Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2017, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (34): 5443-5448.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.34.006
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Received:
2017-08-23
Online:
2017-12-08
Published:
2018-01-04
Contact:
Ni Xin-ye, Second People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu Province, China
About author:
Ni Xin-ye, M.D., Associate researcher, Second People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu Province, China
Supported by:
CLC Number:
Ni Xin-ye, Xiong Xin-bo,You Rui-jin, Wu Xing-sheng, Li Wan-shuai.
2.1 涂层的形貌 通过扫描电镜观察,纯羟基磷灰石涂层由十余根棒构成一束,每根棒状晶体直径约为50 nm,长约500 nm,呈稻穗状(图1A);掺镁羟基磷灰石涂层由 5-10根棒构成一束,每根棒状晶体直径约为50 nm,长约 350 nm(图1D)。有研究认为一定数量尺寸的微孔有利于细胞的生物代谢的吸收和黏附[16]。 图1B、C、E、F为涂层于DMEM 培养液中浸泡后的扫描电镜照片,图2为能谱分析图谱,浸泡1 d后,两涂层表面已经有沉积物形成,实验组涂层表面沉积物多于对照组;浸泡6 d后,实验组涂层表面被沉积物完全覆盖,而对照组涂层表面沉积物还有部分空隙存在。经图2的能谱分析(6 d后)得到,两种涂层表面沉积物含有Ca和P元素,表明涂层表面有类骨磷灰石形成,且实验组新生涂层的镁离子含量明显高于纯羟基磷灰石涂层。对照组和实验组涂层表面类骨磷灰石的Ca/P比分别为1.667和1.535。"
2.2 涂层的X射线衍射图 图3为X射线衍射检测到两组涂层浸泡前后的数据,涂层是由小尺寸晶粒和镁离子构成,涂层浸泡前后X射线衍射衍射图谱几乎出现羟基磷灰石晶面所有的特征衍射峰[(002)、(211)、(210)、(112)、(202)、(300)、(222)、(213)]。 浸泡前,实验组涂层28.032(102)和28.841(210)处的主X射线衍射峰相互靠拢,与对照组涂层相比间距缩小了0.08°;实验组涂层32.117(112)和(300) 32.814处的主X射线衍射峰逐渐靠拢,与对照组涂层相比间距缩小了0.04°,这是因为镁离子取代钙离子,镁离子半径为0.078 nm,小于钙离子半径(0.106 nm),从而引起晶面间距变小。 浸泡后同一时间内,与对照组涂层相比,实验组涂层衍射峰(002)2θ的角度均向右偏移了0.04°,造成这一现象的原因是:镁离子掺杂入晶格内部,导致衍射峰发生偏移。"
2.3 涂层浸泡后DMEM培养基的离子浓度 涂层浸泡前后DMEM培养基中的离子浓度见表1所示。浸泡1 d后,对照组培养基中钙离子、磷离子质量浓度下降,镁离子质量浓度稍有下降;实验组培养基中钙离子、磷离子质量浓度下降,镁离子质量浓度上升。浸泡3 d后,对照组培养基中钙离子、磷离子质量浓度继续下降,镁离子质量浓度继续轻微下降;实验组培养基中钙离子、磷离子质量浓度继续下降,镁离子质量浓度继续上升。浸泡6 d后,对照组培养基中钙离子、磷离子质量浓度继续下降,镁离子质量浓度继续轻微下降;实验组培养基中钙离子、磷离子质量浓度继续下降,镁离子质量浓度继续上升。