Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2024, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (35): 5732-5740.doi: 10.12307/2024.591
Effect of cold water immersion dose on the recovery of skeletal muscle fatigue induced by exercise: a systematic review and Meta-analysis
Li Qiang1, Ji Yuqin2, Ye Qiang3
- 1Jiangnan Vocational College of Media Arts, Wuxi 214153, Jiangsu Province, China; 2School of Sport and Health, 3School of Physical Education and Humanities, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu Province, China
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Received:2023-07-18Accepted:2023-12-14Online:2024-12-18Published:2024-03-15 -
Contact:Ye Qiang, PhD, School of Physical Education and Humanities, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu Province, China -
About author:Li Qiang, Master, Jiangnan Vocational College of Media Arts, Wuxi 214153, Jiangsu Province, China -
Supported by:the National Key R&D Program of Ministry of Science and Technology, No. 2020YFC2007002 (to YQ [project participant])
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Li Qiang, Ji Yuqin, Ye Qiang. Effect of cold water immersion dose on the recovery of skeletal muscle fatigue induced by exercise: a systematic review and Meta-analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2024, 28(35): 5732-5740.
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2.1 文献检索结果及基本特征 通过检索中英文数据库共得文献4 759篇，使用Endnote软件剔除重复文献1 017篇，通过初筛、复筛排除3 718篇，最终纳入定量分析的文献24篇[6，13，18-39]，包括23篇期刊论文[6，13，18-37，39]，1篇硕士论文[38]，见图2。"
所有纳入文献均为随机对照试验，有12篇文献为平行对照试验[6，13，18-19，21，25，28-29，34，36-37，39]，12篇为交叉对照试验[20，22-24，26-27，30-33，35，38]，交叉对照试验均设置了脱洗期。纳入文献总样本量为617人，最小样本量为16人[18-19，23-24，37]，最大样本量为60人[29]。纳入文献中有9篇研究对象为团体项目运动员[13，19，22-23，26-28，32-33](足球、橄榄球)，6篇为健康活跃个体[18，20，25，29，31，35]，2篇为中长跑运动员[36，38]，短跑、柔术、街跑运动员各1篇[6，24，39]，其他文献未描述[21，30，34，37]。运动形式有模拟比赛[22-24](3篇)、冲刺跑[13，26，30，32-33](5篇)、间歇跑[19，20，28](3篇)、中长跑[6，36，38](3篇)和离心训练[18，21，25，27，29，31，34-35，37，39](10篇)。浸泡水温在5-15 ℃，持续时间为5-25 min不等。除1篇文献描述了静水压外[28]，其他研究均报告了浸没深度[6，13，18-27，29-39]，其中12项研究浸泡深度在髂棘及以下[6，13，18，21，25，27，29，32-33，36-37，39]，11项研究浸泡深度超过髂棘[19-20，22-24，26，28，30-31，34，38]。 除1篇研究报道了冷水浸泡组1例受试者发生横纹肌溶解症外[34]，其他研究均未报道不良反应，见表1，2。"
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2.2 文献质量评价结果 PEDro量表对24项纳入研究进行了质量评价，PEDro平均得分6.7分，整体上方法学质量较高。所有文献组间基线值均相似，研究均报告> 85%的受试者遵守了干预措施，且提供了效应量计算的点估计值和组间分析，因干预措施显而易见，均未对受试者施盲，而对评估者施盲仅2篇[6，29]，见表3。"
2.3 Meta分析结果 2.3.1 各组肌酸激酶水平差异 共14项研究 (48组对照数据)报告了冷水浸泡对运动后24-96 h肌酸激酶的影响[13，18，24-26，28-34，36，38]，异质性较小(I2=10.3%，P=0.27)。固定效应模型显示，冷水浸泡降低肌酸激酶血值具有微弱效应(SMD=-0.17，95%CI：-0.29至-0.05，P < 0.01)，见图3。"
2.3.2 各组目测类比评分差异 共15项研究 (52组对照数据)报告了冷水浸泡对运动后24- 96 h肌肉疼痛的影响[6，18，20-23，25-29，36-39]，异质性较大(I2=69%，P=0)，随机效应模型显示：冷水浸泡减轻肌肉疼痛具有中等效应(SMD= -0.60，95%CI：-0.81至-0.38，P < 0.01)，见图4。敏感性分析提示汇总结果稳定，见图5。"
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2.3.3 各组最大等长肌力差异 共12项研究 (43组对照数据)报告了冷水浸泡对运动后24-96 h最大等长肌力的影响[6，18-19，25-29，32-33，35，39]，研究间异质性较小(I2=0，P=0.95)，固定效应模型显示：冷水浸泡促进最大等长肌力恢复具有微弱效应(SMD=0.17，95%CI：0.05-0.30，P < 0.01)，见图6。"
2.4 亚组分析结果 2.4.1 肌酸激酶 按操作指标(浸泡水温、时长、深度)、运动类型、受试者体质量对肌酸激酶效应量进行亚组分析。其中，浸泡水温< 10 ℃、10-14 ℃和> 14 ℃亚组分别含文献6篇[13，24-25，29，32-33]、文献6篇[13，26，28-30，34]、文献4篇[18，31，36，38]，浸泡时长< 12 min、12-14 min、> 14 min亚组分别含文献3篇[25-26，34]、3篇[13，28，38]、8篇[18，24，29-33，36]，浸泡深度髂棘以上和髂棘及以下亚组分别含文献6篇[24，26，30-31，34，38]、7篇[13，18，25，29，32-33，36]，运动类型耐力、冲刺、离心亚组分别含文献4篇[24，28，36，38]，5篇[13，26，30，32-33]，5篇[18，25，29，31，34]，受试者体质量78.5 kg以下和78.5 kg以上亚组分别含9篇[13，18，24，26，29，31，34，36，38]、5篇文献[25，28，30，32-33]。 亚组分析结果显示：①水温> 14 ℃能显著降低运动后肌酸激酶血值(SMD=-0.48，95%CI：-0.76至-0.20，P < 0.01)，且比水温< 10 ℃和水温10-14 ℃亚组效果更好(P < 0.05)。②时长< 12 min浸泡(SMD=-0.30，95%CI：-0.52至-0.06，P < 0.05)和时长12-14 min浸泡(SMD=-0.38，95%CI：-0.61至-0.15，P < 0.01)均能显著降低肌酸激酶血值，且时长12-14 min浸泡比时长< 12 min效果更好(P < 0.05)。③耐力运动(SMD=-0.45，95%CI：-0.71至-0.20，P < 0.01)后的浸泡疗效显著，且比离心和冲刺运动的效果更明显(P < 0.05)。④髂棘以上深度(SMD=-0.32，95%CI：-0.55至-0.08，P < 0.01)、78.5 kg以上体质量(SMD=-0.26，95%CI：-0.48至-0.04，P < 0.05)均能从浸泡中获得显著收益，但与同类别其他亚组的浸泡效果相似，差异不具有显著性意义(P > 0.05)，见表4。"
2.4.2 目测类比评分 按操作指标(浸泡水温、时长、深度)、运动类型、受试者体质量对目测类比评分效应量进行亚组分析。其中，浸泡水温< 10 ℃、10-14 ℃和> 14 ℃亚组分别含3篇[25，27，29]、10篇[6，21-23，25-26，28-29，37，39]、4篇文献[18，20，36，38]，浸泡时< 12 min、12-14 min、> 14 min亚组分别含5篇[6，25-27，37]、5篇[20，22-23，28，38]、5篇文献[18，21，29，36，39]，浸泡深度髂棘以上和髂棘及以下亚组分别含5篇[20，22-23，26，38]、9篇文献[6，18，21，25，27，29，36-37，39]，运动类型耐力、冲刺、离心亚组分别含7篇[6，20，22-23，28，36，38]、1篇[26]、7篇文献[18，21，25，27，29，37，39]，受试者体质量78.5 kg以下和78.5 kg以上亚组分别含9篇[6，18，21，26-27，29，36-39]、5篇文献[20，22-23，25，28]。 