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30 November 2016, Volume 20 Issue 49 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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A scoliosis model of bipedal female mouse induced by high-concentration osteopontin Tang Feng, Xie Ning, Wu Tao, Liu Jun, Wang Bin-bin, Wang Yang, Xu Li-zhang 2016, 20 (49):  7301-7306.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.001 Abstract ( 408 )   PDF (771KB) ( 325 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, the relevant research confirmed that increased levels of osteopontin may lead to the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The establishment of appropriate animal models of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is of great significance in the research and treatment of such diseases. OBJECTIVE: To observe the occurrence of scoliosis of the bipedal female mice induced by high concentration of osteopontin, and provide evidence for establishing ideal drug models of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS: C3H/HeJ mice of the same age were selected and randomly assigned to high-concentration osteopontin female mice (n=20) and male mice (n=20). This study also set control male mice group (n=20) and control female mice group (n=20). Mice aged 3 weeks from four groups were subjected to upper limb amputation and rat tail resection to establish bipedal mouse models. After surgery, a special cage was used to induce the upright state. High-concentration osteopontin female mice and male mice were daily intraperitoneally injected with high-concentration osteopontin (40 μg/kg). Mice in the control group were intraperitoneally injected with physiological saline. At 3 months after induction, animal spine X-ray examination was conducted to measure Cobb angle. If Cobb angle was greater than 10°, a successful induction was set. The incidence and severity of scoliosis were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In the high-concentration osteopontin female mice group, scoliosis was observed in 18 mice. Cobb angle was 16°-38°, averagely (25.8±6.7)°. In the high-concentration osteopontin male mice group, scoliosis was observed in 16 mice. Cobb angle was 11°-34°, averagely (20.9±6.8)°. In the control male mice group, scoliosis was observed in 8 mice. Cobb angle was 12°-21°, averagely (15.6±3.1)°. In the control female mice group, scoliosis was observed in 9 mice. Cobb angle was 11°-24°, averagely (17.1±4.5)°. (2) The incidence of scoliosis was significantly higher in the high-concentration osteopontin female and male mice groups than in the control female and male mice groups (P < 0.05). No significant difference in the incidence of scoliosis was detected between high-concentration osteopontin female and male mice groups (P > 0.05). However, curve magnitude was significantly severer in the high-concentration osteopontin female mice group than in the high-concentration osteopontin male mice group (P < 0.05). (3) Results suggested that the scoliosis incidence was higher and scoliosis was severer in high-concentration osteopontin-induced bipedal mice, which was more closed to human. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Bushen Yizhi Decoction on Alzheimer’s disease model rats induced by D-galactose combined with amyloid-beta 25-35 and the underlying mechanism Wang Gai-feng 2016, 20 (49):  7307-7313.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.002 Abstract ( 410 )   PDF (989KB) ( 393 )   Save BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese medicine compound has the characteristics of multiple targets, which can regulate the central nervous system through a plurality of links, and can effectively improve the cognitive function of patients. Bushen Yizhi Decoction has been proven to improve the symptoms of patients with Alzheimer’s disease, thereby improving the quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of Bushen Yizhi Decoction on learning and memory abilities in seniledementia rats induced by D-galactose combined with amyloid-beta 25-35 and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Healthy adult Sprague-Dawley rats were equivalently randomized into groups of control, model, positive drug (0.3 g/kg donepezil), high-dose drug (20 g/kg Bushen Yizhi Decoction) and low-dose drug (5 g/kg Bushen Yizhi Decoction). Model rats with Alzheimer's disease were established by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose and bilateral hippocampuses injected with amyloid-beta 25-35. After 8-week treatment with intragastric administration of Bushen Yizhi Decoction, the spatial learning and memory capacity were examined by the Morris water maze. High frequency stimulation was given on CA3 Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway, and long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 region was recorded to detect the change of synaptic plasticity in rat’s hippocampal neurons, and the levels of superoxide dismutase, malondiadehyde, monoamine oxidase B, choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholin esterase, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1 were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Morris water maze tests showed that the groups of Bushen Yizhi Decoction could remarkably improve the spatial learning and memory capacity of rats. Compared with the control group, the long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 region was significantly suppressed in model rats (P < 0.05). (2) There was no significant difference in the phase-shift amplitude between the model and the low-dose drug groups; however, the phase-shift amplitude in the high-dose drug group was significantly higher than that in the model and low-dose drug groups, high-dose drug relieved the suppression of long term potentiation, and the synaptic plasticity was significantly improved. (3) Bushen Yizhi Decoction could significantly decrease the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 and malondiadehyde as well as the activity of acetylcholin esterase, and significantly increase the activity of superoxide dismutase and choline acetyltransferase (P < 0.05). (4) These results suggest that the nootropic effect of Bushen Yizhi Decoction on the rat model of Alzheimer’s disease may be related with the inhibition of inflammation, adjustment of cholinergic nerve transmitter activity and antioxidation.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of acupuncture of “Xingnao Kaiqiao” on the behavior of an immature rat model of cerebral palsy and the underlying mechanism Lou Yuan-jun, Liu Yang, Shan Hai-jun, Cao Cai-hong, Jie Xiao-su 2016, 20 (49):  7314-7319.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.003 Abstract ( 371 )   PDF (721KB) ( 513 )   Save BACKGROUND: Acupuncture of “Xingnao Kaiqiao” can treat cerebral palsy by increasing cerebral blood flow, decreasing inflammatory reaction and promoting cerebral nerve repair. OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of acupuncture of “Xingnao Kaiqiao” on behavior of immature rats with cerebral palsy and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: (1) The immature rat model of cerebral palsy was established and then randomized into control, model and acupuncture groups. (2) The immature rats in the acupuncture group were treated with acupuncture at major points of Neiguan (P 6), Renzhong (Du 26) and Sanyinjiao (Sp 6), as well as auxiliary points of Jiquan (H 1), Chize (Lu 5) and Weizhong (UB 40), while the model and control groups received no intervention. (3) Twenty-four days later, the body mass and the time removing the mackintosh at forepassed center were measured and recorded, the spatial learning and memory ability was detected by Mortis water maze test, and the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 were detected by ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The order of the body mass gained was as follows: control group > acupuncture group > model group (P < 0.05). (2) The time removing the mackintosh at forepassed center was the longest in the model group, followed by the acupuncture group, and shortest in the control group (P < 0.05). (3) Acupuncture method significantly improved the cognitive ability of immature rats, and reduced the latency of searching for platform and swimming distance compared with the model group (P < 0.05). (4) The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 in the acupuncture group were significantly lower than those in the model group (P < 0.05). (5) In conclusion, the acupuncture of “Xingnao Kaiqiao” can improve the symptoms and cognitive ability of the immature rat model of cerebral palsy by up-regulating the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective effects of ginsenoside Rb3 on a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion injury Wu Hui-zhen, Jia Qing-zhong 2016, 20 (49):  7320-7326.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.004 Abstract ( 457 )   PDF (1071KB) ( 346 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ginsenoside Rb3 has a variety of physiological activities, which mainly reflected in the cardiovascular treatment. OBJECTIVE: To study the protective effects of ginsenoside Rb3 on the ischemia/reperfusion injury of rats. METHODS: 120 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to six groups, with 20 in each group. Rats in the model and sham operation groups were intragastrically given physiological saline 2 mL/kg•d for 2 consecutive days. Rats in the positive drug group were intragastrically given diltiazem 2 mL/kg•d for 2 consecutive days. Rats in the low-dose drug group, moderate-dose drug group and high-dose drug group were intragastrically given ginsenoside Rb3 10, 20, 30 mg/kg•d, for 2 consecutive days. At 2 days after administration, the chest of rats in the sham operation was opened, but these rats did not receive any other treatment. In other five groups, anterior descending branch of left coronary artery was ligated to establish models of ischemia/reperfusion injury. 48 hours later, we observed pathological sections of rat cardiac muscle, calculated percentage of organ coefficient and myocardial infarction area, measured the levels of serum isozyme, malondialdehyde, lactate dehydrogenase, endothelial relaxing factor, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Pathological sections: ginsenoside Rb3 significantly improved the ischemia/reperfusion injury. (2) Percentages of organ coefficient and myocardial infarction area: compared with the model group, the percentages were significantly lower in the moderate-dose and high-dose drug groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). (3) Serum indexes: compared with the model group, ginsenoside Rb3 decreased isozyme, malondialdehyde, lactate dehydrogenase and endothelial relaxing factor levels in a dose-dependent manner, but increased superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels in a dose-dependent manner. (4) Results suggested that ginsenoside Rb3 has protective effects on ischemia/reperfusion injury. Its mechanism of action may be associated with anti-lipid peroxide activities in cells, the anti-free radical effects, anti-inflammatory functions and the influence of cardiac enzymes on energy metabolism. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Ginkgo biloba Pingchan Recipe on loss and apoptosis of dopamine neurons in mouse models of Parkinson’s disease Wu Ya-dan, Liang Pei-ri, Long Deng-yi, Gao Bing-miao 2016, 20 (49):  7327-7333.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.005 Abstract ( 455 )   PDF (2022KB) ( 355 )   Save BACKGROUND: Current pharmacological research has administrated that Ginkgo biloba and its extracts can eliminate loss and apoptosis of dopamine neurons by antioxidation and nerve growth factor activation. OBJECTIVE: To confirm the effects of Ginkgo biloba Pingchan Recipe on loss and apoptosis of dopamine neurons as well as proliferation of neuroblastoma derived cell lines SH-SY5Y in mice with Parkinson’s disease. METHODS: (1) C57BL mice were randomly divided into three groups: 20 mice were modeled into Parkinson’s disease by intraperitoneal injection of MPTP for 6 weeks, and at 30 minutes before each intraperitoneal injection, mice in model group were given gavage of normal saline, mice in treatment group given Ginkgo biloba Pingchan Recipe. The other 10 mice received no any interventions as normal group. The loss and apoptosis of dopamine neurons were observed by immunohistochemistry at 15 and 30 days after modeling. (2) In vitro cultured SH-SY5Y cell lines were treated with Ginkgo biloba Pingchan Recipe. Subsequently, the cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected using MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively; PARP and PTEN mRNA and protein levels were measured through real-time PCR and western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the model group, the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons at the substantia nigra compacta of midbrain was significantly increased in a time-dependant manner in the normal and treatment groups (P < 0.05). (2) The apoptosis rate and mRNA and protein levels of PARP and PTEN in the treatment group were lower than those in the model group. These results suggest that Ginkgo biloba Pingchan Recipe can partly inhibit midbrain neuron apoptosis that may be by decreasing PTEN level. As a result, it becomes possible to prevent and treat Parkinson’s disease via protecting dopamine neurons from loss. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Vascular ultrastructure in atherosclerosis rats after carotid injury under an electron microscope Hu Ping, Chen Yi, Sheng Jing 2016, 20 (49):  7334-7340.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.006 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (2139KB) ( 378 )   Save BACKGROUND: Animal models of vascular restenosis used to be established in the normal vessels, and study on the healing results limits in the normal artery, not atherosclerosis; thereby, the model cannot accurately simulate the pathological process after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. OBJECTIVE: To establish the common carotid catheter injury model in atherosclerosis rats and to study the pathogenesis of restenosis.  METHODS: The balloon catheter injury was performed on the left common carotid artery of atherosclerosis rats with 2F balloon catheter. The dynamic changes of neointimal and media hyperplasia were observed at different time points after surgery. Meanwhile, the ultrastructure of arterial wall was observed using transmission electron microscope.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The neointima formed at 7 days, and reached a peak at 3 months, vascular lumen was seriously narrow, and abundant smooth muscle proliferation could be found in the damaged artery wall. The smooth muscle cells switched from contractile type to synthetic type at the beginning after injury, and most of cells returned to contractile type finally. These findings indicate that 2.0 balloon catheter can successfully establish the carotid injury model in atherosclerosis rats; neointima hyperplasia results in lumen stenosis after injury; furthermore, phenotype transformation, proliferation, and migration of smooth muscle cells play an important role in the process of neointima hyperplasia. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment and evaluation of the animal model of acute spinal cord injury Wu Yang-peng, Fan Xiao, Zhang Li 2016, 20 (49):  7341-7348.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.007 Abstract ( 478 )   PDF (2403KB) ( 828 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are a variety of methods for modeling spinal cord injury at home and abroad, showing their own advantages and disadvantages, but not yet a kind of objective and standardized model meeting the clinical research. OBJECTIVE: To design a simple impactor used for establishing the spinal cord injury model, then to evaluate the parameters and stability of the Allen’s spinal cord injury model through comparing with the New York University (NYU) impactor established model. METHODS: Female rats were equivalently allotted into five groups: sham-operation group (group A), self-made impactor 5 and 10 cm groups (group B1 and B2) and NYU 1.25 and 2.5 cm groups (group C1 and C2). All groups except group A were subjected to striking at different heights. Behavioral scores were detected at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after modeling. Nissl staining was used to observe the morphological changes after freezing section and semiquantitative analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) At the same time point, the behavioral scores, damaged area ratio of spinal cord and semiquantitative analysis of dorsal horn neurons showed significant differences in the group A compared with the other groups, also between groups B1 and B2, and groups C1 and C2 (P < 0.05), but no significant differences were found between groups B1 and C1, as well as groups B2 and C2 (P > 0.05). (2) In the group A, there was a clear boundary between the grey and white matter in a butterfly shape, numerous neurons with large nucleus and obvious nucleolus, and plaques or tabby of Nissl body appeared in the cytoplasm. In contrast, in the other four groups, there were few neurons, different degrees of Gore focal, swelling, demyelinating, and vacuole of cellula could be found, and Nissl body was fuzzy or disappeared. These results administrate that the self-made impactor can establish different damage degrees of spinal cord inury models, which are close to the NYU-made models. Moreover, it can be helpful for study on spinal cord injury for reasons of good stability, low cost, and operated easily. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Walking gait characteristics of adult women with different body mass indexes wearing different height heels Yan Hong-guang 2016, 20 (49):  7349.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.008 Abstract ( 461 )   PDF (767KB) ( 679 )   Save BACKGROUND: Women who wear high heels often feel discomfort that will become a potential killer; therefore, it is impending to figure out how the heel height affecting walking gait features and the biomechanics mechanism. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the walking gait features of adult women with different body mass indexes wearing different height heels. METHODS: Based on the body mass index, 20 adult women were divided into two groups: overweight and criterion groups. The walking gait features when they in flat shoes or in different height high heels were detected using three-dimensional video analysis system and plantar pressure test system, and kinematics and kinetic parameters were collected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Walking gait characteristics were normal when overweight subjects (24 kg/m2 ≤ body mass index < 28 kg/m2) in high heels with height lower than 5.3 cm; for criterion subjects (18.5 kg/m2 ≤ body mass index < 24 kg/m2, the heels height should be lower than 6.5 cm. The obviously abnormal walking gait features were visible in 8.5 cm high heels in the two groups. (2) The peak pressure intensity of the first, second and third metatarsal bones increased with heel height increasing, while the fifth metatarsal bone peak pressure showed a negative correlation with the height.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of thyroid and cardiac function in exercise-induced sudden death model rats after excessive fatigue Qian Yu, Yin Wei-yao, Li Hua 2016, 20 (49):  7356-7363.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.009 Abstract ( 491 )   PDF (3017KB) ( 365 )   Save BACKGROUND: Exercise fatigue can lead to lactic acid accumulation, metabolism decrease and energy intake disturbance following by overtraining. Further, constant development of negative superposition after overtraining will contribute to karoshi and exercise-induced sudden death. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes of rat thyroid function under excessive fatigue state and to further explore the relationship between the exercise-induced sudden cardiac death and thyroid function. METHODS: Seven rats were randomly selected from 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats as blank control group. The remaining rats were trained continuously with exhaustive loaded-swimming exercises to achieve the excessive fatigue state, and seven as fatigue group, seven as sudden death group. Rat samples were collected immediately after exercise to observe the morphology, structure and intercellular substance changes of thyroid follicular epithelial cells and cardiac muscle fibers by hematoxylin-eosin staining;   levels of serum triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and lactic dehydrogenase 2 (LDH-2) were detected by ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In the sudden death group, intermyocardiac vessels expanded extremely, some thin myocardial fibers ruptured, and severe congestion and hemorrhage occurred; thyroid follicles were in a hypochromatism with loose intercellular substance, and extensive visible vacuolization in the follicular colloid. (2) The levels of serum LDH-2 and T3 in the sudden death group were significantly higher than those in the blank control group (P < 0.05). (3) The levels of serum T4 and TSH were the highest in the fatigue group, followed by sudden death group, and lowest in the blank control group (P < 0.05). (4) These results suggest that excessive fatigue caused by long-term high-intensity training will lead to thyroid morphological abnormality and myocardial impairment. Increasing serum LDH-2 following excessive fatigue aggravates myocardial damages. Fatigue accumulation causing thyroid dysfunction, abnormal secretion of TSH, T3 and T4, may be one of the causes of exercise-induced sudden death. Exercise-induced sudden death belongs to a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and turbulence of thyroid causing cardiac structural and functional alteration may induce sudden cardiac death. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Morphological changes of myocardium and over-recovery law in model rats undergoing different intensities of periodic aerobic training Zhang Jing, Zhang Li-na, Yang Ren-jun, Hu Yao 2016, 20 (49):  7364-7370.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.010 Abstract ( 394 )   PDF (2265KB) ( 348 )   Save BACKGROUND: “Over-recovery theory” is the basic theory of sports training, but study about the visceral over-recovery is few, let alone about heart after aerobic exercise. OBJECTIVE: To observe the morphological changes of myocardial tissue in rats after different cycles of aerobic exercise, and the recovery pattern of heart function within 72 hours. METHODS: 132 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into groups of control (n=6), single-cycle (low-intensity exercise, n=42), double-cycle (moderate-intensity exercise, n=42), and triple-circle (high-intensity exercise, n=42). Rats in the latter three groups underwent 1-week adaptive swimming in accordance with the way of increasing load (from 3% to 6%), followed by aerobic exercise of swimming according to their corresponding training cycle. Subsequently, samples were collected to detect the levels of creatine kinase, superoxide dismutase, succinic dehydrogenase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase in myocardial tissue; left cardiac apex tissues after embedded section were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the control group, the morphological changes of myocardial tissue immediately after exercise became more obvious with the increasing intensity. (2) Compared with the control group, significantly increased levels of superoxide dismutase, succinic dehydrogenase and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase conld be found in the single-cycle group (P < 0.05), and showed over-recovery at 12-36 hours after exercise; all indicators were significantly increased in the double-cycle group showing over-recovery at 24-48 hours (P < 0.05); while in the triple-circle group, succinic dehydrogenase exhibited over-recovery only (P < 0.05), and each indicator level was low probably indicating over fatigue. (3) These findings suggest that compared with the triple-cycle high- intensity training, single-cycle and double-cycle training will be better, and it is advisable to undergo double-cycle aerobic exercise in practice. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of the femoral artery thrombosis model in rabbits: the arterial elasticity changes before and after thrombolysis Hu Xiao-mei, Guan Li-na, Alimina•Awen, Mu Yu-ming 2016, 20 (49):  7371-7376.