对照组浸泡1,3,6 d后培养基中的镁离子质量浓度与DMEM培养基比较差异无显著性意义(P=0.938,0.872,0.761),实验组浸泡3,6 d后培养基中的镁离子质量浓度高于DMEM培养基(P=0.02,0.01)。 两种涂层浸泡后培养基中的钙离子、磷离子质量浓度下降,与涂层表面类骨磷灰石形成从而消耗了培养基钙离子、磷离子有关;实验组培养基中镁离子质量浓度升高与掺镁羟基磷灰石涂层缓慢释放镁离子有关,因为镁离子替代钙离子可能会导致晶格缺陷或不稳定,所以修饰过的涂层更容易溶解[17],形成了含高浓度钙离子、磷离子、镁离子的培养基,最终使得在这种培养基中沉积的类骨磷灰石中也含有更多的镁离子。"
图5为两组涂层浸泡不同时间后划痕的光学形貌图,图6是相对应的临界载荷值,对照组和实验组涂层浸泡第1天的临界载荷分别为80,93 N,第3天的临界载荷分别为97,109 N,第6天的临界载荷分别为100,115 N,实验组涂层的临界载荷始终高于对照组(P=0.004,0.011,0.007)。除了浸泡第1天结合强度降低外,另外时间点观察到的结合力是提升的,这与陈海波等[19]观察到的涂层结合力持续降低结果有所不同,也有可能与他们采用的等离子喷涂技术有关[20]。此次研究使用的是电磁感应沉积法,在制备过程中没有高温产生,不会在涂层中产生内应力,使得涂层在培养基中更稳定,不易溶解。浸泡第1天后涂层结合力下降,因为在模拟体液环境中,羟基磷灰石涂层会发生一定程度的溶解[21];浸泡3,6 d后涂层结合力的提高,与在原始涂层上产生新的类骨磷灰石涂层有关,而掺镁羟基磷灰石涂层结合力提升的更快原因有可能与其表面类骨磷灰石涂层形成更快有关,因为其表面已被类骨磷灰石涂层完全覆盖,这些类骨磷灰石涂层与原始涂层一起构成了新的涂层。 "
图5为两组涂层浸泡不同时间后划痕的光学形貌图,图6是相对应的临界载荷值,对照组和实验组涂层浸泡第1天的临界载荷分别为80,93 N,第3天的临界载荷分别为97,109 N,第6天的临界载荷分别为100,115 N,实验组涂层的临界载荷始终高于对照组(P=0.004,0.011,0.007)。除了浸泡第1天结合强度降低外,另外时间点观察到的结合力是提升的,这与陈海波等[19]观察到的涂层结合力持续降低结果有所不同,也有可能与他们采用的等离子喷涂技术有关[20]。此次研究使用的是电磁感应沉积法,在制备过程中没有高温产生,不会在涂层中产生内应力,使得涂层在培养基中更稳定,不易溶解。浸泡第1天后涂层结合力下降,因为在模拟体液环境中,羟基磷灰石涂层会发生一定程度的溶解[21];浸泡3,6 d后涂层结合力的提高,与在原始涂层上产生新的类骨磷灰石涂层有关,而掺镁羟基磷灰石涂层结合力提升的更快原因有可能与其表面类骨磷灰石涂层形成更快有关,因为其表面已被类骨磷灰石涂层完全覆盖,这些类骨磷灰石涂层与原始涂层一起构成了新的涂层。 "
2.5 骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖结果 实验观察了掺镁羟基磷灰石涂层对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖的影响,在实验组涂层上的细胞增殖速度显著快于对照组(图7),含镁涂层能够显著加快骨髓间充质干细胞的生长,可能与掺镁涂层和真实骨都含有一定量的镁离子有关[6]。研究发现与纯羟基磷灰石表面相比,掺镁羟基磷灰石涂层表面更能促进前成骨细胞的体外成骨分化,在骨愈合早期能提高种植体骨结合力[22]。将纯镁棒和不锈钢棒分别植入大鼠股骨骨髓腔,2周后纯镁棒可诱导更多的新骨形成且总骨体积更多[23]。Nakano等[24-26]认为TRPM7 通道(瞬时受体电位M型7)可调节成骨细胞内镁的平衡,促进镁离子内流,增加成骨细胞增殖和迁移。骨髓间充质干细胞增殖分化的相关机制也成为国内外研究的热点[27-28]。"
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