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    08 December 2017, Volume 21 Issue 34 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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    Application and biomechanical study of porous titanium alloy support rod in ankle joint injuries
    Li Da-cheng, Fu Ying, Chen Wang-jun, Feng Kua
    2017, 21 (34):  5413-5417.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.001
    Abstract ( 308 )   PDF (1048KB) ( 174 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that titanium alloy with good biocompatibility can be easily processed and synthesized to produce a porous structure with suitable pore diameter, which shows desired outcomes in the treatment of ankle injury. Its mechanical performance, however, is yet unclear.
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and biomechanical properties of porous titanium alloy support rod in ankle joint injuries.
    METHODS: The lateral ligaments of the ankle were lifted and ripped violently using a hemostatic forceps to make ankle injury models in 30 healthy Beagle dogs. Animal models were randomized into two groups: control and experimental groups (n=15 per group). A three-dimensional model of porous titanium alloy rod was established by using CAD software, and it was input into the EBM S12 system. Ti6A14V powder was added into the machine and melted layer by layer, and then made into porous cylinder rods of 4 mm in diameter and 12 mm in length. The control group used conventional repair, and the experimental group underwent repair with porous titanium alloy support rod implantation. Degree of ankle swelling, excellent/good repair rate, and electrophysiological and biomechanical properties were compared between two groups.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Ipsilateral ankle circumference showed no difference between the two groups before treatment (P > 0.05), but after repair with porous titanium alloy support rod implantation, the experimental groups had significantly lower ipsilateral ankle circumference than the control group (P < 0.05). The excellent/good rate was also significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group at 3 months after repair (P < 0.05). For the somatosensory evoked potential and electromyogram of the affected lateral ligament of the ankle, significantly lower latency and significantly higher amplitude was found in the experimental group than the control group at 3 months after repair, though there was no significant difference between the two groups before repair (P > 0.05). Maximum perturbation, elastic disturbance and damage immunity had no significant difference between the two group (P > 0.05), while the experimental group had significantly increased maximum load, elastic load, failure load and stiffness coefficient compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Overall, the porous titanium alloy support rod can achieve good outcomes in the repair of ankle injury, and help to improve the biomechanical properties of the ankle.
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    Safety and efficacy of three-dimensional shaping of titanium plate in subtemporal repair of skull defects: study protocol for a data analysis of 38 patients
    Qian Wei, Zhang Wei, Jin Hao, Zhu Yang-qing, Zou Yu
    2017, 21 (34):  5418-5422.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.002
    Abstract ( 267 )   PDF (980KB) ( 134 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Skull damage is necessary after decompressive craniectomy. Previously used autologous bone, allogeneic bone, and organic material are associated with the risk of an unsatisfactory cosmetic outcome and infection. Titanium mesh is an ideal material for cranioplasty. Digital three-dimensional shaping of titanium mesh allows it to perfectly match the skull defect and can restore the anatomic appearance of the defective area.
    OBJECTIVE: To explore the safety and effectiveness of the three-dimensional shaping of titanium plate in subtemporal repair of skull defects.
    METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the surgical and follow-up data of 38 patients with skull defects who underwent subtemporal repair using three-dimensional shaping of a titanium plate at the Department of Neurosurgery, Wujiang Hospital (The First People’s Hospital of Wujiang District), Nantong University, China, from January 2015 to December 2016. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of complications within postoperative 12 months. The secondary outcome measures were the Glasgow outcome scale score, Karnofsky performance scale score, National Institutes of Health stroke scale score, and skull computed tomography scan results at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after repair. This trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (identifier: ChiCTR-IOC-17012947) at October 11th, 2017.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Partial results have been obtained from 38 patients who have been followed up for 6 to 24 months. No complications or adverse reactions occurred. Skull computed tomography scan results revealed that the titanium mesh and nail were well fixed, the skull shape was symmetrical, and no subcutaneous effusion or intracranial hemorrhage occurred. Complications, neurological function, and imaging findings in patients with frontotemporal skull defects provide an experimental basis for three-dimensional shaping of titanium plates in subtemporal repair of frontotemporal defects.
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    Feasibility of constructing a scaffold for osteochondral tissue engineering using poly(lactide-co-glycolide) alone 
    Duan Ping-guo, Guo Run-sheng, Yu Xing-yuan, Pan Zhen, Li Xiao-feng, Li Hu1, Liu Jun, Yao Hao-qun
    2017, 21 (34):  5423-5429.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.003
    Abstract ( 356 )   PDF (5858KB) ( 182 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: To mimic physiological and functional requirements of cartilage and subcondral bone, some recent studies have fabricated bilayered scaffolds for osteochondral tissue engineering in cartilage repair. However, in cartilage repair, and little is reported on the use of a single biomaterial instead of composite biomaterials to fabricate bilayered porous scaffolds.
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biocompatibility of an integrated bilayered porous scaffold fabricated with poly(lactic-co-glycolide) (PLGA), and then to discuss its feasibility of constructing tissue-engineered osteochondral graft.
    METHODS: The integrated bilayered porous scaffolds were fabricated with PLGA by changing the ultrastructure of scaffold. In vitro, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) isolated from rabbits were seeded into the bilayered porous PLGA scaffold, co-cultured for 1 week and then observed under scanning electron microscope. After co-culturing 48 hours, the cells were stained by LIVE/DEAD Kit. In vivo, the composite of DiI-labeled BMSCs and the scaffold or the scaffold alone were implanted subcutaneously into the skin of nude mice, and the implants were taken out and stained by hematoxylin-eosin and DAPI staining at 4 and 8 weeks after implantation.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) We successfully obtained the bilayered porous scaffolds with different pore sizes (the upper layer: 100-200 μm and the lower layer: 300-450 μm) and 85% porosity. (2) In the in vitro experiment, the LIVE/DEAD staining showed that BMSCs survived well in the scaffold, and the cells adhered well to the wall of pores in all the scaffolds and extracellular matrix deposition was found under the scanning electron microscope. (3) In the in vivo experiment, shown by the hematoxylin-eosin staining, a small amount of chondrocytes formed in the fibrous tissue in the upper layer and a large amount of trabecular bones in the lower layer were found at 8 weeks after implantation in the experimental group. The close integration between the upper layer and the lower layer appeared. BMSCs could survive for 8 weeks in vivo shown by the DAPI staining. However, in the control group, a little fibrous tissue was found without chondrocytes and apparent trabecular bone, and the scaffold was partially degraded. To conclude, the integrated bilayered porous scaffold fabricated with PLGA alone has good biocompatibility, which is feasibly used in osteochondral tissue engineering. 
