Placental hematopoietic stem cells: from basic research to clinical applications

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.14.018

Abstract

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that the placenta contains a large number of hematopoietic stem cells. The limited supply of hematopoietic stem cells and other problems for therapeutic application are considered as the challenges in treating patients with hematopoietic malignancies and other diseases.
OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of placental hematopoietic stem cells.
METHODS: A computer-based online search was performed in the PubMed database and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database for the clinical and basic experimental research papers on placental hematopoietic stem cells published from January 2005 to November 2013. The key words were “placenta, hematopoietic stem cell” in Chinese and English. The articles published earlier and repetitive researches were excluded.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The placenta is a highly vascularized hematopoietic tissue that is important in the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste products between the foetus and mothers. In recent years, increasing studies have indicated that the placenta is also a source of hematopoietic stem cells and plays an important role in the development of hematopoietic stem cells. Compared to other sources of hematopoietic stem cells, the placenta has its unique advantages. Animal experiments have indicated that it plays an irreplaceable role in clinical applications in hematology and regenerative medicine. Undoubtedly, further basic and clinical trials in order to optimize and extend the placental blood stem cells in clinical applications are still needed.

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程

全文链接：

Key words: stem cells, placenta, hematopoietic stem cells, transplantation

CLC Number:

R318

Mo Zheng, Zhang Bin, Chen Hu . Placental hematopoietic stem cells: from basic research to clinical applications[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2014, 18(14): 2244-2249.

Figures/Tables 1

2.1 造血干细胞的胚胎起源在胚胎形成过程中，受精卵经最初几次有丝分裂后产生胚胎干细胞，这是一种能在体外培养并且高度未分化的全能干细胞，具有向各种组织细胞分化的潜能。在胎儿造血系统的发育过程中，最先出现的是来自胚胎干细胞的成血-血管细胞[1]。该细胞的存在已经证实，但目前尚未建立起分离纯化技术[2]。随后成血-血管细胞又可向成血管细胞和造血干细胞分化[3]。但是，Lancrin等[4]认为，小鼠胚胎的成血-血管细胞先向生血内皮发育，再由生血内皮生成造血干细胞。造血干细胞是造血系统细胞的鼻祖，它具有向各种髓系细胞和淋巴系细胞发育的潜能，也具有自我更新能力，可通过移植重建造血和免疫系统[5]。 2.2 人类胎盘的发生、结构与功能人类胚胎包括胎盘发育先后经历受精、卵裂、胚泡形成与植入、三胚层分化、器官发育等复杂过程，胚胎发育过程中伴随着胎盘的发生。胚泡植入子宫后数小时，滋养细胞分化，外层融合形成合体滋养细胞，内层为细胞滋养细胞。在以后的5周内，胎盘胎儿循环逐渐建立，绒毛形成，绒毛可分为游离绒毛、锚状固定于母体蜕膜的固定绒毛及绒毛外的细胞滋养细胞。妊娠10周左右，由合体细胞滋养细胞、细胞滋养细胞、结缔组织及胎儿毛细血管内皮组成的胎盘屏障形成。妊娠16-20周，绒毛外的细胞滋养细胞完成对子宫螺旋小动脉的侵蚀，并部分代替内皮细胞。妊娠中期，细胞滋养细胞逐渐消失，合体细胞滋养细胞层变薄，使胎盘两侧母儿物质交换更加便利。胎盘分为胎儿面和母体面(图1)，胎盘的胎儿面光滑，覆盖一层透明的羊膜，是胎盘的最内层；母体面粗糙，是剥离后的底蜕膜，由不规则的浅沟将其分成15-30个胎盘小叶。胎盘的结构分为3层，分别是羊膜、叶状绒毛膜(也称丛密绒毛膜)和底蜕膜。羊膜和叶状绒毛膜构成胎盘的胎儿部分，底蜕膜构成胎盘的母体部分。胎盘是子宫所包绕的最重要的器官之一，在怀孕期间发挥多种功能，包括供能，排除废弃物，分泌及免疫调节作用，也可以产生大量激素、生长因子、细胞因子及转录因子，因此对于胚胎的存活及生长至关重要。 2.3 胎盘造血及胎盘中造血干/祖细胞的发现哺乳动物体内全部血细胞均来源于胚胎时期产生的造血干细胞[6]。胚胎期造血分为原始造血和永久造血，后者以多时间点和连续性为主要特征[7]。原始造血是血细胞发育的最早阶段，在小鼠胚胎7.5 d(人胚16 d)首先见于胚外的卵黄"

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