Myokine, adipo-myokine and adipokine: recognition of the function of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1096

Abstract

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle is a dynamic organ, and adipose tissue is an energy storage tissue.
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the myokine, adipo-myokine and adipokine secreted by skeletal muscle and adiposes by literature retrieval.
METHODS: Web of Science, PubMed and CNKI databases were retrieved for the literature published from January 1987 to June 2018 with the keywords of “myokine, adipo-myokine, adipokine, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue” in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally 59 eligible articles were included for result analysis after excluding the irrelevant and repetitive articles.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the past 30 years, the secretory functions of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue have been found, whose secretion may be “exercise factor” that is a bridge between exercise and health. Myokines and adipokines are cytokines and peptides secreted by myocytes and adiposes, which hold the functions of autocrin, paracrin and endocrine. Myokines can reverse the damage caused by adipokines and exerts anti-inflammatory action.

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程

Key words: Muscle, Skeletal, Adipose Tissue, Tissue Engineering

CLC Number:

R496

Liao Shuaixiong, Zhang Guodong, Song Gang, . Myokine, adipo-myokine and adipokine: recognition of the function of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2019, 23(11): 1761-1766.

Figures/Tables 2

2.2 骨骼肌和脂肪组织生物学功能 2.2.1 骨骼肌和脂肪组织内分泌功能的认识人们对骨骼肌和脂肪组织功能的认识是一个逐步深入的过程。最初大家认为骨骼肌只是运动器官，或者只被当作身体内最大的能量产生和消耗的器官，在姿势控制、运动和能量控制中起到关键作用；脂肪组织最初被认为是一种惰性的能量储存组织。近20年来，骨骼肌也被认为是最大的内分泌器官，对其内分泌功能的研究引起了广泛的关注，肌肉收缩释放的肌因子起到改善机体健康的作用[7]。骨骼肌和脂肪组织释放出数以百计的分泌蛋白，很多的肌因子和脂因子在不同的组织中都有表达和分泌。这些物质对人体大部分器官具有调节作用。缺乏体力活动会导致内脏脂肪积累，从而激活炎症信号途径，促进胰岛素抵抗、动脉粥样硬化、神经退行性疾病和肿瘤生长，从而引起一系列慢性病。肌因子是联系器官间复杂网络的一部分，它能够通过脏器间通信产生自分泌、旁分泌和内分泌的作用[7]。其主要功能是对抗慢性和炎症性疾病，如2型糖尿病，胰岛素抵抗，代谢综合征等。肌因子的生物学效应主要表现为在运动中起到改善功能和促进健康的作用。目前，对这一领域的研究方兴未艾，为体育科学的基础学科提供了一个新的研究领域。尤其是关于肌肉如何与其他器官沟通，如与脂肪组织、肝脏和胰腺等，以及身体活动如何介导众多因子对代谢综合征的影响等。长期运动锻炼具有多种健康益处，骨骼肌通过分泌肌因子，对机体产生良性作用，其效果可以抵消脂肪组织分泌的成炎性细胞因子对机体的损伤[8]。肌因子能对抗因身体活动不足所增加的多种疾病的风险，如：2型糖尿病，心血管疾病，结肠癌，乳腺癌和骨质疏松症等[9-11]。总之，< 3 h的单次运动，肌因子和脂-肌因子主要由骨骼肌分泌，并产生内分泌、自分泌或旁分泌作用。分泌的肌因子像白细胞介素6、肌肉生长抑制素、白细胞介素7、核心蛋白多糖和白血病抑制因子等细胞因子参与肌肉损伤的修复，促进肌肉的生成，提高胰岛素敏感性，增加内皮的功能，促进血管生成，加速脂肪组织分解并减少内脏脂肪，有助于肝糖释放。大于8周有规律的运动训练有助于降低脂肪组织促炎性细胞因子水平，促进全身胰岛素敏感性，减少内脏脂肪，降低炎症[12]。 2.2.2 骨骼肌和脂肪组织内分泌功能的再认识——“阴阳”学说阴阳学说认为：对于人体具有推进、温煦、兴奋等作用的物质和功能统归于“阳”，对于人体具有凝聚、滋润、抑制等作用的物质和功能归于“阴”。“阴阳”是相互关联的一种事物或是一个事物的两个方面。阴阳学说认为：阴阳之间的对立制约、互根互用，并不是处于静止不变的状态，而是始终处在不断的运动变化之中[13]。肌因子(来自骨骼肌)和脂因子(来自脂肪组织)的相互作用似乎可以用中国传统的“阴阳”平衡来解释。比如在肥胖患者中，脂肪组织分泌的某些脂因子，能促进慢性炎症内环境的形成，加快病理形成过程，此为“阴”。而运动时骨骼肌能够产生一些肌因子，这样的肌因子可能抵消炎症因子的有害影响[14]，此为“阳”。将运动训练小鼠的皮下白色脂肪组织(subcutaneous white adipose tissue，scWAT)移植入久坐的小鼠体内，能改善小鼠骨骼肌摄取葡萄糖的能力，提示运动训练scWAT以内分泌的方式改善骨骼肌功能，说明脂肪组织能在运动训练的干预下产生“阳”性因子，或减少“阴”性因子。动物实验表明，一次剧烈运动可以改变血中的脂因子。这提示，脂肪组织分泌脂因子作为正/负反馈信号，是肌细胞和脂肪细胞相互作用的开关，一旦肌因子和脂因子分泌失调，会产生全身性的胰岛素抵抗[15]。多种器官会出现因运动而产生适应，其中的骨骼肌和脂肪组织相互作用，形成网络，起到改善机体新陈代谢的作用。如骨骼肌适应包括改善葡萄糖摄取，增加葡萄糖转运蛋白4型(GLUT4)转位和表达，增强线粒体活性，增加脂肪作为燃料，增加肌因子进入血液循环等[16-18]。肌因子和脂因子通过自分泌、旁分泌、内分泌的作用，调节机体的糖、脂代谢和能量平衡。如图2所示，骨骼肌通过肌因子，脂肪组织通过脂因子对机体器官产生影响，形成互相作用的网络，包括骨骼肌、脂肪组织相互的作用；在网络中，“阳”是骨骼肌分泌肌因子，“阴”为脂肪组织分泌的脂因子。有些肌因子也由脂肪组织分泌，称为脂-肌因子。肌因子和脂因子体现为矛盾统一的两方面，通过脂-肌因子相互转化。运动激发骨骼肌释放肌因子起到促进健康的作用，而与久坐不动引发脂肪组织所分泌的脂因子相互拮抗。"

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