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    Platelet lysate combined with domestic porous tantalum promotes MG63 proliferation and activates integrin beta1/Vinculin/F-actin signaling pathway
    Sun Fu-zhai, Wang Shao-hua, Deng Hua-min, Wang Qian, Li Qi-jia, Gan Hong-quan, Wang Zhi-qiang
    2017, 21 (34):  5430-5436.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.004
    Abstract ( 357 )   PDF (6438KB) ( 149 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: The preliminary study found that domestic porous tantalum is conducive to the early adhesion and proliferation of MG63 cells, which can be used as a scaffold material for bone tissue engineering. As an optimized product of platelet-rich plasma, platelet lysate is more suitable for bone induction in the bone repair.
    OBJECTIVE: To further investigate the effect of platelet lysate and domestic porous tantalum scaffold constructs on the proliferation of MG63 cells and expression of integrin β1 (ITGβ1)/Vinculin/F-actin signaling pathway based on our previous findings.
    METHODS: MG3 cells were cultured and inoculated onto domestic porous tantalum scaffolds with the addition of 3%, 5%, 7% and 10% platelet lysates. Then, 7% as the best volume fraction of platelet lysate was screened by cell counting kit-8 method. There were four experimental groups including blank group (normally cultured MG63 cells), platelet lysate group (MG63 cells were cultured in 7% platelet lysate), porous tantalum scaffold group (MG63 cells were cultured on the domestic porous tantalum scaffold), and combined group (MG63 cells were cultured with 7% platelet lysate and porous tantalum scaffold. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the surface morphology of domestic porous tantalum and platelet lysate-porous tantalum scaffold-MG63 cell complex. Cell counting kit-8 method was used to detect the proliferation of MG63 cells. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR), immunocytochemical staining and western blot were used to detect the expression of ITGβ1, Vinculin, F-actin in MG63 cells at mRNA and protein levels.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under the scanning electron microscope, MG63 cells adhered well to the scaffold surface. Compared with the blank group, the proliferation of MG63 cells could be significantly promoted by either platelet lysate or porous tantalum scaffold (P < 0.05). Moreover, the proliferation of MG63 cells was significantly improved in the combined group compared with the other three groups (P < 0.05). Findings from qPCR, immunocytochemical staining and western blot showed the highest expression of ITGβ1, Vinculin, F-actin mRNA and protein in the combined group (P < 0.05). These results indicate that platelet lysate and the domestic porous tantalum scaffold can synergistically promote the proliferation of MG63 cells, and up-regulate the expression of ITGβ1, Vinculin and F-actin mRNA and protein. Activation of the ITGβ1/Vinculin/F-actin signaling pathway may contribute to the proliferation, adhesion and differentiation of MG63 cells.
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    A novel tissue-engineered bone scaffold carrying bone morphogenetic protein 2
    Sun Guan-wen, Wang Jian, Shi Bin, Jia Peng
    2017, 21 (34):  5437-5442.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.005
    Abstract ( 385 )   PDF (5572KB) ( 156 )   Save

    BACKGROUND: It has been confirmed that a polymer scaffold with hydroxyapatite (HA) has good biocompatibility. Chitosan that is combined with other materials, such as HA, hyaluronic acid, alginate, and potential growth factors, can be applied in tissue engineering field. Meanwhile, numerous studies have confirmed that bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) can promote the growth of osteoblasts and induce osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo. So, can we prepare a new tissue-engineered scaffold with these four kinds of materials?

    OBJECTIVE: To prepare a novel BMP-2-loaded tissue-engineered bone scaffold using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), HA and different concentrations of chitosan, and to observe the scaffold structure, hydrophilicity, and adherence to osteoblasts as well as the optimal modification concentration of chitosan.

    METHODS: (1) A tissue-engineered scaffold containing PLGA, HA and BMP-2 was prepared using the solid-liquid phase separation and modified by chitosan (0.25%, 0.5% and 1%). Additionally, PLGA/HA and PLGA/HA/BMP-2 scaffolds were prepared as controls. Scaffold structure was observed under a scanning electron microscope. The hydrophilicity of each scaffold and BMP-2 release of the PLGA/HA/BMP-2/chitosan scaffold were examined. (2) Pre-osteoblastic suspensions were seeded onto each scaffold. Cell adhesion and proliferation were detected using cell counting kit-8 at 1, 4, 7 days of cell culture. Fluorescein diacetate was used for a vital staining of cells at 7 days of cell culture. Alkaline phosphatase activity was detected at 4, 7 and 14 days of cell culture.

    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) All the scaffolds were white beaker-shaped and had porous structure with a pore size of about 100 µm, and interconnected pores were observed under the scanning electron microscope. (2) The scaffold hydrophilicity was increased with the increasing concentration of chitosan. (3) BMP-2 cumulative release amount was 44% for the PLGA/HA/BMP-2, 34% for PLGA/HA/BMP-2/0.25% chitosan, 27% for PLGA/HA/BMP-2/0.5% chitosan, and 26% for PLGA/HA/BMP-2/1% chitosan, indicating that chitosan can effectively slow the release of BMP-2. (4) Cell viability of pre-osteoblasts seeded onto the PLGA/HA/BMP-2/0.25% chitosan scaffold was highest at 7 days of cell culture. Higher cell viability of pre-osteoblasts seeded onto the PLGA/HA/BMP-2/chitosan (0.5%, 1%) scaffolds was also observed compared with two control scaffolds. After fluorescein diacetate staining, living cells with green fluorescence were evenly distributed on the scaffolds under the confocal laser microscope. (5) The alkaline phosphatase activity in cells seeded onto different scaffolds was ranked as follows: the PLGA/HA/BMP-2/0.25% chitosan scaffold > the PLGA/HA/BMP-2/0.5% chitosan scaffold > the PLGA/HA/BMP-2/1% chitosan scaffold > the PLGA/HA/BMP-2 scaffold > the PLGA/HA scaffold (P < 0.05). Taken together, the PLGA/HA/BMP-2/chitosan scaffold is suitable to release bioactive BMP-2 for stimulating cell adhesion, differentiation and proliferation, which is designed to optimize the tissue-engineered bone scaffold in bone tissue engineering strategies. And moreover, the optimal modification concentration of chitosan is 0.25%. 
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    In vitro properties of magnesium doped hydroxyapatite coating on the surface of carbon/carbon composites
    Ni Xin-ye, Xiong Xin-bo,You Rui-jin, Wu Xing-sheng, Li Wan-shuai
    2017, 21 (34):  5443-5448.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.006
    Abstract ( 331 )   PDF (1588KB) ( 146 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: In the early study, hydroxyapatite coatings containing magnesium (Mg-HA) were successfully prepared on the carbon/carbon composite surface by electromagnetic induction deposition. The effects of different induction deposition time on the morphology of Mg-HA coating were analyzed.