亚组分析结果显示：①水温< 10 ℃(SMD=-0.61，95%CI：-0.79至-0.43，P < 0.01)、水温10-14 ℃(SMD=-0.40，95%CI：-0.65至-0.19，P < 0.01)、水温> 14 ℃(SMD=-0.26，95%CI：-0.48至-0.04，P < 0.05)均能显著降低肌肉酸痛。其中，水温< 10 ℃的干预效果比其他两种水温更好(P < 0.05)。②时长< 12 min(SMD=-0.76，95%CI：-0.98至-0.53，P < 0.01)、时长12-14 min (SMD=-0.42，95%CI：-0.62至-0.21，P < 0.01)、时长> 14 min(SMD=-0.30，95%CI：-0.47至-0.12，P < 0.01)均能有效减轻肌肉酸痛。其中，时长< 12 min疗效最好，时长12-14 min次之，时长> 14 min最弱(P < 0.05)。③髂棘以上(SMD=-0.74，95%CI：-0.97至-0.52，P < 0.01)和髂棘及以下(SMD=-0.41，95%CI：-0.55至-0.27，P < 0.01)浸泡深度都产生了显著的恢复疗效，髂棘以上比髂棘及以下浸泡效果更有优势，差异存在显著性意义(P < 0.01)。④耐力运动(SMD=-0.42，95%CI：-0.61至-0.22，P < 0.01)和离心运动(SMD=-0.41，95%CI：-0.55至-0.26，P < 0.01)后都能从冷水浸泡中获得镇痛效果，但耐力运动后的镇痛效果更好(P < 0.01)。⑤78.5 kg以上(SMD=-0.49，95%CI：-0.69至-0.30，P < 0.01)、78.5 kg以下(SMD=-0.42，95%CI：-0.57至-0.28，P < 0.01)体质量亚组均能从浸泡中获得恢复优势，但与同类别其他亚组间效果相似，差异不存在显著性意义(P > 0.05)，见表5。"
2.4.3 最大等长肌力 按操作指标(浸泡水温、时长、深度)、运动类型、受试者体质量对最大等长肌力效应量进行亚组分析。其中，浸泡水温< 10 ℃、10-14 ℃和> 14 ℃亚组分别含5篇[25，27，29，32-33]、5篇[6，19，26，28，39]、2篇文献[18，35]，浸泡时长< 12 min、12-14 min、> 14 min亚组分别含5篇[6，19，25-27]、2篇[28，35]、5篇文献[18，29，32-33，39]，浸泡深度髂棘以上和髂棘及以下亚组分别含3篇[19，26，35]、8篇文献[6，18，25，27，29，32-33，39]，运动类型耐力、冲刺、离心亚组分别含3篇文献[6，19，28]、3篇[26，32-33]、6篇文献[18，25，27，29，35，39]，受试者体质量78.5 kg以下和78.5 kg以上亚组分别含5篇[6，18，27，29，39]、6篇文献[19，25，26，28，32-33]。 亚组分析结果显示：水温10-14 ℃(SMD=0.23，95%CI：0.03-0.45，P < 0.05)、时长12-14 min (SMD=0.33，95%CI：0.02-0.63，P < 0.05)、髂棘以上浸泡深度(SMD=0.50，95%CI：0.15-0.86，P < 0.01)、耐力运动(SMD=0.39，95%CI：0.06-0.72，P < 0.05)亚组观察到浸泡促进肌力恢复的显著优势，但同类别各亚组间干预效果相似，差异不具有显著性意义(P > 0.05)，见表6。"
2.5 Meta回归分析结果 为进一步调查肌酸激酶、目测类比评分和最大等长肌力效应量的影响因子，文章将操作指标(浸泡水温、时长、深度)、运动类型及受试者体质量作为变量进行Meta回归分析结果显示：浸泡水温、浸泡时长、运动类型是是影响肌酸激酶效应量的调节因子；浸泡水温、浸泡深度是影响酸痛目测类比评分效应量的调节因子，运动类型是影响最大等长肌力效应量的调节因子，见表7。"
2.6 发表偏倚分析结果 采用Egger法对纳入文献进行发表偏倚分析，Egger法对发表偏倚的检测统计量为截距a对应的t值及P值，并通过其95%CI是否包含0来判断是否存在发表偏倚。结果提示，目测类比评分指标存在明显发表偏倚，见图7。"
2.7 证据强度等级评价结果 根据GRADE证据强度等级标准[16-17]，文章结果的证据强度可因以下5个因素降级：①偏倚风险：因考虑大部分文献未描述分配隐藏和盲法情况，降一级，见表3；②异质性：因目测类比评分指标及其干预亚组(髂棘以上、耐力运动)异质性大，降一级，见表5；③间接性：因结局指标与评估目的具有强关联，不降级；④精准性：因干预效应显著且95%置信区间相对较窄，不降级，见表8；⑤发表偏倚：因目测类比评分指标存在明显发表偏倚，降一级，见图7。"
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