Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2022, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (10): 1588-1596.doi: 10.12307/2022.208

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Molecular mechanism of bone regeneration promoted by medical metal implant materials

Zhou Hongbo1, Yu Zhengwen2, 3, Liu Jianguo1, 2, 3   

  1. 1School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, Guizhou Province, China; 2Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research, Guizhou Institution of Higher Education, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China; 3Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research of Zunyi City, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China
  • Received:2021-05-10 Revised:2021-05-12 Accepted:2021-06-09 Online:2022-04-08 Published:2021-10-27
  • Contact: Liu Jianguo, MD, Professor, Chief physician, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, Guizhou Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research, Guizhou Institution of Higher Education, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China; Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research of Zunyi City, Zunyi 563006, Guizhou Province, China
  • About author:Zhou Hongbo, Master candidate, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, Guizhou Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Key R&D Program Project of the Ministry of Science and Technology, No. 2016YFC1102800 (to LJG and YZW); Talent Base of Medical Biomaterials Research of Guizhou Province, No. QRLF[2018]3) (to LJG and YZW); Innovative Talent Base of Medical Biomaterials Research and Development of Zunyi, No. ZW[2019]69) (to LJG and YZW);  Project of Zunyi Science and Technology Bureau, No. ZSKHSZ(2018)240 (to YZW); Academic Talents and Innovation Program of Zunyi Medical University, No. QKHPTRC[2017]5733-057) (to YZW)

Abstract: BACKGROUND:  It is of great significance for the design, processing and clinical application of medical metal implant materials to study the molecular mechanism of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation induced by different medical metal implant materials and to organize and analyze the comprehensive gene regulatory network of multiple osteogenic signaling pathways. 
OBJECTIVE: To review possible molecular mechanisms of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation induced by medical metal implant materials to provide theoretical basis for clinical application of different medical metal implant materials.
METHODS: The articles were searched in PubMed, CNKI, and Wanfang databases with the key words of “osteogenic differentiation, signaling pathways, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, bone defect, bone repair materials, oral and maxillofacial restoration, implant, alloys” in Chinese and English, separately. Finally, 51 articles met the criteria for review.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are a kind of pluripotent adult stem cells and an important source of stem cells for tissue engineering. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway, MAPK pathway and bone morphogenetic protein/Smad pathway can regulate and induce osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. After implanted into human body, medical metal implant materials can release metal ions or stimulate the body to produce various cytokines and produce cascading effects to promote osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, so as to promote bone regeneration and repair bone defects. (2) This review summarized and analyzed the osteogenic signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin pathway, MAPK pathway, bone morphogenetic protein/Smad pathway, integrin pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, osteoprotegerin/RANKL/RANK pathway) involved in the promotion of osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by different medical metal implant materials and bone repair materials with different surface treatments. (3) At present, many researches on the promotion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell osteogenic differentiation by medical metal materials in vitro and in vivo are mainly focused on a single signaling pathway, while multiple pathways related to osteogenic differentiation interact with each other and constitute a complex network. Current studies have not been able to fully reveal the specific mechanism of osteogenic differentiation. (4) From the perspective of osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, we discussed and summarized the possible molecular mechanisms of different new medical metal implants regulating the induction of osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, as well as the relationships among multiple signaling pathways and their roles. For example, when the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is activated, it will stimulate cells to produce MAPK pathway and bone morphogenetic protein/Smad pathway initiating factors, such as epidermal growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein. These three signaling pathways work simultaneously. After entering the nucleus, it induces the transcription of osteogenic effect genes, thereby promoting the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and forming a comprehensive gene regulatory network mechanism of multiple osteogenic signal pathways.

Key words: osteogenic differentiation, signaling pathways, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, bone defect, bone repair materials, oral and maxillofacial restoration, implant, alloys