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the in vitro properties of Mg-HA coating on the carbon/carbon composites.
    METHODS: HA (control group) and Mg-HA (experimental group) coating were prepared on the surface of carbon/carbon composites. (1) In vitro solubility: Carbon/carbon composites with different coatings were immersed in low-glucose DMEM medium, and surface morphology, ion concentration, and coating adhesion were tested before and after immersion. (2) Cytocompatibility: Carbon/carbon composites with different coatings were respectively cultured with mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for 6 days, and cell proliferation was measured by scanning electron microscope.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) One day after soaking, sediments formed on the coating surface in both groups, but there were more sediments in the experimental group than the control group. Six days after soaking, the sediments completely covered the coating surface in the experimental group, while there were still some gaps in the control group; Ca and P were both detected on the coating surface in the two groups, and the Mg content on the coating surface was obviously higher in the experimental group than the control group. (2) Six days after soaking, the concentrations of Ca, P and Mg in the control group continued to fall; in the experimental group, the concentrations of Ca and P were also reduced gradually, but the Mg concentration arose gradually. Moreover, the Mg concentration was significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group (P < 0.05). (3) The bonding strength of the coating in the experimental group was higher than that in the control group before and after 6 days soaking. In summary, the Mg-HA coating has better bonding strength and cell compatibility.
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    A three-dimensional finite element analysis of the tip mechanical capabilities of self-ligating brackets with double wires
    Zhou Rong, He Song, Wu Xi, Bai Rui, He Han, Huang Yue
    2017, 21 (34):  5449-5454.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.007
    Abstract ( 418 )   PDF (6928KB) ( 170 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: At present, the using of self-ligating brackets is more and more extensive. But it is unclear about the rules and mechanisms underlying the tooth control by double wires in three dimensions, especially in tipping.
    OBJECTIVE: Using the finite element method to establish different three-dimensional finite models of DamonQ brackets and archwires with different sizes, and then to explore the tip mechanical properties when using double wire technique.
    METHODS: Different three-dimensional finite models of DamonQ brackets and archwires with different sizes were established by Pro/E Wildfire5.0. The models were assembled and imported to MSC.Marc.Mentat2005R3 followed by simulating the tip load, calculating torque moment and drawing the corresponding graph and histogram.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) With tipping movement of single wire, tipping moment of auxiliary single archwires was multiplied by the same size as main archwires. (2) With tipping movement of double wires, the tip moment value increased when the size of the main or auxiliary archwire increased, and the influence of the size of the auxiliary archwire was greater than that of the main archwire. (3) When the tilt angle is large, we can simply level the tooth using the main archwire first, and then precisely adjust the tooth position with double wires. And in the clinical pratice, orthodontists can choose the appropriate size of double wires according to their needs.
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    Effects of different surface treatments and binders on the bonding strength of zirconia crowns
    Qin Jing-jie, Zheng Xiang-yu, Li Rui
    2017, 21 (34):  5455-5458.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.008
    Abstract ( 556 )   PDF (842KB) ( 154 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Zirconia all-ceramic restorations have been widely used in the repair of various complicated dental or dentition defects. Considering its surface chemical inertness, zirconia bonding is extremely crucial for the clinical practice of zirconia all-ceramic restorations. Currently, there are a variety of clinically selectable bonding materials and surface treatments for dental restorations.
    OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of different surface treatments and binders on the bonding performance of zirconia.
    METHODS: Zirconia tiles with different diameters were made and randomly divided into 16 groups (n=30 per group). Super-Bond C & B, polycarboxylic acid zinc binder, Panavia F resin cements and Fuji I of glass ionomer cements were selected. The surface of zirconia was treated by four different methods, including grinding, sand blasting, silane treatment and sand blasting plus silane treatment. Zirconia tiles were bonded by different binders, placed into static distilled at 37 ℃ for 24 hours, and then the shear bond strength was detected using a universal testing machine.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) With the use of the same binder, four surface treatments showed different effects on the bonding strength (P < 0.05), and the strongest bonding strength appeared after sandblasting plus silane treatment on the zirconia surface. (2) With the use of the same surface treatment, different binders showed different effects on the bonding strength (P < 0.05). Super-Bond C & B binder exhibited the best bonding effect, followed by Panavia F resin cements and Fuji I of glass ionomer cements, and polycarboxylic acid zinc binder showed the worst bonding effect. To conclude, these four surface treatments can all enhance the bonding strength to a certain extent, and Super-Bond C & B binder with sandblasting and silane treatment can achieve the highest bonding strength on the zirconia surface.
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    Oridonin solid lipid nanoparticles inhibit proliferation of esophageal cancer cells
    Chen Xiao-qi, Jiang Jing, Chen Xin-ju, Zhang Chuan-lei, Wang Xin-ting, Ji Ai-ying
    2017, 21 (34):  5460-5466.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.009
    Abstract ( 296 )   PDF (1036KB) ( 175 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Increasing studies have shown that solid lipid nanoparticles made from traditional Chinese medicine can inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis.
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanisms of oridonin solid lipid nanoparticles (ORI-SLN) by the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway on the proliferation and apoptosis of esophageal cancer cells.
    METHODS: After 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 μmol/L ORI-SLN treated human esophageal cancer cell lines Eca-109 for 24, 48, 72 hours, the cell inhibition rate was detected by cell counting kit-8, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated. After 0, 14 μmol/L ORI-SLN treated Eca-109 cells for 48 hours, the cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The expression of Cleaved caspase3, β-catenin, C-myc, Cyclin D1 proteins was detected by western blot assay. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activator LiCl and LiCl+ORI-SLN were used to treat Eca-109 cells for 48 hours, and then the relevant indicators were reexamined. Eca-109 cells without any treatment were used as controls.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The cell inhibition rate of Eca-109 cells treated with different concentrations of ORI-SLN for 24, 48 and 72 hours was significantly higher than that at 0 hour, and the cell inhibition rate was found to increase with the prolongation of time and the increase of the concentration (P < 0.01). 14 μmol/L ORI-SLN was confirmed to result in the higher cell apoptosis and Cleaved caspase3 expression compared with the 0 μmol/L group, while the expression of β-catenin, C-myc, Cyclin D1 proteins were significantly lower than the 0 μmol/L group (P < 0.01). Cell inhibition rate, apoptosis rate and Cleaved caspase3 protein expression in the activator group and ORI-SLN+activator group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the expression of β-catenin, C-myc, Cyclin D1 protein was significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.01). The cell inhibition rate, apoptosis rate and expression of Cleaved caspase3 in ORI-SLN+activator group was significantly lower than those in the activator group, and the β-catenin, C-myc, Cyclin D1 protein expression was significantly higher than that in the activator group (P < 0.01). To conclude, ORI-SLNs can inhibit the proliferation and apoptosis of human esophageal carcinoma cell line Eca-109, and its mechanism is related to the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. 
