rabbits, the Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy rods were embedded in the Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy group, titanium alloy rods were embedded in the titanium alloy group, and only bone tunnel was established in the sham-operated group. At 1, 2, 4, 8 weeks after implantation, an X-ray of the implanted region was taken to determine the location and the degradation behavior of Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy. At 4, 8 weeks after implantation, the corrosion product and its element composition were observed using scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive spectroscopy system. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The static immersion test showed that Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy degraded slower than pure magnesium at each time point. It was obvious that there was a corrosion layer on the surface of Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy after 30 days immersion in the simulated body fluid. Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis revealed that these particles were mainly composed of oxygen, carbon, sodium, magnesium, calcium, phosphate and chlorine. After the corrosion products were removed, corrosion pits could be clearly seen on the surface of Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy and pure magnesium. However, the corrosion pits on the surface of Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy were smaller and more even than those on the surface of pure magnesium. This shows that the degradation modes of the Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy and pure magnesium are distinctly different. (2) After implanted into the animals, the Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr alloy gradually degraded with time. And the corrosion products and ingredients were similar to the in vitro results. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Resin infiltration for demineralized enamel Liu Zi-han, Li Jing, Tang Gen-xiong, Xu Ji, Zheng Hong 2013, 17 (47):  8196-8201.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.009 Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (2184KB) ( 566 )   Save BACKGROUND: Resin infiltration is a novel approach in treating non-cavitated caries lesions on smooth surfaces, and the effectiveness comparison between resin infiltration and remineralizing therapy is required. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of resin infiltration and remineralizing therapy on inhibition of non-cavitated lesions in vitro. METHODS: Three subsurface lesions were created on 35 bovine labial specimens. One of the lesions was permeated with Icon® infiltrant, one was applied by 0.1% NaF solution daily for 7 consecutive days, whereas one lesion remained as the untreated control. Subsequently, half of each specimen was covered with nail varnish (baseline) and the other half was re-exposed to a demineralizing solution for 5 days (experimental). The specimens were cut perpendicularly to the surface, stained with Rhodamine B and observed with fluorescence microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: For lesions permeated with Icon® infiltrant and applied by 0.1% NaF solution, the progression of lesion depth was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared with the untreated control. Lesions permeated with Icon® infiltrant got more significantly reduced lesion progression (P < 0.05) compared with the ones applied by 0.1% NaF solution. It can be concluded that both resin infiltration and remineralizing therapy have active effects on inhibition of non-cavitated lesions, and filling the pores with Icon® infiltrant can inhibit further demineralization even better. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Histocompatibility between small intestinal submucosa and synovial mesenchymal stem cells Fu Pei-liang, Zhang Lei, Wu Yu-li, Wu Hai-shan, Cong Rui-jun, Chen Song, Ding Zhe-ru, Zhou Qi 2013, 17 (47):  8202-8208.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.010 Abstract ( 90 )   PDF (747KB) ( 494 )   Save BACKGROUND: Small intestinal submucosa is characterized as antimicrobial activity, good biocompatibility, bio-mechanical properties, and rapid degradation in vivo, similar to the extracellular matrix of meniscal fibrochondrocytes. OBJECTIVE: To observe whether there exists a good histocompatibility between small intestinal submucosa and synovial mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS: Small intestinal submucosa was treated with physical and chemical treatment. And hematoxylin-eosin staining and scanning electron microscopy observation were performed. Then, small intestinal submucosa extracts were prepared for the following experiments. (1) Pyrogenic test: small intestinal submucosa extracts were injected into the ear vein of New Zealand white rabbits. (2) Skin sensitization test: small intestinal submucosa extracts, paraformaldehyde solution and normal saline were respectively injected intradermally into New Zealand white rabbits. (3) General toxicity test: small intestinal submucosa extracts and normal saline were respectively injected into the ear vein of New Zealand white rabbits. Small intestinal submucosa was co-cultured with osteogenic rabbit synovial mesenchymal stem cells, and small intestinal submucosa cultured alone served as control. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were some intestinal mucosal epithelial cells, fat cells and other cells adhered onto the surface of small intestinal submucosa after physical treatment. While, the amount of residual cells decreased sharply after chemical treatment. But the main structure and the component had not been changed. The surface of small intestinal submucosa was smooth and no cells remained, and there was a three-dimension network spatial structure. The porosity was 80%. Small intestinal submucosa is a non-toxic, nonirritating, non-immunogenic biomaterial with very good biocompatibility, which has a good histocompatibility with rabbit synovial mesenchymal stem cells. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Combined use of modified chitosan and methylprednisolone promotes repair of sciatic nerve injuries in rats Lu Wei, Zeng Qing-min, Wu Jing-ping, Zhang Xin-chao 2013, 17 (47):  8209-8214.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.011 Abstract ( 114 )   PDF (2399KB) ( 384 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that chitosan can promote the repair of peripheral nerve injury and methylprednisolone can improve the microenvironment around nerve injuries, which are commonly used in clinical treatment of acute central nervous system injury. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of modified chitosan and methylprednisolone combination on repair of sciatic nerve injury in rats. METHODS: The rat sciatic nerve was transected and microscopically anastomosed immediately. Then, modified chitosan, methylprednisolone, methylprednisolone+modified chitosan, and saline were injected respectively around the anastomosis site, compared with the sham surgery group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with other groups, the combination group showed shorter claw extending reflex recovery time (P < 0.05). Significant differences were found between the combination group and other groups in nerve conduction velocity, the remnant rate of gastrocnemius wet weight, the diameter and section area of gastrocnemius cells (P < 0.05). The nerve fibers through the anastomotic site were significantly increased, with consistent thickness and arrangement and less neurodegeneration when observed 12 weeks after operation. In conclusion, the modified chitosan combined with methylprednisolone could significantly promote the sciatic nerve repair. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Galactosylated alginate-chitosan oligomer microcapsule: How to encapsulate hepatocytes? Tian Meng, Han Bo, You Chao, Wan Chang-xiu 2013, 17 (47):  8215-8221.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.012 Abstract ( 139 )   PDF (2459KB) ( 481 )   Save BACKGROUND: A novel galactosylated alginate-chitosan oligomer microcapsule has been prepared successfully. There is no report on hepatocytes encapsulated into the microcapsule prepared with chitosan oligomer and alginate sodium. OBJECTIVE: To study the structure and properties of the previous novel galactosylated alginate-chitosan oligomer microcapsule, and then explore the morphology and function expression of the hepatocytes encapsulated. METHODS: The membrane structure and thickness of the microcapsule (containing 50% or 30% galactosylated alginate) were observed using a laser confocal microscopy. Mechanical property was determined by mechanical rupture rate. Permeability was evaluated by release profile of fluoresceine isothiocyanate-labeled human serum albumin and immunoglobulin G. The morphology of hepatocytes in the microcapsule was observed using an inverted phase contrast microscopy. Function expression of the hepatocytes included albumin secretion and urea synthesis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The microcapsule had an asymmetry structure, with dense inner and loosened outer surfaces. With the increase of the galactosylated alginate, the membrane became loose, which indicated the negative charge on the alginate molecular chains was weakened after introduction of galactose, and thus electrostatic complex was affected. Mechanical property was correlated with both membrane structure and thickness. With the increase of the galactosylated alginate, the membrane structure became loose and the thickness was decreased, resulting in poor mechanical properties. The permeability was dependent mainly on the pore size of the skin layer of the membrane other than the loose sublayer. The prepared microcapsule can selectively pass through the human serum albumin and cut off immunoglobulin G, indicating skin pore size between human serum albumin and immunoglobulin G. The hepatocytes can form sphere assemble in the galactosylated alginate-chitosan oligomer microcapsule and exhibit improved albumin secretion and urea synthesis compared to the control in the alginate-chitosan oligomer microcapsule. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Microvessel density and neovascularization of endometrium after uterine artery embolization with trisacryl gelatin microspheres Tan Guo-sheng, Guo Wen-bo, Xiang Xian-hong, Zhang Bing, Chen Wei, Yang Jian-yong 2013, 17 (47):  8222-8227.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.013 Abstract ( 107 )   PDF (1968KB) ( 394 )   Save BACKGROUND: Uterine arterial embolization is a minimally invasive technique and widely used for the treatment of several obstetrics and genecology diseases. However, reports about the influence of uterine arterial embolization on the pathophysiological microvessel density and angiogenesis changes in the endometrium have been very limited. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of uterine artery embolization on endometrial microvessel density and neovascularization. METHODS: Sixty female guinea pigs were randomly divided into control group (n=15) and uterine artery embolization group (n=45). In the uterine artery embolization group, trisacryl gelatin microspheres (Embosphere) was used to perform uterine artery embolization and animals were further divided into three subgroups including E1, E2, and E3 (n=15 in each subgroup). Uterine specimens were collected at 7-15 days, 16-30 days, and 31-45 days after uterine artery embolization respectively in the three subgroups.