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13 August 2013, Volume 17 Issue 33 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Insulin-like growth factor 1 affects the apoptosis of rat condylar chondrocytes Wei Li, Jiang Li-ting, Zhou Qi, Zhu Ya-ping, Gao Yi-ming 2013, 17 (33):  5901-5908.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.033.001 Abstract ( 321 )   PDF (2420KB) ( 376 )   Save BACKGROUND: Insulin-like growth factor 1 is the key factor during cartilage development, which is involved in the growth and reconstruction of condylar cartilage. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of insulin-like growth factor 1 on cell apoptosis and the apopotosis-associated factors of Bcl-2, Bax mRNA and protein expressions of rat condylar chondrocytes. METHODS: The 1-day-old and 28-day-old rat condylar chondrocytes were cultured and identified in vitro. The condylar chondrocytes with different ages were divided into experimental group and control group. After being starved for 24 hours, chondrocytes in the experimental group were incubated with 100 μg/L recombined rat insulin-like growth factor 1 for 48 hours, while the chondrocytes in the control group were incubated normally. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, after being incubated with recombined insulin-like growth factor 1, the number of condylar chondrocytes was increased with high speed proliferation (P < 0.05). Real-time RCR and western blot analysis revealed that the expression levels of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein were increased after added with recombined rat insulin-like growth factor 1, while the expression levels of Bax and protein were decreased (P < 0.05). The results indicate that insulin-like growth factor 1 can promote the proliferation and reduce cell apoptosis of newborn and adolescent rat condylar chondrocytes, which may be mediated by Bcl-2 and Bax. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in the synovium of rat knee joint during long-distance running Shangguan Ya-xian, Wei Xiao-chun, Li Kai, Wei Jian-ping 2013, 17 (33):  5909-5916.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.002 Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (2536KB) ( 415 )   Save BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown that matrix metalloproteinases 1, 3, 9 and 13 play an important role in articular cartilage degeneration and destruction, but there is less special research on the articular synovium. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of long-distance running on the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 3, 9 and 13 in the synovium. METHODS: Fifteen male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group, tablet group and uphill group. Rats in the control group received ordinary captivity; rats in the tablet group ran on the horizontal treadmill (0°) at the speed of 1 km/h for 1 hour daily, and lasted for 45 days; rats in the uphill group daily ran on the horizontal treadmill (0°) at the speed of 1 km/h for 1 hour, and lasted for 15 days, and then the rats ran on the uphill treadmill (+20°) at the speed of 1 km/h for 1 hour daily and lasted for 30 days. The knee joint synovium injury models with varying degrees were established. The dual hind knee joints were obtained after modeling for paraffin-embedded. Then the overall sagittal slices were obtained for hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining, and the experimental results were observed and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After long-distance running, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 1 in synovium of the tablet group and uphill group was increased when compared with that of the control group (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between tablet group and uphill group (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in matrix metalloproteinases 3 expression (P > 0.05). The expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and matrix metalloproteinase 13 in synovium were in gradient increasing state (P < 0.05), which were lowest in the control group, increased in the tablet group and highest in the uphill group. The results indicate that long-distance running exercise can influence the normal physiological structure of rat knee joint synovium by changing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone morphogenetic protein-7 induces the expression of alkaline phosphatase in periosteal cells Liao Jia-cheng, Bei Kang-sheng, Lian Yin-chuan 2013, 17 (33):  5917-5922.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.003 Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (1785KB) ( 430 )   Save BACKGROUND: The reports on bone morphogenetic protein-7 as a stimulating factor to induce osteogenic are relatively rare. OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of alkaline phosphatase of periosteal cells after induced by bone morphogenetic protein-7 in vitro. METHODS: Periosteal cells were obtained from adult tibial periosteum, and then the periosteal cells were cultured by routine method in vitro. The cells were divided into experimental group and control group, and then cultured with bone morphogenetic protein-7 plus osteoblast culture adjuvants and simple osteoblast culture adjuvants, respectively. The phase contrast microscope was used to observe the morphology and ultrastructure of periosteal cells. Each group was observed at 7, 14 and 21 days, and three samples were observed at each time point. Alkaline phosphatase kit was used to detect the expression of osteoblast-specific markers alkaline phosphatase. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After cultured for 7 days, the proliferation of periosteal cells in the experimental group and the control group was increased obviously, and the expression of alkaline phosphatase was detected but less. The cells were spindle in shape, while the expression of alkaline phosphatase in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group. After cultured for 14 days, the proliferation of periosteal cells in the experimental group and the control group was increased obviously, the cell morphology was changed from      spindle-shaped to wide spindle-shaped, and the expression of alkaline phosphatase in the experimental group was increased significantly when compared with the control group. After cultured for 21 days, the proliferation of periosteal cells was detected in the experimental group and the control group, and the proliferation in the experimental group was more significant than that in the control group, the cell morphology was wide spindle-shaped, and the number of alkaline phosphatase in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group. Statistical analysis showed that the positive rate of osteogenic markers alkaline phosphatase of bone morphogenetic protein-7 induced periosteal cells in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01). It suggested that periosteal cells had the osteogenic and regeneration ability, the bone morphogenetic protein-7 could induce periosteal cells, promote the expression of alkaline phosphatase, and could induce the periosteal cells to transform into osteoblasts. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tougu Xiaotong capsule promotes the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts Huang Yun-mei, Chen Wen-lie, Lin Ru-hui, Huang Mei-ya, Li Zuan-fang, 2013, 17 (33):  5923-5928.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.004 Abstract ( 495 )   PDF (1773KB) ( 455 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tougu Xiaotong capsule is the clinical prescription for the treatment of osteoarthritis in Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and the previous studies mainly focus on effect to cartilage. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Tougu Xiaotong capsule on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts as well as the expressions of bone remodeling correlated factors.  METHODS: Rat osteoblast-like cell line ROS17/2.8 cells were incubated with Tougu Xiaotong capsule. The ROS17/2.8 cells were divided into blank control group and Tougu Xiaotong capsule groups with different concentrations. The cell proliferation was determined by methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay. Osteoblast differentiation biomarkers alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin and bone mineralized nodules were measured with colorimetry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and alizarin red staining, respectively. The real-time PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect the expressions of bone remodeling factors osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the Tougu Xiaotong capsule with the concentration of 0.25-2 g/L could significantly promote the ROS17/2.8 cell proliferation (P < 0.05), up-regulate the alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin expression level and mineralized nodules area, and increase the percentage of bone remodeling factors osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (P < 0.05). The mechanism of Tougu Xiaotong capsule protecting osteoarthritis may partly result from the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and bone remodeling. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese medicine Gukang prescription modulates core binding factor alpha 1 expressing in osteoblasts Zhao Ke-wei, Qiu Jun-lin, Pan Xu-feng, Liang Xiu-zhen, Chen Xiao-hua 2013, 17 (33):  5929-5935.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.005 Abstract ( 375 )   PDF (890KB) ( 565 )   Save BACKGROUND: Chinese medicine Gukang prescription has a clear effect on clinical treatment of osteoporosis, but the therapeutic pathway is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Chinese medicine Gukang on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and osteoprotegerin by regulating core binding factor alpha 1 expression to control the growth and development of osteoblasts. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats within 24 hours after delivery were used for the separation and culture of osteoblasts. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used to prepare drug-containing serum, and then divided into two groups randomly: normal control group and Gukang group. Rats in the normal control and Gukang groups were intragastrically administrated with extract of Gukang prescription and normal saline based on rat’s body surface area, for 1 consecutive week. Two hours after the last administration, blood samples were taken from the heart. Then the serum was collected. Osteoblasts at passage 3 were confirmed with alkaline phosphatase assay and digested. After counting and planting, all osteoblasts were divided into two groups and treated with collected serum for 72 hours. Proliferative rate of osteoblasts was detected by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide test. Secretion of alkaline phosphatase was detected by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and corrected with the corresponding absorbance value. mRNA expression of core binding factor alpha 1, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and osteoprotegerin were detected by using reverse transcription-PCR in all groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: mRNA expression of osteoprotegerin and core binding factor alpha 1 in the Gukang group was significantly higher than that in the normal control group, but protein and mRNA expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand were dramatically lower in the Gukang group compared with the normal control group (P < 0.01). These findings indicate that Chinese medicine Gukang prescription can modulate the expression of core binding factor alpha 1, thereby adjusting the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and osteoprotegerin, which may be one of the mechanisms underlying Gukang treatment for osteoporosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Selective nerve excitability induced by symmetric biphasic pulses Zhu Xiao-jin, Wang Hui, Zhang Xu, Ren Zhao-hui, Liu Qing-kai, Li Chun-chan, Yan Li-li 2013, 17 (33):  5936-5941.