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    Preparation and evaluation of bacterial nano-cellulose/chitosan composite tubes as potential small-diameter vascular grafts
    Li Xue, Tang Jing-yu, Bao Lu-han, Chen Lin, Hong Feng
    2017, 21 (34):  5467-5473.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.010
    Abstract ( 432 )   PDF (1642KB) ( 197 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: There are still no applicable vascular grafts for clinical replacement of the small-diameter blood vessels (< 6 mm).
    OBJECTIVE: To explore the possibility of bacterial nano-cellulose (BNC)/chitosan (CH) composite tubes as small-diameter artificial blood vessels.
    METHODS: BNC/CH tubes were fabricated by introducing chitosan (0.5%, 1%, 2%) into BNC tubes. Physicochemical properties of BNC/CH tubes were analyzed including macro-morphology, microstructure, density, water-holding capacity, burst pressure, mechanical properties, blood compatibility and cytocompatibility.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results indicated that, as compared with the BNC tubes, the water permeability of BNC/CH tubes reduced, the density and water-holding capacity increased, as well as the axial and radial mechanical performance was enhanced, but ductility and elasticity of BNC/CH tubes were weakened. Regarding blood compatibility, hemolysis ratios of BNC and BNC/CH met the requirements of medical grade composites, while the plasma recalcification time showed that anticoagulation of BNC/CH tubes was slightly weaker than that of the BNC tubes. Cell compatibility experiments showed that porcine hip artery endothelial cells stably proliferated on the inner surface of both BNC and BNC/CH tubes, but the proliferation was more obvious on the BNC surface than on the BNC/CH surface
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    Biocompatibility of bacterial nanocellulose and bacterial nanocellulose/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel tubes
    Tang Jing-yu, Bao Lu-han, Li Xue, Chen Lin, Hong Feng
    2017, 21 (34):  5474-5480.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.011
    Abstract ( 375 )   PDF (2321KB) ( 185 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Based on our previous findings, the mechanical properties of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) tubes were improved by composite with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using phase separation method. However, the biocompatibility of the composite tubes is rarely reported.
    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biocompatibility of BNC and BNC/PVA composite tubes.
    METHODS: Two types of BNC tubes (S-BNC and D-BNC) with different structures were online prepared in two bioreactors (single-silicone tube bioreactor and double-silicone tubes bioreactor respectively). BNC/PVA composites were prepared based on both BNC tubes using a phase separation method. The hemocompatibility of these tubes including hemolytic ratio, plasma recalcification and platelet adhesion were compared. Living/dead staining method was used to evaluate the cell growth after 3 and 7 days incubation since the endothelial and smooth muscle cells were seeded on the lumen surfaces of the BNC and BNC/PVA composite tubes, respectively.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Hemocompatibility: The hemolytic ratios of four kinds of tubes were all below 0.5%. The plasma recalcification time of D-BNC tube was significantly shorter than that of S-BNC tube (P < 0.05). The plasma recalcification processes of two composites were slowed as compared with corresponding BNC tubes (P < 0.05). No significant difference in plasma recalcification was detected between the two composites. The platelets adhered on the inner surface of two pure BNC tubes showed greater deformation and aggregated distribution, which led to the formation of platelet plugs. The platelet adhesion of BNC/PVA composites was dramatically reduced. The D-BNC/PVA composite tube showed more platelet adhesion than the S-BNC/PVA composite tube. (2) Cytocompatibility: Pig iliac endothelial cells could grow on the lumen surface of these four kinds of tubes. And the composites showed better growth as compared with corresponding pure BNC tubes. Human vascular smooth muscle cells could also grow on the lumen surface of four kinds of materials. As compared with the pure BNC tubes, the composites led to improvement in cell growth, and the D-BNC/PVA composite tube showed the best result. To conclude, the BNC/PVA composite tube has good hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility.
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    Experimental research on bletilla carrying exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor that promotes wound healing  
    Wang Xiao, Zhao Jing, Du Meng-ying, Sun Hai-juan, Gao Xiang-wei, Wu Ran
    2017, 21 (34):  5481-5486.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.012
    Abstract ( 291 )   PDF (1367KB) ( 135 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Bletilla bletilla striata gelatin (BSG) is found to remarkably promote the growth of granulation tissue and capillary vessels, as well as the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the wound tissue in rabbits with full-thickness skin defect of the back. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) remarkably promotes the growth of collagen fibers and the growth and dilation of capillary vessels in the wound tissue in rabbits with full-thickness skin defect of the back. However, BSG is easy to decompose under normal temperature, affecting fulfillment of its functions.
    OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of BSG carrying exogenous bFGF on wound healing.
    METHODS: Forty healthy rabbits were used to make animal models of full-thickness back skin defects, and then randomly divided into four groups, namely, group BSG+bFGF, group bFGF, group BSG and group saline. Rats in each group were subjected to the corresponding treatment once a day until the wound was completely healed. Wound healing time was recorded. Wound healing rate was detected at 3 and 10 days after modeling. Real-time PCR and western blot assay were used to detect the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, α-smooth muscle actin and type I collagen at mRNA and protein levels at 7 days after modeling.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The wound healing time in the BSG+bFGF group was shortened by 4.5, 3.0 and 2.8 days as compared with the normal saline group, BSG group and bFGF group, respectively (P < 0.05). The wound healing rates in the BSG+bFGF group were also higher than those in the other groups at 3 and 10 days after modeling (P < 0.05). Findings from both PCR and western blot assay showed higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and α-smooth muscle actin and lower expression of type I collagen in the BSG+bFGF group than the other three groups at 7 days after modeling (P < 0.05). To conclude, BSG carrying exogenous bFGF can promote wound healing, and the underlying mechanism may be to promote vascular endothelial growth factor and inhibit type I collagen. 
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    Preparation of porcine small intestinal submucosa sponge and observation of cell adhesion
    Sun Hui-zhe, Tian Wei, Zeng Liang, Qiu Jin-yun, Zhang Qian
    2017, 21 (34):  5487-8492.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.013
    Abstract ( 358 )   PDF (5656KB) ( 182 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Although the porcine small intestinal submucosa is very similar to the skin in the structure, its pore size and porosity are not beneficial to the growth of seed cells as the skin does.
    OBJECTIVE: To observe the morphological and cytocompatibility of porcine small intestinal submucosa after chemical modification using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC).
    METHODS: A porcine small intestinal submucosa sample was immersed in 3% acetic acid solution containing 0.2% pepsin to make 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% small intestine submucosa solutions. After magnetic stirring and freeze-drying, small intestinal submucosa sponge was obtained and modified by cross-linking with 50, 100, 150 mmol/L EDC. Based on the detection of pore size and water absorption, we selected the best concentrations of small intestinal submucosa and EDC, which were further used for cell culture. Passage 2 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were cocultured with the small intestinal submucosa sponge, and observed under scanning electron microscope at 1, 2, 3 weeks after co-culture.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: When cross-linked with 100 mmol/L EDC, the small intestinal submucosa sponge at a mass concentration of 1% showed a reasonable structure and good elasticity with no appearance of voids, and the pore size ranged 100-150 µm. Moreover, the small intestinal submucosa sponge at a mass concentration of 1% showed a 0.35-fold increase in the compared with that at a mass concentration of 2%, and its structure was more conducive to water flows and changes. The small intestinal submucosa sponges at a mass concentration of 3% and 4% showed no difference in the water absorbing capacity. After cross-linked with 100 mmol/L EDC, the small intestinal submucosa sponge at a mass concentration of 1% showed the best structure, pore size and water absorption, which were used for cell culture. At 3 weeks after cell culture, cell deformation was relatively intact and fast; there were many cells in the pores that were relatively large and approximately spindle-shaped, while there were less cells around the pores that were relatively small and disk-shaped. A paving stone-like alteration was observed in cells that covered the most of the scaffold surface with a large number of particle-like substances, especially in the site of cell concentration. All these findings indicate that EDC-modified small intestinal submucosa sponge has good cytocompatibility. 
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    Degradation of silk fibroin/polylactic acid composites at different proportions in mice
    Xiao Dong, Cui Xiang-yan, Wang Ping, Fang Ning, Wang Xin
    2017, 21 (34):  5493-5498.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.014
    Abstract ( 294 )   PDF (9616KB) ( 153 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: In our previous study, we prepared some silk fibroin/polyactic acid composite materials at different proportions, which are verified as tissue-engineered materials with good performance by systemic hypersensitivity test, acute toxicity test, hemolysis test, pyrogenic test, and cell co-culture experiment.
    OBJECTIVE: To study the subcutaneous degradation of silk fibroin/polylactic acid composite materials at different proportions in mice.
    METHODS: Fifty-four ICR mice were subjected to subcutaneous cystic clearance on the both sides of the spine, and then randomized into three groups. The silk fibroin/polylactic acid composites at 40:60, 50:50, and 30:70 were implanted into the cystic space, respectively. The specimens were taken out at 1, 3, 9 weeks after implantation. Histopathological staining, Masson staining, and CD34 immunohistochemical staining were performed.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Hematoxylin-eosin staining: At 9 weeks after implantation, new blood vessels gradually formed and visible fibroblasts gradually grew into the composites in the three groups. Structural collapse of the materials became more apparent, and tissues and cells further grew into the materials. The 40:60 and 50:50 composites were degraded more quickly than the other one. (3) Masson staining: At 9 weeks after implantation, mature blood vessels and collagen fibers were detectable in the three groups, which were more apparent in the 40:60 and 50:50 groups than the 30:70 group. The collagen fiber expression in the 50:50 group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups at different time after implantation (P < 0.05). (3) CD34 immunohistochemical staining: At 1-3 weeks after implantation, CD34 positive expression gradually increased in the three groups. After 9 weeks, the CD34 expression decreased in the three groups; however, the CD34 positive expression in the 50:50 group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups at different time after implantation (P < 0.05). To conclude, the silk fibroin/polylactic acid composite material at a proportion of 50:50 was degraded more quickly in mice.
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    Establishment and validation of an animal model for evaluating the effectiveness of corneal repair materials
    Han Qian-qian, Li Qing, Wang Bao-quan, Yang Zhao-peng, Wang Chun-ren
    2017, 21 (34):  5499-5505.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.015
    Abstract ( 419 )   PDF (7816KB) ( 176 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Corneal repair materials can be used as an alternative of human donor corneas to repair corneal injuries, but their evaluation of effectiveness is necessary before entering clinical trials. Unfortunately, there is no standardized method for effectiveness evaluation until now.
    OBJECTIVE: To establish and validate a corneal fungal infection model in rabbits and the corneal transplantation method.
    METHODS: Twelve New Zealand White rabbits were selected to establish a corneal fungal infection model in the left eye (experimental) and a normal control in the right eye. Two weeks after modeling, acellular porcine corneal stroma was transplanted into the left eye. After transplantation, slit lamp microscope test, corneal thickness detection, intraocular pressure measurement, confocal microscopy test and optical coherence tomography were performed. Then the degree of transparency, degree of epithelium healing, degree of edema, degree of corneal neovascularization and degree of material thawing were evaluated. The corneal pathological sections with hematoxylin-eosin staining were observed at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The corneal thickness increased significantly at 1 month after transplantation, varied slightly within 3-6 months, and became close to the normal value at 1 year. (2) The intraocular pressure of the left eye was close to normal eyes. (3) Findings from the optical coherence tomography showed that the repair materials fit well with the implantation bed at 7 days after transplantation; the transplanted area was fully covered with epithelial cells at 6 months after transplantation, and the uniform thickness of the repair material in the transplanted area was detected; the grafted cornea was restored to normal cornea at 1 year after transplantation. (4) Under the confocal microscope, the repair materials in the transplanted area were evenly spread at 1 month after transplantation; few cells migrated into the transplanted area at 6 months after transplantation; the density of epithelial cells was increased, and there were migrated cells in the transplanted cells, but the cell number was less than that of normal eyes at 1 year after transplantation. (5) The corneal repair material was almost completely transparent at 1 year after transplantation, indicating its effectiveness in the treatment of infectious corneal ulcers. No rejection occurred, indicating that the corneal healing material is well-curative. (6) At 3 months after transplantation, a large number of stromal cells migrated to the corneal substitute, and the collagen fibers in the transplanted area were arranged neatly and densely without obvious scarring and degradation. At 6 months after transplantation, the transplanted area basically recovered. At 1 year after transplantation, the transplanted area was fully restored to the normal cornea state with good biocompatibility. Our experimental findings indicate that the rabbit model of corneal fungal infection and the corneal transplantation method can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of such corneal materials.
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    Complications associated with stent-assisted coil embolization of wide-neck intracranial aneurysms
    Zhao Yu-long, Zhang Hai-feng, Dong Yu-shu, Jiang Wei, Hao Guang-zhi, Liang Guo-biao, Gao Xu
    2017, 21 (34):  5506-5512.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.016
    Abstract ( 329 )   PDF (1510KB) ( 133 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Stent-assisted coil embolization has become an important technique for the treatment of intracranial complex aneurysms. However, there is no systematic analysis of complications and prevention strategies related to this technique.