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Microspheres were visible in the lumen of primary branch of uterine artery, subserosal arteriole and intramuscular arteriole. Statistical analysis demonstrated that CD34-positive microvessel density of the endometrial basal layer significantly decreased after uterine artery embolization, and reverted to the normal level (P < 0.05). Increase of neovascularization with CD105-postive microvessel density presented after uterine artery embolization, and then returned to the normal (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that uterine artery embolization may lead to a temporal decrease of microvessel density in the endometrium which will recover over time as a result of the increase of CD105-postive neovascularization. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Latest progress of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer energy-storing transtibial prostheses Ding Guo-hua 2013, 17 (47):  8228-8234.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.014 Abstract ( 979 )   PDF (2932KB) ( 1166 )   Save BACKGROUND: Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer energy-storing transtibial prostheses are mature and ideal substitutes for professional disable athletes to increase performance. OBJECTIVE: By discussing the update application and study of the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer energy-storing transtibial prosthesis and understanding the characteristics of applying transtibial prostheses in different sports program, to provide a useful reference for the design of athletes prostheses. METHODS: A computer-based search of PubMed and VIP databases was performed for articles related to carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer energy-storing transtibial prostheses published from January 1985 to December 2012. The keywords were “CFRP, energy-storing prosthesis, between-knee (transtibial) prosthesis, disable athletes” in English and Chinese, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Currently, we focus on the gait analysis, energy cost and stiffness analysis of athletes who wear carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer energy-storing transtibial prostheses. Studies have demonstrated that carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer energy-storing transtibial prostheses have more advantages over traditional prostheses, but have predominantly disadvantages over able-bodied persons. Thus, there are many difficulties in the clinical application of building carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer energy-storing transtibial prostheses based on the characteristics of athletes’ body status and sports programs. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteoinductive properties of biphasic calcium phosphates Xue Shuang-li, Bao Chong-yun 2013, 17 (47):  8235-8241.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.015 Abstract ( 91 )   PDF (646KB) ( 901 )   Save BACKGROUND: Biphasic calcium phosphates, consisting of hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate, have been extensively applied as bone graft substitutes due to their similarity with the mineral portion of nature bone. They have been proved to have excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity and osteoconductivity. In recent years, many studies have illustrated biphasic calcium phosphates perform osteoinductivity both in vitro and in vivo, which is expected to become a good choice for bone graft substitutes. However, the critical factors triggering the osteoinduction process and mechanism of this phenomenon are still indistinct. OBJECTIVE: To review the influencing factors and mechanism related to the osteoinductivity of biphasic calcium phosphates. METHODS: The Ovid Medline database and PubMed database (1985-01/2013-01) were used to search the related articles about the osteoinductive property of biphasic calcium phosphates. The key words were “bone graft substitutes, biphasic calcium phosphates, osteoinduction”. Articles concerning the osteoinductive property of biphasic calcium phosphates were included. The articles that published recently or in the high-impact journals were preferred, and articles with repetitive contents were ruled out. Then 34 articles were suitable for further analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The chemical composition of biphasic calcium phosphates influences the rate of degradation/resorption as well as bioactivity, which in turn has an influence on the osteoinductivity; the physical properties also play important roles in osteoinductivity by affecting the absorption of bone morphogenetic proteins, vascularization, tissue invasion, microenvironment, and more importantly, triggering the undifferentiated stem cells into osteogenic lineage. What’s more, the species of animals, the implantation-site and the implant size are also critical for osteoinduction. Therefore, through the further study on the influencing factors and mechanism of osteoinduction, biphasic calcium phosphates with stable osteoinductivity, as a promising bone graft substitute, could be synthesized for clinical applications. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fiber optical sensor effectiveness in the human body Yu Fang-fang, Wang Jin-guang, He Bing-bing, Wu Ai-jiu, Xu Jian-ming, Kong De-run 2013, 17 (47):  8242-8247.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.016 Abstract ( 464 )   PDF (743KB) ( 836 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, monitoring the pressure in the human body, especially esophageal variceal pressure, becomes a hot spot. A lot of progress has been achieved regarding fiber optical sensors for measurement of the pressure in the human body. OBJECTIVE: To briefly review the fiber optical sensor applications in the human body. METHODS: A computer-based online retrieval was performed to search papers in CNKI periodical full-text database and PubMed database (from January 1983 to March 2013) using the key words of “fiber optical sensor, pressure, measurement” in Chinese and English, respectively. After excluding objective-independent and repetitive papers, 40 papers were included for further analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with traditional sensors, fiber optical sensors, which have advantages in high sensitivity, large dynamic range, fast response, tolerance to electronic interference, explosion proofing, fireproofing and corrosion protection, have been used to measure esophageal variceal pressure, intracranial pressure, pharyngeal pressure, pediatric airway pressure, cardiovascular & blood pressure,    intervertebral disc pressure, intrauterin pressure in childbirth, pressure in the colon, plantar pressure and shear force as well as other pressures in the human body. Fiber optical sensors have been used more widely in pressure monitoring. With the development of production technology and device performance, fiber optical sensors will further promote the rapid development of medical science in the near future. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Silicon nanowire biosensor in detecting tumor markers Li Zeng-yao, Wang Tong 2013, 17 (47):  8248-8254.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.017 Abstract ( 168 )   PDF (864KB) ( 825 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tumor markers are of great significance in early diagnosis of cancer, screening of high risk group with cancer, differential diagnosis between benign and malignant tumors, judgment of cancer progression, evaluation of cancer therapeutic effect and prediction of cancer recurrence and prognosis. OBJECTIVE: To realize the importance of tumor marker for cancer early diagnosis by introducing the working principle and clinical application of silicon nanowires biosensor in detecting tumor markers. METHODS: The first author searched PubMed, CNKI and Google Scholar Databases to retrieve relevant articles about tumor marker, working principle and application of silicon nanowires biosensor published from 2003 to 2013. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Silicon nanowires biosensors with high sensitivity and without secondary marks show a good application prospect in detecting tumor markers. They have been used to detect tumor markers for prostate cancer, breast cancer, tumor markers of colorectal cancer, and primary liver cancer, and achieved an ideal limit of detection. However, due to the influence of debye length, most of detections can only be performed in the standard solution. There is a lack of the serum data of cancer patients. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and clinical practice of TiO2 nanotubes Zhang Hang-zhou, Wang Lin, Tian Ang, Sun Yu, Bai Xi-zhuang, Xue Xiang-xin 2013, 17 (47):  8255-8262.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.018 Abstract ( 153 )   PDF (467KB) ( 631 )   Save BACKGROUND: TiO2 nanotube array prepared by anodic oxidation is a nanomaterial having a perfect promising application at present. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of TiO2 nanotube in clinic. METHODS: The key words were TiO2 nanotubes, anodization, and biomaterials. We retrieved PubMed Database for articles concerning the clinical application of TiO2 nanotube published from January 2000 to June 2013. Repetitive and old studies were excluded, and 47 literatures were included for the review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The summarized results of the 47 literatures showed that TiO2 nanotube promoted the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells including human. In vivo experiments verified that TiO2 nanotube could be used as a carrier to carry other drugs such as growth factor and antibiotics so as to promote the biocompatibility of the materials and to prevent bacterial adhesion. Results suggested that TiO2 nanotube contributed to the osseointegration of the material in vivo, and had a good biocompatibility. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Shape-memory intratubal contraceptive material versus other intratubal contraceptive materials: Characteristics analysis   Lu Yao, Xia Chun-ling 2013, 17 (47):  8263-8268.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.019 Abstract ( 285 )   PDF (713KB) ( 621 )   Save BACKGROUND: Intratubal contraceptive devices are simple and effective, which can cause less interference on female reproductive function and endocrine balance. OBJECTIVE: To explain the advantages and adverse effects of shape-memory intratubal contraceptive material and other intratubal contraceptive materials. METHODS: A computer-based search of Wanfang, CNKI and PubMed was performed to search related articles concerning shape-memory intratubal contraceptive material and other intratubal contraceptive materials published from 1996 to 2013. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The main intratubal contraceptive materials include memory metal biomaterials, non-degradable polymer biomaterials, and degradable polymer biomaterials. After implantation, the memory- shape intratubal contraceptive device plays a stimulating role in the tubal epithelium for a short time, but the effect on the mucosal epithelial layer of the fallopian tube is transient. With the increasing time of implantation, inflammatory reactions of the tubal epithelium relieve gradually with repair of villi on the tubal wall, indicating there is a reproductive tissue basis of fallopian tube recanalization. Polyethylene materials are characterized as high impact resistance, abrasion resistance, excellent stability to chemical drugs, water absorption, electric insulation, and bioinert, which are used as stent materials of almost all the intrauterine devices. Silicone is characterized as heat resistance, cold resistance, non-toxicity, resistance to biological aging, chemical stability, physical inertia,  physical and mechanical properties, and silicone, after implantation into human body, cannot cause foreign body reaction. Polylactic acid has good chemical inertness, biocompatibility and ease of processing, and may be still present in the body after 5 years of implantation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Light-cured composite resin materials for dental crown defective repair Yu Hua, Zhang Xiao-dong, Wang Yi-jing, Wei Jing, Liu Jiao-jiao, Li Yu-jie 2013, 17 (47):  8269-8274.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.020 Abstract ( 377 )   PDF (666KB) ( 495 )   Save BACKGROUND: Light-cured composite resin is used for dental crown defective repair in terms of both function and morphology. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effects of light-cured composite resins on crown defects. METHODS: Relevant literatures concerning light-cured composite resins for repair of crown defects were retrieved. Literatures which met the study standard were deeply analyzed. Meanwhile, follow-up results and literature results were compared for patients receiving light-cured composite resins for repair of crown defects to identify the feasibility of light-cured composite resins for repair of crown defects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Based on the included data, the successful rate of light-cured composite resins for repair of crown defects was over 90%. Clinical follow-up of 12 patients undergoing light-cured composite resin showed that the repaired crowns were stable and fixed, and exhibited a symmetrical appearance with the contralateral namesake tooth of the adjacent tooth, and there was a normal bite relationship. During the follow-up study, 19 teeth repaired from 12 patients had no loosing, no shedding, no percussion pain and normal bite relationship. X-ray films showed no apical shadows. Light-cured effects were limited to the upper and middle parts but not to the apical part. Therefore, a better therapeutic effect can be obtained. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between paravertebral vascular leakage and pulmonary cement embolism during percutaneous vertebroplasty Wang Shi-jun, Yi Xiao-dong, Li Chun-de, Liu Xian-yi, Lu Hai-lin, Liu Hong, Li Hong, Yu Zheng-rong, Sun Hao-lin 2013, 17 (47):  8275-8281.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.021 Abstract ( 127 )   PDF (658KB) ( 591 )   Save BACKGROUND: Percutaneous injection of bone cement into the vertebral body can enhance the vertebral strength and vertebral stability, and obtain pain relief. But the bone cement may leakage into the paravertebral vessels during injection, and may back to the right ventricle and flow into the pulmonary artery through vena cave and thus causing pulmonary embolism. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between cement paravertebral vascular leakage and pulmonary cement embolism during percutaneous vertebroplasty. METHODS: Totally 134 cases of osteoporotic compression fractures treated with vertebroplasty were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 23 cases of cement paravertebral vascular leakage were considered as the experimental group, and the 43 cases without cement paravertebral vascular leakage and had the complete imaging data were considered as the control group. The spine and chest X-ray films were taken before and after vertebroplasty to detect whether there were cement paravertebral vascular leakage and pulmonary cement embolism in the patients of two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among the 134 patients, 23 patients had cement paravertebral vascular leakage, and accounted for 17.2%. Among the 23 patients with cement paravertebral vascular leakage, three cases had pulmonary cement embolism without chest symptoms, and accounted for 13%. No pulmonary cement embolism occurred in the 43 patients without paravertebral vascular leakage of the control group, and there was no significant difference between two groups (P=0.039). Although the patients with cement pulmonary embolism remained asymptomatic, pulmonary cement embolism remained possible if cement paravertebral vascular leakage was detected during vertebroplasty. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Polyethylene ethanol hydration seaweed salt for vacuum sealing drainage in repair of orthopedic wounds Li Ling-jiang, Chang Heng, Chang Jing-jing, Chen Chuan-jiang, Yuan Long, Wang Ji-rong, Zhang Jiang-hong, Pan Yong-liang, Liu You-hui 2013, 17 (47):  8282-8287.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.022 Abstract ( 102 )   PDF (703KB) ( 394 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, vacuum sealing drainage technology has been widely used in the treatment of orthopedic wounds or to facilitate skin graft survival, both of which have achieved good results. OBJECTIVE: To observe the curative effects of vacuum sealing drainage technology in the wound healing after limb open fractures, soft tissue defects, pressure sores, and chronic osteomyelitis. METHODS: Fifty-four patients of fractures combined with soft tissue defects, postoperative exposed bone, osteomyelitis, a large area of pressure ulcers or severe infections, selected from the 273rd Hospital of PLA, were randomly divided into test and control groups according to the wishes of patients. The test group included 36 patients who were treated with vacuum sealing drainage using polyethylene ethanol hydration seaweed salt after debridement, and the control group included 18 patients who were treated with conventional dressing. Wound cleaning time, number of dressings, and wound healing time were detected and compared in the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the wound cleaning time and wound healing time were shorter in the test group, and the number of dressings was also decreased in the test group (P < 0.05). After removal of sponge dressings, in the test group, wound granulation was fresh and grew obviously with no exudates after the necrotic residue was removed and vacuum sealing drainage was changed. For the bone exposure patients, the wound area was reduced, or even there was no exposed bone any more. After skin grafting, vacuum suction and pressure due to vacuum sealing drainage technology made all skin grafts survive. In the patients with chronic osteomyelitis, the exudates were gradually reduced until disappeared after vacuum sealing drainage was exchanged three or four times, and pathogens were not found in bacterial culture. After combined treatment of debridement and vacuum sealing drainage, there were many fresh granulations in the patients with large areas of pressure sores; after replacement of vacuum sealing drainage several times, the granulation grew to the same height with the surrounding skin. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application of poly-L-lactide sternal coaptation pins in coronary artery bypass grafting Li Feng-jie, Sun Wei-yan, Xiao Feng 2013, 17 (47):  8288-8293.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.023 Abstract ( 146 )   PDF (609KB) ( 403 )   Save BACKGROUND: Poly-L-lactide sternal coaptation pins have been gradually used in clinic, but there are still few reports about the clinical effects of poly-L-lactide sternal coaptation pins in sternal fractures and sternal fixation after heart surgery. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the clinical effects of poly-L-lactide sternal coaptation pins in coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Totally 150 patients who had received coronary artery bypass graft were enrolled. Ninety-five out of 150 patients received sternal fixation using steel wires as control group, and the other 55 patients underwent sternal fixation using steel wires and poly-L-lactide sternal coaptation pins as test group. Pethidine dosage, incidence rates of pulmonary complications and wound infection, postoperative hospitalization days and hospital costs were compared between the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: During the follow-up period (3-8 years), there was no sternal infection and nonunion in the two groups. In the test group, pethidine dosage and hospitalization days were fewer than those in the control group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in the incidence rates of complications and wound infection and hospital costs between the two groups (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that poly-L-lactide sternal coaptation pins are feasible in the coronary artery bypass grafting. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The use of lightweight versus heavyweight mesh in open methods of inguinal hernia repair: A meta-analysis Wang Jia-sheng, Hu Tie-yi, Chen Yong, Yang Qiang, Li Zhong-fu 2013, 17 (47):  8294-8300.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.47.024 Abstract ( 117 )   PDF (780KB) ( 381 )   Save BACKGROUND: It remains controversial in term of efficacy for the lightweight mesh and heavyweight mesh in inguinal hernia repair. OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical therapeutic effects of lightweight mesh and heavyweight mesh in open methods of inguinal hernia repair with Meta-analysis. METHODS: Comprehensive electronic search strategies were developed using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Medline, Ovid, CNKI, VIP, Wanfang and FMJS. The Literature published before February 2013 was searched. The randomized controlled trials about comparing lightweight mesh and heavyweight mesh in open methods of inguinal hernia repair were included. A data-extraction sheet was developed based on the preset standards. The data from eligible studies were pooled using RevMan5.1 software through Meta-analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Eighteen trials with a total of 4 450 hernias met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis showed that there was a statistical difference between lightweight mesh group and the heavyweight mesh group on short-term pain [odd ratio (OR)=0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.43, 0.74),   P < 0.05] and a reduced risk of developing foreign body sensations [OR=0.49, 95% CI (0.35, 0.69), P < 0.05]. No significant differences were found between the two groups in recurrence rate, testicular atrophy, seroma, hematoma, wound infection, urine retention (P > 0.05). According to limited evidence, there are some findings as follows: the lightweight mesh is of feasibility, safety and effectiveness for inguinal hernia repair. Because of the limits of sample and quality, more large-sample and high-quality trials are required to make a definite clinical evidence to use lightweight mesh for inguinal hernia repair. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics