中国组织工程研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (24): 6328-6336.doi: 10.12307/2026.229

• 组织构建综述 tissue construction review • 上一篇    下一篇

运动调控肠道菌群防治非酒精性脂肪肝的作用机制

王  维1,陈  俊1,贾绍辉2,薛新轩3,董琨炜1   

  1. 武汉体育学院,1艺术学院,2运动医学院,3运动训练学院,湖北省武汉市   430079
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-17 修回日期:2025-10-15 出版日期:2026-08-28 发布日期:2026-02-04
  • 通讯作者: 董琨炜,副教授,硕士生导师,武汉体育学院艺术学院,湖北省武汉市 430079
  • 作者简介:王维,男,1986年生,浙江省江山市人,汉族,硕士,讲师,主要从事运动健康促进的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    湖北省教育厅科学研究计划项目(B2019193),项目负责人:贾绍辉

Mechanisms by which exercise regulates gut microbiota in the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Wang Wei1, Chen Jun1, Jia Shaohui2, Xue Xinxuan3, Dong Kunwei1   

  1. 1School of Art, 2School of Sports Medicine, 3School of Sports Training, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China 
  • Received:2025-06-17 Revised:2025-10-15 Online:2026-08-28 Published:2026-02-04
  • Contact: Dong Kunwei, Associate professor, Master’s supervisor, School of Art, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China
  • About author:Wang Wei, MS, Lecturer, School of Art, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Youth Foundation for Scientific Research Project of Education Department of Hubei Province, No. B2019193 (to JSH)

摘要:


文题释义:
肠道菌群:是指定植于人体和动物消化道内庞大而复杂的微生物群落,主要包括细菌、病毒、真菌和古菌等多种微生物。肠道菌群通过参与宿主的营养代谢、免疫调节和肠道屏障维护,在维持机体健康方面发挥重要作用。肠道菌群组成和功能的失衡与多种疾病(如代谢综合征、肝脏疾病和神经退行性疾病)的发生发展密切相关,成为慢性疾病防治的重要靶点。
非酒精性脂肪肝:是一种由肝细胞内脂肪异常堆积引起的慢性肝病,常与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗和代谢综合征相关,而非由过量饮酒所致。非酒精性脂肪肝包括单纯性脂肪肝和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎,后者可进一步发展为肝纤维化、肝硬化甚至肝细胞癌,发生机制涉及脂质代谢紊乱、氧化应激、炎症反应和肠道菌群紊乱。

背景:非酒精性脂肪肝的发生与肠道菌群失衡密切相关。近年来越来越多的证据表明,运动可能通过调节肠道菌群的结构与功能改善宿主代谢紊乱,从而在非酒精性脂肪肝的防治中发挥积极作用。
目的:系统整合当前关于肠道菌群与非酒精性脂肪肝相互关系的研究进展,进一步梳理运动对肠道菌群的调节作用,深入探讨运动干预通过“肠-肝轴”在非酒精性脂肪肝防治中的潜在机制。
方法:以“非酒精性脂肪肝,肠道菌群,运动,胆汁酸,短链脂肪酸,脂多糖,氧化三甲胺,吲哚”为中文检索词;以“nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,gut microbiota,exercise,bile acids,short-chain fatty acids,lipopolysaccharide,trimethylamine oxide,indole”等为英文检索词,分别检索PubMed、中国知网和万方数据库,搜寻各数据库建库至2025年3月发表的文献,根据入选标准纳入85篇文献进行综述。
结果与结论:①非酒精性脂肪肝患者的肠道菌群组成明显异常,表现为促炎菌群(如变形菌门、大肠杆菌和链球菌属)及致病菌(如肠杆菌科)的丰度增加,而具有抗炎和稳态调节功能菌群(如瘤胃球菌属和粪杆菌属)的丰度降低。这种菌群组成的不良变化可能通过增加肠道通透性促进代谢产物进入肝脏,激活炎症通路以及增加内源性乙醇生成等机制,从而推动非酒精性脂肪肝病理进程。②通过补充益生菌或进行肠道菌群移植来调控肠道菌群可有效降低非酒精性脂肪肝患者不同形式的转氨酶及慢性炎症水平,提示肠道菌群可能是防治非酒精性脂肪肝的重要靶点。③运动可调节肠道菌群组成、增加有益菌的丰度、减少促炎菌群丰度、促进关键代谢通路的激活,进而改善宿主代谢健康。然而,目前关于运动对非酒精性脂肪肝病患者肠道菌群影响的研究仍相对有限,尤其是不同运动类型、强度及持续时间对肠道菌群及宿主代谢的影响及作用机制尚不明确。④运动可能通过调控肠道菌群、增加短链脂肪酸产生来激活G蛋白偶联受体41/43和腺苷酸活化的蛋白激酶通路,抑制组蛋白乙酰化酶活性,从而减少肝脏脂肪积累,减轻肝脏炎症反应,降低胰岛素抵抗;运动可能通过调节肠道菌群-胆汁酸轴改善胆汁酸代谢,从而介导法尼醇X受体/G蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体5信号通路来防治非酒精性脂肪肝;运动可能通过重塑肠道菌群降低含脂多糖革兰阴性菌的丰度、改善肠道屏障功能来减少脂多糖的生成和肠道移位,防治非酒精脂肪肝;运动可能通过调控肠道菌群组成,增强吲哚及其衍生物的合成,同时抑制乙醇和氧化三甲胺的产生,从而增强肝脏代谢能力、改善肠道屏障功能、降低肝脏炎症反应,在非酒精性脂肪肝的防治中发挥积极作用。
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3188-420X (王维) 


中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程

关键词: 非酒精性脂肪肝, 肠道菌群, 运动, 胆汁酸, 短链脂肪酸, 脂多糖, 氧化三甲胺, 吲哚, 综述

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is closely associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. In recent years, accumulating evidence has indicated that exercise may exert beneficial effects on host metabolic homeostasis by modulating the composition and function of the gut microbiota, thereby playing a positive role in the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
OBJECTIVE: To systematically summarize current research progress on the interplay between gut microbiota and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, to further elucidate the regulatory effects of exercise on gut microbiota, and to explore in depth the potential mechanisms by which exercise intervention may prevent or ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via the "gut–liver axis."
METHODS: Search terms included "non-alcoholic fatty liver disease," "gut microbiota," "exercise," "bile acid," "short-chain fatty acid," "lipopolysaccharide," “trimethylamine oxide,” and “indole” in Chinese and English, respectively. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WanFang Database were searched for relevant studies published up to March 2025. A total of 85 core studies were identified based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The composition of gut microbiota in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is significantly abnormal, with increased abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria (such as Proteobacteria, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus) and pathogenic bacteria (such as Enterobacteriaceae), and decreased abundance of bacteria with anti-inflammatory and homeostatic regulatory functions (such as Ruminococcus and Faecalibacterium). This adverse change in microbiota composition may promote the pathological process of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by increasing intestinal permeability, promoting the entry of metabolites into the liver, activating inflammatory pathways, and increasing endogenous ethanol production. (2) Regulating gut microbiota by supplementation of probiotics or gut microbiota transplantation can effectively reduce the levels of different forms of transaminase and chronic inflammation in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, suggesting that gut microbiota may be an important target for the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. (3) Exercise can regulate the composition of gut microbiota, increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria, reduce the abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria, and promote the activation of key metabolic pathways, thereby improving the host metabolic health. However, at present, the research on the effects of exercise on intestinal flora in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is still relatively limited, especially the effects of different types, intensity and duration of exercise on intestinal flora and host metabolism and its mechanism are not clear. (4) Exercise may activate G protein-coupled receptor 41/43 and the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway by modulating the gut microbiota and enhancing short-chain fatty acid production. Additionally, it may inhibit histone acetylase activity, thereby reducing hepatic fat accumulation, liver inflammation, and insulin resistance. Exercise may prevent and treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating the gut microbiota-bile acid axis and improving bile acid metabolism, thereby influencing the farnesoid X receptor and G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 signaling pathways. Exercise may prevent and treat non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by reshaping the gut microbiota, reducing the abundance of lipopolysaccharide-producing Gram-negative bacteria, and enhancing intestinal barrier function. Consequently, this process decreases lipopolysaccharide production and intestinal translocation. Exercise may contribute to the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating the gut microbiota composition, promoting the synthesis of indoles and their derivatives, and inhibiting the production of ethanol and trimethylamine N-oxide. These effects collectively enhance hepatic metabolic capacity, strengthen intestinal barrier function, and alleviate liver inflammation.

Key words: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gut microbiota, exercise, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide, trimethylamine oxide, indole, review

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