    OBJECTIVE: To systematically analyze the complications related to stent-assisted coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms during perioperative and follow-up periods and to assess the safety of this method.
    METHODS: A retrospective study of 232 consecutive patients with 239 wide-necked aneurysms who underwent stent-assisted coil embolization at the Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Command from July 2003 to December 2009 was performed. Angiographic results and clinical outcomes were evaluated. A variety of complications were analyzed. The technical feasibility of the procedure, procedure-related complications, angiographic results, clinical outcomes and follow-up angiography were evaluated.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Stenting was successful in the 236 of 239 aneurysms. Procedure-related complications included thomboembolism (n=13), intraprocedural rupture (n=8), coil protrusions (n=5), new mass effect (n=3), vessel injury (n=3), and stent dislodgement (n=2). Procedure-related morbidity and mortality was 4.3% (10/232) and 1.3% (3/232), respectively. Nonprocedural complications attributable to subarachnoid hemorrhage in 129 patients with acute ruptured aneurysms were symptomatic vasospasm (18.6%, 24/129) and shunt-dependent hydrocephalus (7.0%, 9/129). Favorable clinical outcomes (mRS 0-2) were observed in 88.3% (205/232) of the patients, and no rehemorrhage of treated aneurysms occurred. Follow-up angiography was obtained in 155 patients (159 treated aneurysms). The overall recanalization rate was 14.5% (23/159). No stenting or coiling displacement occurred during the follow-up. Delayed complications included in-stent stenosis (n=2) and penetrating artery occlusion (n=2). In conclusion, our study indicates that stent-assisted coil embolization of intracranial aneurysm is a safe technique with low morbidity and mortality rates. Thromboembolism is the main cause of procedure-related disability and death. Nevertheless, further long-term follow-up is necessary to determine the durability of these promising results. 
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    Anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under arthroscopy: tendon autografts versus allografts
    Yang Song-jie, Zhang Qing-xu, Chen Xu-biao, Lin Xiao-xu, Qiu Xue-li
    2017, 21 (34):  5513-5518.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.017
    Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (1071KB) ( 138 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Most domestic studies have shown that there are similar curative effects of allogeneic and  autogenous tendons in anterior or posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Both of them are good grafts that can achieve satisfactory outcomes.
    OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical efficacies of allogeneic and autogenous tendons in anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments reconstruction under arthroscopy.
    METHODS: A total of 100 patients with knee cruciate ligament rupture undergoing anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under arthroscopy were enrolled in this study, and randomly divided into two groups (n=50 per group): autogenous tendon group and allogeneic tendon group. The joint stability and mobility of the two groups were compared before operation and at discharge. The muscle strength recovery, Werner patellofemoral pain score and the Lysholm score of the two groups were evaluated and compared at 1, 3, 6, 9 months after discharge.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Joint stability: The Lachman test positive rates and axial shift test positive rates in the two groups after operation were significantly better than the baseline (P < 0.05). At discharge, there were no significant differences in Lachman test positive rates and axial shift test positive rates between the two groups. (2) Joint range of motion: There were no significant differences in the joint ranges of extension and flexion between the two groups after operation. (3) Follow-up visit: Muscle strength, the Werner patellar pain scores and the Lysholm scores in the two groups were significantly improved at discharge (P < 0.05), but there were no significant difference between the two groups at 1, 3, 6, 9 months after discharge. In summary, autologous hamstring tendon and allogeneic tendon have the same clinical therapeutic effects in anterior and posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction under arthroscopy, both of which can achieve good short-term outcomes.
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    Double-bundle versus single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with allogeneic tendon via single femoral tunnel
    Song Yang, Jiang Huan, Du Qing-jun, Ou Ding-qiang, Huang Ming-guang, Zeng Qiu-tao
    2017, 21 (34):  5519-5525.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.018
    Abstract ( 337 )   PDF (5762KB) ( 160 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an extremely important static structure that stabilizes the structure of the knee joint. Many scholars have found that an insufficient understanding of normal anatomical structure and biological characteristics of the ACL results in poor outcomes in the ACL reconstruction.
    OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical effects of single-bundle and double-bundle single-tunnel techniques in ACL reconstruction with allogeneic tendon.
    METHODS: (1) Anatomy research: Six fresh knee joints were used for the experiments, and X-ray, CT and MRI were taken for each sample to confirm no osteoclasia, tumor and collapse of ACL. Then the ACL was stripped from the tibial bone and used to run hematoxylin-eosin staining and observe the fiber distribution of each piece of the ACL. (2) Clinical research: A total of 40 cases of ACL arthroscopic reconstruction were involved in this study, including 19 single-bundle ones and 21 double-bundle ones. The International Knee Documentation Committee 2000 subjective knee form (IKDC2000), Tegner and Lysholm evaluations were performed in all the patients. Paired t-test was used to analyze the IKDC, Tegner and Lysholm scores before operation and at follow-up time.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Anatomy research: From the view of anatomy, there was no evidence to support the double beams of the ACL at the tibial end by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Clinical research: Forty patients (40 knee joints) were successfully followed for over 12 months, and their joint range of motion was normal. The IKDC, Tegner and Lysholm scores were all improved in both two groups after the surgery, while the Larson scores were significantly higher in the double-bundle group than the single-bundle group. To conclude, the single-tunnel double-bundle ACL reconstruction is better to restore the knee stability than the single-bundle ACL reconstruction. This is an easy operation that has the merits of operating conveniently, restoring the normal anatomy of the tibial end, and exhibiting excellent short-term therapeutic effects. However, its long-term effects are uncertain.
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    Bone morphogenetic protein-2/type I collagen hydrogels for anterior cruciate ligament injury
    Wang Zhi, Yang Da-zhi, Ouyang Jian-an, Wang Qing-he
    2017, 21 (34):  5526-5531.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.019
    Abstract ( 344 )   PDF (7547KB) ( 155 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: No conclusion has yet been drawn on the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)/collagen type I hydrogels on tendon-bone healing during the reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is inconclusive.
    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of BMP-2/collagen type I hydrogels to repair ACL injury.
    METHODS: ACL injury models were made in the right knees of 18 New Zealand rabbits. Model rabbits were randomized into three groups: blank control group with no intervention, control group with implantation of autologous semitendinosus tendon into the tibial and femoral tunnels, and experimental group with implantation of autologous semitendinosus tendon into the tibial and femoral tunnels combined with BMP-2/collagen type I hydrogel injection into the tibial tunnel. The Micro-CT, hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining of the tendon-bone interface were conducted at 3 months after implantation.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Micro-CT imaging examination: No obvious bone tissue regeneration around the tibial tunnel (at the opening site, 1 cm distant to the opening site, and at the widest site of the tunnel) was observed in the blank control group. Discontinuous bone regeneration in the tibial tunnel was found in the control group. In the experimental group, there was obvious tendon-bone regeneration and continuous bone connections in part of the tibial tunnel. (2) Hematoxylin-eosin staining: In the blank control group, sparse fibrous tissue and regenerated bone tissue were observed in the bone tunnel. In the control group, new bone tissues grew into the tendon, but the tendon and the surrounding tissue were loose, with a large amount of fibrocytes and the small new bone area. In the experimental group, a large number of new bone tissues were regenerated in the tendon, the tendon was intertwined with the surrounding bone tissues, and the area of new bone was increased. (3) Masson staining: In the blank control group the tunnel was partially filled with fat or fibrous tissues, and no tendon-bone interface appeared. In the control group, cartilage and fibrous tissues were visible on the tendon-bone interface, but the fibrous tissues were loosely arranged and had no close connection with the cartilage tissues. In the experimental group, fibrous-chondral-bone tissues were found on the tendon-bone interface, with fibrous tissues being tightly bound to the cartilage tissues, and mature bone tissues were visible below the cartilage tissue. These results indicate that BMP-2/collagen type I hydrogel is beneficial to ACL repair by strengthening the bone regeneration in the bone tunnel and the healing of tendon-bone junction.
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    Numerical simulation of hemodynamics in a bioresorbable vascular scaffold
    Zhang Ye-peng, Zhou Min, Tang Wen-hao
    2017, 21 (34):  5532-5537.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.020
    Abstract ( 437 )   PDF (2432KB) ( 142 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Stent implantation cannot only cause an adaptive change of blood vessels, but also result in intravascular hemodynamic changes, including vascular wall shear stress and disturbance flow.
    OBJECTIVE: To provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the stent design based on hemodynamics evaluation of the stented blood vessel by numerical simulation.
    METHODS: Hemodynamics of the stented vessels were simulated by three-dimensional modeling, vessel-stent coupling, mesh partioning, boundary conditions setting. Then the trends of wall shear stress on six different vascular stent models were assessed and compared.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The wall shear stress had the changing trend consistent with the inlet velocity. The wall shear stress was increased or decreased with the increase of decrease of inlet velocity, and reached or became close to the valley value when the inlet velocity was at valley value. This change rule was not affected by the structural change of the stent model. In the same stent model, the minimum wall shear stress at each point was less than 0.5 Pa, and these minimum values < 0.5 Pa lasted for different time in each cardiac cycle. In different stent models, the amount of points where the wall shear stress was less than 0.5 Pa in different cardiac cycles were in variety. To conclude, the wall shear stress at a point of the wall is positively correlated with the inlet velocity. During a cardiac cycle, at some time points, intimal hyperplasia is prone to occur in the region with the wall shear stress less than 0.5 Pa. Therefore, we should try to minimize the low wall shear stress region.
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    Characteristics of self-assembling peptide hydrogel RADA16 and its application in biomedical field 
    Zhang Ling, Yu Li-mei, Liu Yan-fei
    2017, 21 (34):  5538-5544.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.021
    Abstract ( 631 )   PDF (1288KB) ( 212 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Compared with traditional biological materials, self-assembling peptide RADA16 has gained much attention in biomedical fields such as three-dimensional cell culture, tissue repair, hemostasis and  drug/protein release for its high water content, structural stability, good biocompatibility and nontoxic degradation products.
    OBJECTIVE: To review the basic structure and properties of self-assembling peptide RADA16 and the latest progress in biomedical research.
    METHODS: CNKI, Medline and PubMed databases were retrieved by using computer to search relevant articles about self-assembling peptide RADA16 published from 2005 to 2017. The key words were “self-assembling peptide hydrogel; RADA16; scaffold; tissue repair; hemostasis; drug/protein release” in Chinese and English, respectively.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Self-assembling peptide molecules can spontaneously form unique β-strand structures and self-assembly into nanofibers under physiological media or salt solution. As a new scaffold material for tissue engineering, it not only solves the problem of incompatibility between cells and material interface, but also has the advantages of simulating the extracellular matrix effectively, enhancing cell biological activity and maintaining three-dimensional environment. The self-assembling peptide RADA16 and its derivatives not only show good prospects for development and application in three-dimensional cell culture, tissue repair, hemostasis, and drug/protein release, but also face many challenges, such as how to integrate the self-assembling peptide with bio-macromolecular material, and how to control the damage to a target.
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    Decellularized liver scaffold’s preparation and recellularization: how far is the bioartificial liver from clinical practice?  
    Su Wen-jun, Zhang Lei
    2017, 21 (34):  5545-5551.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.022
    Abstract ( 645 )   PDF (1202KB) ( 152 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: A lot of clinical studies on bioartificial liver have been launched. Decellularized liver scaffolds are known as the most promising scaffold material of artificial liver.
    OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research status of preparation, evaluation and application of three-dimensional (3D) decellularized liver scaffolds, and to discuss the future development in clinical practice.
    METHODS: The articles about 3D decellularized liver scaffolds were retrieved from PubMed and China National  Knowledge Infrastructure databases with the key words of “decellularized liver scaffolds, recellularization, bioengineered liver”, and the retrieval period was from January 2001 to November 2016. Repetitive articles were excluded, and 64 articles were included for final review.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: To prepare 3D decellularized liver scaffolds, the cells were removed from the liver tissues by chemical or physical methods for which the 3D structure of the extracellular matrix could be preserved intact. After a series of reseeding process, we could finally produce the bioartificial liver. Research has shown that when the bioartificial liver is transplanted into animals, it will compensate the function of liver within a short time. However, it still faces enormous challenges to see whether the bioartificial liver could be used in the clinic. 
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    Novel bio-mimetic receptors for early detection of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers
    Su Feng, Yun Peng, Liu Xue, Shen Xin, Li Cheng-long, Li Rong-ye
    2017, 21 (34):  5552-5557.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.023
    Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (1121KB) ( 155 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: It is still a problem to achieve early and accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, and delayed treatments often occur in a large number of patients because of late diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Therefore, the development and improvement of related bioanalytical methods are of great importance for the biomarker detection of Alzheimer’s disease which is still lack of means that are sensitive, efficient and low-cost.
    OBJECTIVE: To summarize the diagnostic methods and related biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease, and to sum up the research progress in novel biomimetic receptors for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers.
    METHODS: PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang databases were used to search articles related to the biomarker studies of Alzheimer’s disease and relevant studies about methods of biomarkers detection published from 2000 to 2016. The key words were “Alzheimer’s disease, biomarkers, detect/detecting/detection” in Chinese and English, respectively. Finally 40 articles were obtained for the review.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At present, the bioanalytical methods used for biomarker detection of Alzheimer’s disease mostly utilize antibodies as recognition and capture elements of biomarkers, but there are some limitations using traditional antibodies as detection receptors. Thus, novel biomimetic receptors can be substituted for conventional antibodies. Novel biomimetic receptors have high specificity, small size, low production costs and high product stability, and their chemical modification process is relatively convenient. Biomimetic receptors developed for protein analysis include aptamers, polypeptide receptors, peptoid receptors, molecularly imprinted polymers, nanobodies, gelsolin and cucurbit urils. Detection of biomarkers with novel biomimetic receptors instead of conventional antibodies will be more accurate and timely in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.
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    Application of bone grafting and tissue engineering scaffold in oral implantation involving maxillary sinus elevation
    Li Lin-feng, Li Yue, Li Rui-yu, Hao Yue-ling, Li Meng, Zhang Jun-hui, Dang Ying, Li Bing, Wang Wen-jie
    2017, 21 (34):  5558-5564.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.024
    Abstract ( 320 )   PDF (1036KB) ( 158 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: The persistence of bone atrophy and maxillary sinus gasification can cause a deficiency in the height of maxillary posterior teeth. It is very difficult to place dental implants at this site. Increasing bone mass in the maxilla is beneficial for dental implantation, and it is a currently accepted method to lift the maxillary sinus to compensate for bone loss.
    OBJECTIVE: To analyze the application effect of bone graft material, human working bone material and tissue engineering scaffold material in maxillary sinus elevation.
    METHODS: “Maxillary sinus elevation, dental implant, autologous bone, allograft, artificial bone, scaffold” were used as the key words in Chinese and English to retrieve relevant articles concerning materials used in maxillary sinus elevation included in PubMed and WanFang. Then, we analyzed the effects of different bone grafting materials on new bone formation, implant stability and bone-implant binding rate after maxillary sinus elevation.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Autologous bone is the gold standard of bone graft material in maxillary sinus elevation, which can ensure the bone mass and the long-term stability of implantation around the implant, but it is easy to cause secondary damage to the donor area and to produce infection. Allogeneic bone can be used as an alternative material of autogenous bone, such as deproteinized bovine bone minerals, inorganic bovine bone, etc., which can generate new bone and ensure dental implantation to achieve sufficient stability. Artificial bone materials such as hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, biphasic calcium phosphate compound, etc. have good bone conduction and can achieve a high bone-implant contact rate. Tissue-engineered bone grafts that can combine stem cells and cytokines with bio-scaffolds for maxillary sinus elevation can promote new bone formation, increase bone mass, and ensure dental implantation to achieve good stability.
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    Articular cartilage defect repair with particulated juvenile cartilage allograft: existing problems and prospects
    You Qi, Liu Yi, Duan Xiao-jun, Yang Liu, Li Yu-wan, Zhu Xi-zhong
    2017, 21 (34):  5565-5570.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.025
    Abstract ( 350 )   PDF (1115KB) ( 122 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Particulated juvenile cartilage allograft is simple and easy to obtain, and chondrocytes can migrate and proliferate as confirmed by in vitro culture. In the Unite States, this technique has been used in the repair of cartilage defects in the hip, knee, ankle, and elbow joints.
    OBJECTIVE: To review the present situation, application, and value of particulated juvenile cartilage allograft transplantation for articular cartilage repair.
    METHODS: A computer-based search of CNKI, PubMed, and Elsevier was performed for retrieving articles concerning particulated juvenile cartilage allograft transplantation for articular cartilage repair published from October 1983 to June 2017. The keywords were “allogeneic juvenile cartilage particles; cartilage tissue engineering; articular cartilage defects; repair” in Chinese and English, respectively. After initial screening of titles and abstracts and exclusion of irrelevant articles, 48 eligible articles were included in final analysis.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Although a variety of treatments for cartilage repair have achieved good clinical outcomes in short-term follow-up, improving the motor function of patients and relieving pain, patients eventually develop progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage and suffer from osteoarthritis. (2) Chondrocytes from allogeneic juvenile cartilage particles have stronger ability of proliferating and repairing cartilage defects in vitro than mature chondrocytes, and have low antigenicity, which cannot cause a strong rejection after in vivo transplantation. What’s more, particulated juvenile cartilage allograft transplantation can be performed as one-stage surgery if cartilage defects are confirmed under arthroscopy. (3) Particulated juvenile cartilage allograft transplantation has achieved good outcomes in basic and clinical studies in the United States. Its potential superiority has gradually been accepted by doctors and patients. (4) There are also risks for being contaminated and spreading diseases during the preparation of particulated juvenile cartilage allograft. This technology has been widely used in the United States, but there are rare data concerning its follow-up studies. Therefore, an investigation on its long-term follow-up is indispensable for the objective assessment of its long-term efficacy, with a view to the extensive promotion of this technology in the clinical practice.
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    A Meta-analysis on percutaneous vertebroplasty with high-viscosity and low-viscosity bone cement for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures
    Xu Min, Zhang Hong-sheng, Wang Ji, Tang Fu-yu, Huang Cheng-jun, Liang Dong-bo, Xue Hong, Xu Bao-shan
    2017, 21 (34):  5571-5576.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.026
    Abstract ( 347 )   PDF (1162KB) ( 131 )   Save
    BACKGROUND: Percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) has been proved to be effective for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF); however, bone cement leakage-related complications occur frequently.
    OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the safety and complications of PVP with high-viscosity and low-viscosity bone cement in the treatment of OVCF.
    METHODS: We performed a systematic search by computer in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library (December, 2016) and CNKI, CBM, VIP and WanFang databases from January, 2000 to December, 2016; meanwhile, the relevant Chinese and English orthopedic journals were retrieved manually. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning the use of high-viscosity and low-viscosity bone cement in the PVP for OVCF were collected and systematically reviewed using the method recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration. The Meta-analysis was performed by using the RevMan5.2.
    RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Six relevant RCTs were included, involving 554 patients (high-viscosity bone cement was used in 278 cases and low-viscosity bone cement in 276 cases). Meta-analysis results showed that postoperative pain symptoms were alleviated in all the 554 cases, and there was no significant difference in the amount of adjacent vertebral fractures between two approaches (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference in the visual analog scale score, Oswestry disability index value, Cobb angle, and bone cement leakage rate between high-viscosity and low-viscosity cement groups (P < 0.05). To conclude, PVP with either high-viscosity or low-viscosity bone cement can relieve pain rapidly in OVCF patients, and both approaches are safe and effective. However, high-viscosity bone cement has a lower cement leakage rate and better outcomes in visual analog scale score, Oswestry disability index, Cobb angle and cement leakage prevention as compared with low-viscosity bone cement.
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