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.006 Abstract ( 398 )   PDF (659KB) ( 499 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that the application of electrical stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers can recover partial muscle functions due to the loss of central nervous control. OBJECTIVE: To verify the feasibility of selective nerve excitatory effectively used the symmetric biphasic pulses under the bipolar electrodes stimulation of 1 mm. METHODS: Eight adult Wistar rats were selected to expose the sciatic nerves after anesthesia and then the electrodes were placed on the sciatic nerves carefully to establish the model of selective nerve stimulation. Experimental electrode was homemade Cuff bipolar electrode, and the electrode stimulators were Grass S88 stimulator and AWG2005 arbitrary waveform signal generator. The two-way dual-electrode stimulation was used. The distance between two electrodes was 1 mm, and the stimulation waveform was symmetric biphasic pulse with the width of 0.2 ms. The output pulse amplitude, pulse width and delay could be adjusted. The stimulation intensity was adjusted, and the law of nerve excitability was detected under two-way dual-electrode stimulation, in order to achieve selective nerve excitability, and the feasibility of two-way dual-electrode stimulation to achieve selective nerve excitatory was verified with “collision” method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The change of nerve action potential was amplified by P511 amplifier and then  linked into oscilloscope for displaying, and dual-electrode stimulation waveform was the symmetric biphasic pulse with the width of 0.2 ms. With the increasing of stimulus amplitude, we achieved the selective nerve excitatory. The results indicate the selective nerve excitatory can be achieved with the closed (1 mm) dual-electrode symmetric pulse, and the feasibility and effectiveness of this method can be verified with “collision” principle. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a three-dimensional finite element model of transmission straight wire appliance Ding Rui, Man Yun-na, Wu Pei-ling, Wang Wei 2013, 17 (33):  5942-5948.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.007 Abstract ( 691 )   PDF (729KB) ( 736 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the development of modern orthodontics, to invent an efficient appliance is the focus in recent studies. Transmission straight wire appliance was born on this background. This appliance can accelerate occlusion and shorten treatment duration. The relationship between distal width and angulation of gable bends of main arch wire needs to study in depth. OBJECTIVE: To establish three-dimensional finite element model of transmission straight wire appliance with better biological and mechanical similarity, and to obtain the relationship between distal width and angulation of gable bend of main arch wire. METHODS: By using scanning of spiral CT with 64 rows, the sectional image data in DICOM format of maxillary dentition and maxillae of the volunteers (Class Ⅱ, division 1) were obtained. With the help of Ansys workbench 13.0, Mimics 10.01, Unigraphics NX and Geomagic Studio 8.0 softwares, the three-dimensional finite element model including transmission straight wire appliance, bend, Australian Orthodontic Wire, maxillae, maxillary tooth and periodontal ligament was established in Windows XP Service Pack 3 system. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A three-dimensional finite element model of transmission straight wire appliance was established, which consisted of 250 929 elements and 657 766 nodes. Furthermore, three-dimensional finite element model had higher geometric similarity and mechanical similarity, as well as the advantages of adding or subtracting components according to the requirement of the research. The model was conductive to analyze the mechanical system of transmission straight wire appliance and guide the clinical application and appliance modification. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional finite element analysis of stress in the bending root of maxillary first molar Peng Hui, Zhang Ying, Wang Hong-yan 2013, 17 (33):  5949-5956.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.008 Abstract ( 389 )   PDF (907KB) ( 446 )   Save BACKGROUND: The stress distribution in the periodontal ligament of bending root can provide reference for the size and manner of force in orthodontic treatment. On this account, it can optimize the design of orthodontic force. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the stress distribution of root and periodontal ligament in the bending roots of the maxillary first molar under different orthodontic forces. METHODS: The maxillary first molars with normal roots and bending roots were selected, and then the finite element models of maxillary first molars and periodontal ligaments were established through CT scan and Workbench 11.0 finite element analysis software. The models were loaded with six different methods to analyze the stress distribution. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The stress distribution of bending root was mainly concentrated in the tooth neck, followed by the apex. During the overall tooth movement, the stress was smallest on the root, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Correction of bending roots needs more accurate positioning and traction. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional finite element analysis of tilted implants in the maxillary posterior region Chen Zu-xian, Wang Chao, Wang Li-jun 2013, 17 (33):  5957-5962.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.009 Abstract ( 564 )   PDF (726KB) ( 455 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone mass deficiency is common during implantation in the maxillary posterior region. Some patients do not want to accept extra surgery for increasing bone because of surgical trauma or medical expenses. Technology of the tilted implant has been proposed, but it has not been recognized and has a lack of relevant evidence. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the stress distribution of per-implant bone which is subjected to different loading conditions when the different abutment angulations are applied, and to analyze the safety factor of different implants to verify the feasibility of the tilted implant in the maxillary posterior region. METHODS: The finite element models of the different angulate abutments were established in commercial software packages. The safety factor of implant in the same power load was observed, and stress and strain condition of the implant and the surrounding bone was also observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the increased abutment angulation, the maximum strain of pre-implant bone was significantly increased, and the safety factor of implant decreased gradually. Thus, the tilted implant is not recommended in the maxillary posterior region. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Vertical facial types and chin morphology effects on the facial profile attractiveness Qin Xiao-xia, Wang Yu-rong, Wen Hua, Wang Jie, Ma Ce 2013, 17 (33):  5963-5968.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.010 Abstract ( 619 )   PDF (615KB) ( 474 )   Save BACKGROUND: Individuals with different vertical facial types have different chin morphologies. For the individuals with different vertical facial types, what is the most beautiful chin morphology? OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of vertical facial types and chin morphology on facial profile attractiveness. METHODS: Three beautiful females were selected, including one with high mandibular angle, one with average angle and one with low angle. Their facial profile photographs were taken. A series of new pictures were generated by the small scale (2 mm per unit) modification of soft tissue chin in the sagittal direction and vertical direction. Raters consisting of 17 orthodontists and 35 laypersons were selected for aesthetic ratings, in order to evaluate the facial profile attractiveness of the individuals with different vertical facial types. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no esthetic difference of vertical change in female with high angle; while slightly protrude chin was perceived to be more beautiful than retruded chin. For the female with average angle, lower chin was more attractive than higher chin; slightly protruded chin was beautiful than excessive protruded chin and retruded chin. For the individual with low angle, higher chin was preferred by raters; slightly protruded chin was more beautiful than excessive protruded chin and retruded chin.The results indicate that the effects of vertical facial types and chin morphology to facial profile attractiveness are different. In clinical orthodontic, vertical facial types should be taking into consideration to change the chin morphology of the patents,    in order to obtain better profile attractiveness. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Posterior arch length of individual normal occlusion of adults in Lanzhou Lu Li-zhi, Cao Bao-cheng, Wang Li, Wu Xi-xi, Tang Rong-bing 2013, 17 (33):  5969-5973.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.011 Abstract ( 613 )   Save BACKGROUND: Posterior arch length deficiency is closely related to the formation and development of malocclusion. OBJECTIVE: To measure the posterior arch length in individual normal occlusions of adults in Lanzhou. METHODS: A total of 102 current college students with individual normal occlusions, with a mean age of (19.33±2.67) years (range 18-24 years), including 47 males and 55 females from Gansu Province, were chosen to take lateral cephalograms. All research objects were divided into three groups according to mandibular plane angle: high angle group (Frankfort mandibular-plane angle > 32°), low angle group (Frankfort mandibular-plane angle < 22°) and control group (22° ≤ Frankfort mandibular-plane angle ≤ 32°). Posterior arch length of both maxillary and mandibular arches was measured, and the data were compared between genders and groups and in groups.     RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Posterior arch length of maxillary arch was slightly longer in male group than that in female group, and the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The posterior arch length of mandibular arch was slightly longer in male group than that in female group, but the difference was no significant (P > 0.05). Comparison between groups revealed that the posterior arch length of low angle mandibular arch was significantly longer than that of high angle mandibular arch in male group, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The results indicate that the gender will not influence the development of posterior arch length. Different vertical facial types and different genders have different posterior arch length in individual normal occlusions of adults Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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RNA interference affects the feak-headbox 3a gene expression in myoblast       cell line L6 Ding Jie, Liang Bing-sheng, Da Zhi-feng, Zhu Zhi-xiang, Wei Jian, Jia Ying-wei, Feng Yong 2013, 17 (33):  5974-5980.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.012 Abstract ( 528 )   PDF (2058KB) ( 521 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recent studies found that some factors play important role in the process of denervated muscle atrophy, especially the feak-headbox transcription factor, is the key element to regulate the denervated muscle atrophy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of RNA interference on inhibiting feak-headbox 3a gene expression in vitro. METHODS: The myoblast cell line L6 were cultured in the 6-well cell culture plates, then pEGFP-N1 and small interfering RNA recombinant plasmid with the same ratio was transfected under the Lipofectamine2000 mediation to optimize the transfection efficiency of the detection system; 2 μg small interfering RNA recombinant plasmid of feak-headbox 3a gene were transfected with myoblast cell line L6 for 48 and 72 hours. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 48 hours after pEGFP-N1 and siRNA recombinant plasmid transfection, a large number of bright green fluorescent displayed under fluorescence microscope with higher transfection efficiency. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that there were significant differences in the sequences of feak-headbox 3a-Ⅰ, feak-headbox 3a-Ⅱ, feak-headbox 3a-Ⅲ, feak-headbox 3a-Ⅳ on feak-headbox 3a mRNA when compared with the control group at 48 and 72 hours after trasfection (P < 0.05), and the inhibition effect was more significant at 72 hours after transfection when compared with that at 48 hours after transfection. Western Blot gray analysis showed that there were significant differences in sequences of feak-headbox 3a-Ⅰ, feak-headbox 3a-Ⅱ, feak-headbox 3a-Ⅲ, feak-headbox 3a-Ⅳ on feak-headbox 3a mRNA when compared with the control group at 48 and 72 hours after trasfection (P < 0.05), and the inhibition effect was more significant at 72 hours after transfection when compared with that at 48 hours after transfection, which was same with the effect on mRNA level. RNA interference in vitro can significantly inhibit the fork-head transcription factor feak-headbox 3a gene expression, and the inhibition effect of feak-headbox 3a gene small interfering RNA recombinant plasmid transfected with the sequence on the mRNA and protein level of feak-headbox 3a is not clear, which can provide new idea for the gene therapy of RNA mediated denervated skeletal muscle atrophy. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathological changes of brain tissue in a rat model with coexistence of hyperlipidemia and cerebral ischemia Zhang Zhen-qiang, Song Jun-ying, Jia Ya-quan, Li Peng-tao, Pan Yan-shu 2013, 17 (33):  5981-5987.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.013 Abstract ( 459 )   PDF (2097KB) ( 544 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cerebral ischemia often occurs in underlying pathological conditions, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. Therefore, it is of great significance to construct a cerebral ischemia rat model with hyperlipidemia and to study the effect of basic pathological changes on the cerebral ischemia. OBJECTIVE: To observe the brain tissue pathological changes of rat models with coexistence of hyperlipidemia and cerebral ischemia, and the effect of hyperlipidmia on cerebral ischemia. METHODS: The rats were fed with high-fat diet to establish the hyperlipidmia models, and then focal cerebral ischemia models were prepared with suture method. At 3 and 7 days after modeling, the 2,3,5- triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to observe the volume of brain tissue ischemia, and hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe pathological change of the margin of the brain tissue ischemia zone. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining staining results showed that the volume of cerebral ischemia was significantly reduced in the hyperlipidemia+cerebral ischemia 7 day group. Hematoxylin-eosin staining results showed there was typical ischemic changes in all the cerebral ischemia models, and the number of microglial cells after cerebral ischemia for 7 days was significantly smaller than that after cerebral ischemia for 3 days, and the changes were more obvious in the hyperlipidemia+7-day cerebral ischemia group when compared with the hyperlipidemia+3-day cerebral ischemia group. Ultrastructure showed there were neuronal and glial nuclear membrane shrinkage in all the cerebral ischemia models, mitochondria cristae was disappeared completely, endothelial cell mitochondria was decreased, most of the synaptic vesicles of nerve synapse were dissolved; the damages above were improved after ischemia for 7 days, especially hyperlipidemia+cerebral ischemia for 7 days, the neuronal degeneration and necrosis were reduced, the mitochondrial damage was repaired, the number of mitochondrial cristae was increased significantly, and the synaptic vesicles of nerve synapse were recovered significantly. The results indicate that hyperlipidemia can promote the recovery of cerebral ischemic injury, probably because the hyperlipidemia factors can activate the protection mechanism. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Streptococcus mutans gcp gene knockout strains expression profile gene chip Xie Miao-miao, Hu Xiao-cong, Wu Bu-ling, Yan Wen-juan 2013, 17 (33):  5988-5994.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.014 Abstract ( 398 )   PDF (2069KB) ( 559 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have confirmed the presence of bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway in Streptococcus mutans, which construct the streptococcus mutans gcp gene knockout strains. OBJECTIVE: To compare the gene expression differences between Streptococcus mutans wild strains and gcp mutant strains, and to screen the biofilm-related genes from them for the follow-up study. METHODS: The total RNA of two kinds of strains were extracted and stained with cy3 and cy5 respectively after reverse transcription. The gene chip was scanned after hybridization and the differential gene were obtained through the data analysis. The different expression genes were verified by real-time PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Differential genes were mainly relative about glucose metabolism and biofilm formation. We selected two genes for real-time PCR verification. The PCR results were consistent with the microarray results. After Streptococcus mutans gcp gene knockout, the gene expressions of gcp mutant strains were upregulated and the gene expressions of phosphotransferase system were downregulated, this result suggested that two different genes were related with the c-di-GMP signal pathway downstream. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cytotoxicity of dehydrated ostrich acellular corneal stroma as a carrier material Liu Xian-ning, Zhu Xiu-ping, Wu Jie, Wang Li-fang, Yin Yong 2013, 17 (33):  5995-6000.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.015 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (709KB) ( 748 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies from Shaanxi Institute of Ophthalmology have shown that ostrich cornea has the advantages to be developed into the alternatives of human corneal material.  OBJECTIVE: To determine the potential toxic effects of ostrich corneal stromal scaffold on cells. METHODS: Cell culture methods were used to culture L-929 cells in the extracts of ostrich acellular corneal stroma which was dried and dehydrated. 3-(4,5)-Dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide assay was used to evaluate the growth and proliferation of cells after cultured for 1, 2 and 3 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After the cells were cultured in the extracts of ostrich acellular corneal stroma subjected to dryness and dehydration for 1, 3 and 5 days, and the toxicity level of cultured cells was graded as level 1. The cytotoxicity test was conducted according to the “National Standard of the People's Republic of China GB/T16886.5-2003”. After cultured in the extracts of ostrich acellular corneal stroma, a small number of cells were round in shape and loosely adherent without intracytoplasmic granules, and cell lysis could be observed occasionally. The results of 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo(-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide assay showed that the ostrich acellular corneal stromal scaffold which was dried and dehydrated had level 1 of cytotoxicity and could be considered as a qualified material. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dura mater spinalis integrity may influence cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid Bai Wan-shan, Wang Xin-wei, Yuan Wen, Wang Zhan-chao, Liang Lei, Wang Hui-xue 2013, 17 (33):  6001-6004.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.016 Abstract ( 349 )   PDF (561KB) ( 428 )   Save BACKGROUND: Pathophysiological mechanisms after spinal cord injury are very complex, so there is no compressive and in-depth understanding on it. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of dura mater spinalis integrity on cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of animal models of spinal cord injury. METHODS: The white rabbit models of spinal cord injury were established using clamp compression method, and then the models were randomly divided into four groups: no dura mater spinalis defect group, dura mater spinalis defect group, dura mater spinalis defect composite with membrane repairing group and dura mater spinalis defect composite with autologous fascia repair group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect the changes of levels of cytokines (interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor α) in the cerebrospinal fluid at 30 minutes, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 36 hours after surgery.    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor α in the cerebrospinal fluid of the dura mater spinalis defect group, dura mater spinalis defect composite with membrane repairing group and dura mater spinalis defect composite with autologous fascia repair group were significantly lower than those of the no dura mater spinalis defect group at 6 hours after surgery (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor α at other time points between groups (P > 0.05). The results indicate that maintaining the integrity of dura mater spinalis of the spinal cord injury model can affect the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor α in the cerebrospinal fluid, thus inhibiting the inflammatory response. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Erythropoietin suppresses myocardial inflammatory cytokine expression in acute myocardial infarction rats Zhang Xin-jin, Jiang Fan-li, Li Jian-mei 2013, 17 (33):  6005-6012.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.017 Abstract ( 340 )   PDF (801KB) ( 403 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that inflammatory cytokines may influence the prognosis after myocardial infarction, and play an important role in the process of cardiac remodeling. The non-hematopoietic effects of erythropoietin have been confirmed: erythropoietin can reduce the inflammatory reaction through bending with the erythropoietin on the surface of target cell membrane, thus decreasing the reperfusion injury after myocardial ischemia. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on the inflammatory factor expression during cardiac remodeling in rats with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: Sprague Dawley rat models of acute myocardial infarction were established through the ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The rats were divided into five groups: sham operation group was  injected with normal saline; operation control group was injected with normal saline after modeling; SB203580 group was injected with highly selective p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 after modeling; erythropoietin group was injected with erythropoietin after modeling; the erythropoietin+SB203580 group was injected with erythropoietin+SB203580 mixed solution after modeling. The tail vein blood samples were collected before modeling, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after modeling, and then enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of interleukin-1β, interlrukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in the levels of interleukin-1β, interlrukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α between groups before modeling (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in the levels of interleukin-1β, interlrukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α between different time points in the sham operation group (P > 0.05), and the levels were highest at 1 day after modeling in the other four groups, and then decreased at 4 weeks after modeling (P < 0.05). After modeling, the level of serum cytokines in the operation control group were higher than those in the other four groups, while level of serum cytokines in the sham operation group was lower than that in the other four groups (P < 0.05); among the three groups intervened with drugs, level of serum cytokines was lower in the erythropoietin+SB203580 group (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the level of serum cytokines between erythropoietin group and SB203580 group (P > 0.05). Recombinant human erythropoietin can inhibit the expressions of inflammatory factors (interleukin-1β, interlrukin-6 and the tumor necrosis factor-α) during cardiac remodeling after rat acute myocardial infarction, and the mechanism of recombinant human erythropoietin for inhibiting the expressions of inflammatory factors may related with the transforming growth factor β1-TAK1-p38 MAPK signal pathway. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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In vitro pre-vascularized tissue-engineered bone Li Yan, Zhang Jian-she, Dong Xiu-hua 2013, 17 (33):  6013-6020.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.018 Abstract ( 514 )   PDF (620KB) ( 1042 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tissue-engineered bone, as an emerging method, is used to repair bone defects, but it is difficult to be used widely because of no nutrient metabolism of implants. Pre-vascularized tissue-engineered bone research is performed for this limitation. Forward-looking and procedural vascular construction prior to artificial grafting is perspective to supply the nutrient metabolism of implants. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the research results and developmental tendency of pre-vascularized bone engineering in vitro using a multilevel analysis. METHOD: Literature search was performed in CNKI database for Chinese literatures and PubMed database for English literatures from 2000 to 2012. The key words included “tissue-engineered bone, vascularization, implant, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, co-culture” in Chinese, and “bone engineering, endothelial cells, osteoblast, implant, cells co-culture” in English. A review addressing pre-vascularized tissue-engineered bone was completed based on retrieved literature classified according to bone physiological studies, in vitro experimental research and material research. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 60 articles were included in result analysis. Studied have documented that microvascular regeneration in normal bone tissue has an important role in osteogenesis regulation. Current bone tissue engineering research is to simulate this physiological process of vascular regeneration in the human body, and lots of in vitro studies are designed to complete this angiogenic process in bone tissue engineering. It is confirmed that in vitro pre-vascular work is used for bone tissue engineering, especially for in vivo survival and ossification of tissue-engineered bone, pointing out the developmental direction for the clinical application of tissue-engineered bone. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sclerostin monoclonal antibody in the treatment of osteoporosis Wang Zi-wei, Tian Jing 2013, 17 (33):  6021-6026.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.019 Abstract ( 1106 )   PDF (593KB) ( 1188 )   Save BACKGROUND: Sclerostin can negatively regulate the bone metabolism, and the sclerostin monoclonal antibody can antagonize the negative regulation effect, inhibit bone resorption and promote bone formation. OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism and application progress of sclerostin monoclonal antibody in the treatment of osteoporosis. METHODS: An online search of PubMed database, CNKI database, VIP database and Wanfang database between May 2005 and May 2013 was performed by the first author to search the related articles with the key words of “osteoporosis, antibody, sclerostin, Wnt, SOST” in both English and Chinese. Articles related to sclerostin monoclonal antibody were included. For the articles in the same field, those published earlier or in the authorized journals were preferred. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 170 articles were obtained after initial search, and finally 54 articles related to sclerostin monoclonal antibody were included for review according to the inclusion criteria. The sclerostin can block Wnt pathway through combining with low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6, thus inhibiting the differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts. By specifically binding to sclerostin, the sclerosin monoclonal antibody can indirectly promote bone formation and restrain bone absorption which has great significance in the treatment of osteoporosis. Meanwhile, compared with the other treatment method, the specific targeting of sclerostin and the binding specificity of sclerostin monoclonal antibody provide application advantages for the treatment of osteoporosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Degeneration and establishment of occlusal wear facets Xiao Li-yuan, Zhang Jing, Liu Hao, Luo Yun 2013, 17 (33):  6027-6033.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.020 Abstract ( 670 )   PDF (632KB) ( 508 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tooth wear is the physiological change that accompanied by a person’s life, type and nature, maxillary and mandibular occlusion status, physical status, and living environment may affect it. OBJECTIVE: To review the occurrence and development of tooth wear, as well as research on the morphology of wear surface. METHODS: The PubMed database was searched by the first author for the articles from January 1952 to December 2012. The articles on the generation of tooth wear facets, macroscopic and microscopic studies of occlusal wear facets, wear measurement method, relationship between tooth wear and oral diseases, and application of tooth wear facets in forensic research were included. The key words were “tooth, wear, diet, information, dentistry, anthropology” in English. A total of 59 articles were included according to the inclusion criteria for review. RESUTLS AND CONCLUSION: With the development of wearing, some oral clinical symptoms may occur. Just as there are no same fingerprints in the world, the individual tooth wear facet is unique. Therefore, the research on occlusal wear facets has great significance for understanding the diet habits, cultural development, age and other information, as well as for dentistry, anthropology and forensic science. The macroscopic and microscopic study of tooth wear surface can provide a large amount of individual information. The current studies on tooth wear facets cannot fully exhibit all the implicated information, so the further studies are needed. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sarcopenia, exercise and muscle reconstruction Zhu Zhi-feng 2013, 17 (33):  6034-6040.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.021 Abstract ( 928 )   PDF (570KB) ( 520 )   Save BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is the muscle loss in the elderly with aging, and it is closely related to the degradation of muscle function in the elderly. The research on the mechanism of sarcopenia as well as effect of movement intervention is developed. OBJECTIVE: To summary the mechanisms of sarcopenia cell level as well as the effect of movement intervention. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval was conducted on CNKI database and PubMed database for literatures on sarcopenia and elderly resistance training from January 2000 to December 2012. The key words were “sarcopenia, muscle, resistance training, aging, protein metabolism”. The literatures on sarcopenia, protein metabolism and resistance training were included, and the obsolete and repetitive literatures and the literatures lack of credibility were excluded. Finally, 58 literatures were included for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Resistance training can inhibit sarcopenia to a certain extent, so that to increase muscle mass in the elderly and promote the recombinant of motor units. But the recombinant is limited to the mutual conversion between the type Ⅱa and Ⅱb fibers. Resistance training combined with protein supplement can effectively promote elderly muscle reconstruction; the elderly muscle anabolic response confrontation reaction after resistance training is slower than young people, but the inflammatory response after training is stronger than younger people. However, Omega-3 has a good effect on the elimination of such inflammatory response. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Silent information regulator factor-1 regulates exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle Zhang Guo-hua 2013, 17 (33):  6041-6048.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.022 Abstract ( 610 )   PDF (573KB) ( 528 )   Save 背景：沉默信息调节因子1是新近受到体育科学领域关注的能量代谢调节因子，在运动骨骼肌线粒体生成中与其他信号分子一起发挥作用。 目的：综述沉默信息调节因子1在运动诱导骨骼肌线粒体生物合成中的作用及机制。 方法：应用计算机检索PubMed和Highwire数据库2000年1月至2013年1月有关运动、沉默信息调节因子1、骨骼肌线粒体生物合成的文献，检索词为SIRT1，AMPK，PGC-1α，mitochondrial biogenesis，skeletal muscle, exercise，限定文章语言为English。对资料进行初审，选取沉默信息调节因子1与运动诱导骨骼肌线粒体生物合成有关的文献，排除重复研究。 结果与结论：共收集相关文献165篇，排除重复研究，纳入62篇。沉默信息调节因子1作为一种NAD+依赖的去乙酰化酶，在运动中被激活，通过上调过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体辅激活因子表达而诱导骨骼肌线粒体生物合成，其分子机制涉及一磷酸腺苷激活的蛋白激酶、低氧诱导因子2α等信号分子。但近年来的一些研究对沉默信息调节因子1在骨骼肌线粒体生物合成中的作用提出了质疑，认为其并非为运动诱导的骨骼肌线粒体生物合成所必需。沉默信息调节因子1在运动诱导的骨骼肌线粒体生物合成中发挥重要调控作用，但采用蛋白和活性等不同检测方法，在实验结果上可能会造成较大差异。 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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One-legged standing with eyes closed in physical fitness testing Yuan Jin-feng, Zhang Qiu-xia, Lu A-ming 2013, 17 (33):  6049-6054.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.023 Abstract ( 6692 )   PDF (684KB) ( 3571 )   Save BACKGROUND: One-legged standing with eyes closed is a method to test the muscle strength and the ability of body balance, it is considered to be an important quality indicator for evaluation of adults and elderly balancing capability in our country. A lot of works have been done in many provinces and cities, but there is a lack of in-depth studies. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of one-legged standing with eyes closed, to analyze its problem used in the physical fitness test and to prospect the future direction of the related researches. METHODS: A computer-based search on CNKI database and Elsevier database was undertaken to identify the article of balance capacity. The key words were “eyes closed and single legged standing, balance ability, physical fitness test”. Totally articles were searched and checked primarily, and those meeting the criteria were looked up. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The standard of one-legged standing with eyes closed for the male is higher than that for the female. Some elderly just stand for a short time in the test, and thus it is difficult to distinguish the balance ability. Elderly balance is significantly lower than that in young people. The same test method for adults and elderly people is employed, but whether it is scientific or not should be further studied. Various indicators in the test of one-legged standing with eyes closed have low correlation. For the above reasons, further studies should be made before the test of one-legged standing with eyes closed becomes a valuable measurement of the balance ability in the national physique. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese herbal compound affects osteoblast proliferation and bone mineral density Yan Jun-li, Li Meng, Li Rui-yu, Wu Li-ping, Sun Yan-fu, Li Hui-long 2013, 17 (33):  6055-6060.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.33.024 Abstract ( 620 )   PDF (884KB) ( 458 )   Save BACKGROUND: Compound Chinese medicine is a kind of compound drugs with the combination of minerals, plants and animals, which play the multi-target integrated treatment effects in the treatment of bone metabolic disease through various methods. OBJECTIVE: To research the effect of compound traditional Chinese medicine on the proliferation and bone mineral density of osteoblasts, and to explore the pharmacological effect of compound traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of osteoporosis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed to analyze the effect of some compound traditional Chinese medicines on the proliferation and bone mineral density of osteoblasts that identified in the previous studies, in order to analyze the factors of compound traditional Chinese medicines that can promote the bone formation. The appropriate dose of the drugs that can promote cell proliferation and differentiation and improve the bone mineral density was screened out through the in vitro culture of osteoblasts, and then compared with the results of chemical medicines. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compound traditional Chinese medicines can promote the proliferation and    differentiation of osteoblasts and improve the bone mineral density, and have the advantages of full treatment and less side effect in the treatment of osteoporosis. But the effect of compound traditional Chinese medicines in improving the bone mineral density is less than the chemical drugs. The long-term and large-sample clinical studies should be performed to decrease the risk of osteoporotic fracture. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics