中国组织工程研究 ›› 2025, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (36): 7743-7751.doi: 10.12307/2025.544

• 脐带脐血干细胞 umbilical cord blood stem cells • 上一篇    下一篇

神经内镜下人脐带间充质干细胞外泌体鞘内移植修复脊髓损伤的作用机制

郑伊桐,汪永新,刘  文,阿木吉特,秦  虎   

  1. 新疆医科大学第一附属医院,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市   830054
  • 收稿日期:2024-06-24 接受日期:2024-08-29 出版日期:2025-12-28 发布日期:2025-03-06
  • 通讯作者: 秦虎,博士,副主任医师,新疆医科大学第一附属医院,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市 830054
  • 作者简介:郑伊桐,男,1999年生,新疆维吾尔自治区石河子市人,汉族,新疆医科大学在读硕士,主要从事脊髓损伤修复研究。
  • 基金资助:
    新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金(2021D01C339),项目负责人:秦虎

Action mechanism of intrathecal transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for repair of spinal cord injury under neuroendoscopy

Zheng Yitong, Wang Yongxin, Liu Wen, Amujite, Qin Hu   

  1. First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China
  • Received:2024-06-24 Accepted:2024-08-29 Online:2025-12-28 Published:2025-03-06
  • Contact: Qin Hu, MD, Associate chief physician, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China
  • About author:Zheng Yitong, Master candidate, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China
  • Supported by:
    Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, No. 2021D01C339 (to QH)

摘要:

文题释义:

BBB评分:是一种专门用于评估脊髓损伤后动物(尤其是大鼠)下肢运动功能恢复情况的评分标准。该评分系统通过观察和记录动物在开放场地中的运动行为,如步态、姿势、协调性等,来量化脊髓损伤的严重程度和治疗效果。具体评分范围为0-21分,0分代表完全瘫痪,21分则表示正常运动功能。该评分方法在脊髓损伤研究中被广泛应用,因其可靠性和敏感性而备受认可,是评估治疗方法有效性的关键指标之一。
小胶质细胞:是中枢神经系统的常驻免疫细胞,具有双重作用:在神经损伤早期,它们能够迅速激活并清除损伤部位的碎片和病原体,发挥保护作用。然而,持续的M1型激活会导致慢性炎症并加重神经损伤。小胶质细胞可以通过向M2型转化,产生抗炎因子如白细胞介素10,从而促进组织修复和神经再生。研究显示,调控小胶质细胞的极化状态对减少炎症损害和促进脊髓损伤修复具有重要意义。

摘要
背景:研究发现,人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体可以有效促进脊髓损伤的神经修复。
目的:探讨人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体是否可以通过促进小胶质细胞向M2型极化减轻神经炎症促进脊髓损伤大鼠运动功能恢复。
方法:将48只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和外泌体组(n=16),采用改良Allen法建立大鼠脊髓损伤模型。外泌体组在损伤后24 h通过神经内镜鞘内注射20 μL人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体。在造模后3,7,14,21 d,采用BBB评分法结合Rivlin斜板实验评估大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复情况,采用苏木精-伊红染色和尼氏染色检测脊髓组织损伤情况,Western blot检测脊髓组织中脑源性神经营养因子和血管内皮生长因子A蛋白表达水平,免疫荧光法检测脊髓组织中M1型标志物(诱导型一氧化氮合酶)与M2型标志物(精氨酸酶1)的表达比例,qRT-PCR和Western blot检测脊髓组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶与精氨酸酶1的表达水平,ELISA法检测脊髓组织中促炎因子(肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β和白细胞介素6)和抑炎因子(白细胞介素10)水平。
结果与结论:①术后3,7,14 d,外泌体组BBB评分均高于模型组(P < 0.05),术后7,14 d时外泌体组Rivlin斜板实验角度均显著高于模型组(P < 0.05),苏木精-伊红染色和尼氏染色结果显示外泌体组相比于模型组脊髓组织的神经损伤减轻,术后7 d时外泌体组脑源性神经营养因子和血管内皮生长因子A表达较模型组增加(P < 0.05);②免疫荧光实验结果显示,与模型组相比,外泌体组术后第7天病变区域的诱导型一氧化氮合酶阳性小胶质细胞明显减少,而精氨酸酶1阳性小胶质细胞明显增多(P < 0.05);qRT-PCR和Western blot也证实了免疫荧光实验结果;③外泌体组脊髓组织中促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β和白细胞介素6分泌量较模型组减少(P < 0.05),而抑炎因子白细胞介素10分泌量较模型组增加(P < 0.05)。结果表明:人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体可以促进小胶质细胞M1型向M2型极化,减少了促炎因子的释放,从而减轻脊髓损伤中神经炎症的继发性损害。

关键词: 脊髓损伤, 人脐带间充质干细胞, 小胶质细胞, 外泌体, 炎症, 神经内镜, 工程化干细胞

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes were found to be effective in promoting neural repair in spinal cord injury.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells are able to attenuate neuroinflammation and promote recovery of motor function by promoting polarization of microglia toward the M2 type. 
METHODS: Totally 48 SD rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group, a model group, and an exosome group (n=16 per group). A rat spinal cord injury model was established using the modified Allen method. The exosome group was injected with 20 μL of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes intrathecally via neuroendoscopy 24 hours after injury. At 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after modeling, the recovery of the motor function of the hind limbs of the rats was assessed by BBB scoring method combined with Rivlin’s slant plate test. The damage of spinal cord tissues was detected by using hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining. The expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A proteins were detected by western blot assay. The expression proportion of M1-type markers (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and M2 markers (arginase-1) in the spinal cord tissues was detected by immunofluorescence method. qRT-PCR and western blot assay were used to detect the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and arginase-1 in spinal cord tissues. ELISA was utilized to detect the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6) and anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin 10) levels in spinal cord tissues.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) At 3, 7, and 14 days postoperatively, the BBB scores of the exosome group were better than those of the model group (P < 0.05). The angles of the Rivlin slanting plate experiments of the exosome group were significantly higher than those of the model group at 7 and 14 days postoperatively (P < 0.05). The results of hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining indicated that the spinal cord tissues and nerve injuries of the exosome group were reduced in comparison with those of the model group, and the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A in spinal cord tissues of the exosome group were higher than those in the model group at 7 days postoperatively (P < 0.05). (2) Immunofluorescence experiments showed that the number of inducible nitric oxide synthase-positive microglial cells in the lesion area of the exosome group was significantly reduced and the level of Arg1-positive microglial cells increased in the lesion area of the exosome group compared with the model group at 7 days postoperatively (P < 0.05). qRT-PCR and western blot assay also confirmed the results of immunofluorescence experiments. (3) The secretion of pro-inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6 in spinal cord tissues of the exosome group was reduced compared with the model group (P < 0.05), whereas the secretion of the inflammation-suppressing factor interleukin 10 was increased compared with the model group (P < 0.05). These findings conclude that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes could promote the polarization of microglial cells from the M1 to the M2 type and decrease the release of pro-inflammatory factors, thereby reducing the secondary damage of neuroinflammation in spinal cord injury.

Key words: spinal cord injury, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell, microglia, exosome, inflammation, neuroendoscopy, engineered stem cell

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