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.011 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (1598KB) ( 330 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ultrasonic technology has been extensively applied to evaluate the vascular elasticity changes, but thrombosis and elasticity changes of the proximal thrombus (the artery of proximal heart, 1 cm distance from the thrombosis) after revascularization are rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the elasticity changes of the unilateral femoral artery of proximal thrombus in rabbits before and after thrombolysis utilizing ultrasonic technology. METHODS: Models of unilateral femoral artery thrombosis were successfully prepared in 30 New Zealand white rabbits, and then given thrombolytic therapy by targeted microbubbles carrying urokinase under low- frequency ultrasound. The arterial expansion coefficient, compliance coefficient, elastic coefficient, stiffness, pulse wave velocity, augment index, as well as systolic radial strain and radial strain rate before and after thrombosis and after thrombolysis were determined, respectively. REAULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with before thrombosis, the arterial elastic coefficient, stiffness, pulse wave velocity and augment index were significantly increased in contrast to the significantly decreased arterial expansion coefficient, compliance coefficient, systolic radial strain and radial strain rate after thrombosis (P < 0.05). Thrombolytic therapy significantly increased the arterial expansion coefficient, compliance coefficient, systolic radial strain and radial strain rate and eliminated the arterial elastic coefficient, stiffness, pulse wave velocity and augment index (P < 0.05). In addition, the arterial elastic coefficient, stiffness, pulse wave velocity and augment index after complete revascularization were significantly higher than those before thrombosis (P < 0.05), but there were no significant differences in the arterial expansion coefficient, compliance coefficient, systolic radial strain and radial strain rate between two groups. In conclusion, thrombosis contributes to the increased arterial stiffness and elasticity dysfunction, and thrombolytic therapy can, but not completely, improve artery elastic function. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat brain motor cortex after over fatigue-induced sudden death Yang Ren-jun, Yin Wei-yao, Li Hua 2016, 20 (49):  7377-7383.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.012 Abstract ( 335 )   PDF (2448KB) ( 453 )   Save BACKGROUND: Exercise-induced sudden death is a common phenomenon during exercising, but the mechanism is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the morphological changes of motor cortex and the expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and to explore the occurrence and regulatory mechanism of exercise-induced sudden death during the training of continuously exhaustive loaded-swimming. METHODS: Seven selected from 130 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly as blank control group and the remaining rats were modeled into over fatigue, followed by continuously exhaustive loaded-swimming with the training cycle of 36 hours. Then seven rats were killed as groups 1, 2 and 3 at 6, 9, 12 and 36 hours of exhaustive loaded-swimming and all dead rats in near several experiments in the same model without choking water in each training or within 24 hours after the 6th 36 hours of training as exercise-induced sudden death group (n=5). The morphological changes of motor cortex were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins and BDNF were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the blank control group, the morphology of motro cortex changed significantly, and the expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins and BDNF in the groups 1, 2, and 3 and exercise-induced sudden death group were significantly up-regulated (P < 0.05). (2) Moreover, in the groups 1, 2, and 3 and exercise-induced sudden death group, the expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins showed an increasing trend, especially Bcl-2; while, the expression level of BDNF increased firstly and then decreased. (3) In conclusion, the enhanced expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins and BDNF in brain motor cortex of fatigue and exercise-induced sudden death groups maybe related to the protection-inhibition mechanism. The reduced expression of BDNF in brain motor cortex may be one of the reasons inducing sudden death during over fatigue. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishing hair cell damage model in the animal Corti organ with Qi deficiency and blood stasis Peng Gui-yuan, Li Song-jian, Yang Li, Yang Chao-jie, Tan Chuan 2016, 20 (49):  7384-7390.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.013 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (2540KB) ( 459 )   Save BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese medicine holds therapeutic potential for deafness and tinnitus, but there is a lack of in-depth research about the underlying mechanism, so establishing an animal model maybe helpful to explore the mechanism. OBJECTIVE: To establish hair cell damage model in the Corti organ with Qi deficiency and blood stasis in guinea pigs, and to assess its effects. METHODS: Twelve adult guinea pigs were randomly divided into normal control and model groups by random number table method. Guinea pigs in the model group were firstly treated with the modified relieving stagnated Qi and abnormal starvation for 15 days to model Qi deficiency, and then stimulated hair cell damage with blood stasis by photochemical induction. The controls received no intervention. Subsequently, the detection of serum D-xylose content and DPOAE test were performed, and the cochlea morphology was observed under light microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The serum D-xylose content in the model group was significantly lower than that in the normal control group (P < 0.01). (2) DPOAE test revealed that the amplitudes of 1 560 and 3 125 Hz in the model group were lower than those in the normal control group and before modeling (P < 0.01). (3) In the model group, hemangiectasis and microthrombosis appeared in the spiral ligament, microvascular basement membrane and modiolus capillaries, and stria vascularis presented edema and degeneration; degeneration, necrosis or loss of hair cells were visible in the Corti organ. (4) To conclude, the model of hair cell damage in the guinea pig with Qi deficiency and blood stasis is established successfully, which will provide a research tool for figuring out the mechanism underlying the traditional Chinese medicine for treating deafness and tinnitus, especially sudden hearing loss. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment outcomes of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor in a model mouse with sepsis Feng Min, Chang Si-yuan, Xu Da-qian, Liu Gang 2016, 20 (49):  7391-7396.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.014 Abstract ( 453 )   PDF (1676KB) ( 228 )   Save BACKGROUND: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor has been shown to be used for the treatment of granulocytopenia, but its effect on sepsis is little reported. OBJECTIVE: To explore the treatment outcomes of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) for sepsis mice. METHODS: A sepsis mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide, and then given subcutaneous injection of rhGM-CSF at 6 and 30 hours after modeling. The morphological change of mouse lung tissue, CD64 expression in peripheral neutrophils, and serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 were ovserved, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUISON: (1) Complete bronchial epithelial, mild stromal hyperplasia, and a few neutrophil infiltration were found after rhGM-CSF treatment. (2) CD64 expression in peripheral neutrophils, and serum level of interleukin-10 in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the model and control groups at 1, 3 and 7 days after treatment (P < 0.05). The serum level of tumor necrosis factor-α in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group, but lower than that in the model group after 1, 3 and 7 days of treatment (P < 0.05). (4) These results show that rhGM-CSF can enhance neutrophil function and the anti-inflammatory effects in sepsis mice. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Jaw bone and periodontal capillary casting in a Wistar rat model of occlusal trauma Bi Zhen-yu, Liu Yang, Wu Bin, Xie Chun, Yang Yu-chao, Ouyang Jun 2016, 20 (49):  7397-7403.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.015 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (2161KB) ( 323 )   Save BACKGROUND: Occlusal trauma, a key factor of occurrence and development of periodontal diseases, has gradually become a hot spot of basic and clinical research. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of occlusal trauma on jaw bone and periodontal capillaries. METHODS: Forty-eight Wistar rats were enrolled and six rats were randomly selected as control group given anesthesia only. The photo-curing material was set at the 1 mm high of right mandibular molar area in 42 rats to simulate early contact inducing occlusal trauma. Periodontal capillary casting was conducted at 3 days, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after modeling (6 rats per time point); the part of the jaw including teeth and periodontal tissues were isolated, and the casting specimens were observed by scanning electron microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 3 days and 1 week after modeling, overt inflammatory reaction, slight reduction of vascular networks, and tortuous and thinner capillaries could be found, and alveolar bones had not been absorbed obviously. At 2, 3, and 4 weeks, the alveolar bones were absorbed gradually, and the capillary diameter and density were decreased markedly becoming more tortuous. The jaw bone absorption remained stable with increased capillaries at 6 weeks. Up to 8 weeks, abundant thinner capillaries appeared. These findings suggest that occlusal trauma will give rise to the morphological changes of periodontal capillaries. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of constipation induced by diphenoxylate on intestinal flora in a rat Li Gen-lin, Zhang Yan-yu, Li Han-bing 2016, 20 (49):  7404-7410.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.016 Abstract ( 454 )   PDF (2099KB) ( 622 )   Save BACKGROUND: In the previous studies, the overall index in constipation models, such as fecal output in 24 hours and intestinal tension are usually measured. However, the changes of intestinal flora are rarely involved. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of constipation on intestinal tension, pathology and microecology in the rat models of diphenoxylate-induced constipation. METHODS: Twenty SPF Wistar rats were randomly divided into blank control and model groups, followed by given 10 mg/kg diphenoxylate and distilled water by gavage once daily for 20 days, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Twenty days later, compared with the blank control group, the frequency of ileum contraction was decreased, 24-hour stool decreased, the ratio of bacteria group in the cecum changed, and structure of the colon was seriously damaged in the model group. These results suggest that constipation results in the intestinal flora disturbance remarkablely. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Histopathological features of the rat ileum after Shigella flexneri infection Luo Su-yi, Wang Xi-yun, Li Jin-tao 2016, 20 (49):  7411-7417.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.017 Abstract ( 425 )   PDF (2148KB) ( 354 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bacillary dysentery is one of the most common enteric infectious diseases in summer and autumn that is mainly caused by Shigella. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the pathological features of the rat ileum after Shigella flexneri infection. METHODS: Totally 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were enrolled and equally randomized into three groups. Rats in non-streptomycin and streptomycin groups were firstly treated with normal saline and 50 g/L streptomycin sulphate via gastric lavage, and then given gastric lavage of 9×108 CFU/mL Shigella flexneri. Rats were given no any treatment as control group. 14 days later, morphological changes of the rat ileum were observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) After Shigella flexneri infection, the rat distal ileum and rectum were characterized by mucosal edema and hemorrhage, neutrophilic granulocyte exudation, pseudomembrane formation and destruction of goblet cells with hemorrhage. There were obvious fibrin exudation on the necrotic mucosal surface that constituted the pseudomembrane with necrotic debris, leukocytes and erythrocytes. After mucosa defulvium, non-uniform and superficial ulcers were mainly visible at the mucosa. (2) The occurrence time of positive systems, temperature and body mass before and after Shigella flexneri infection showed no significant differences among rats (P > 0.05). (3) These results suggest that the rat distal ileum and rectum after Shigella flexneri infection present the characteristic morphological futures of bacillary dysentery; therefore, it can be used as the animal model to undergo in-depth research about the etiology, pathogenesis and treatment of bacillary dysentery. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning of rat C-sis gene and construction of its eukaryotic expression vector Sun Guo-fang, Ding Hao 2016, 20 (49):  7418-7424.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.018 Abstract ( 286 )   PDF (1900KB) ( 240 )   Save BACKGROUND: C-sis proto-oncogene can promote tissue repair by inducing cell proliferation and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Therefore, C-sis may play a positive role in the repair of damaged liver tissue and the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure. OBJECTIVE: To construct pcDNA3.1/C-sis eukaryotic expression vector and detect its expression in BRL cells (the normal liver cells of rats) and rat liver cells in vivo. METHODS: The full-length coding sequence of C-sis gene was cloned through real time-PCR. pcDNA3.1/C-sis eukaryotic expression vector was constructed and sequenced, followed by transfected into BRL cells using liposome and injected into the rat liver via tail vein. Finally, its expression in BRL cells and rat liver cells in vivo was identified by fluorescence quantitative PCR and western blotting. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The full length of encoding region of C-sis gene was successfully cloned. Sequencing proved that pcDNA3. 1/C-sis recombinant eukaryotic expression vector was constructed successfully. (2) The expression of C-sis was increased after transfected into BRL cells and rat liver. (3) These results provide basis for the subsequent study of the effect of C-sis gene on fulminant hepatic failure in rats. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of HSA-PEI-pcDNA-Apoptin and its effect on the proliferation of breast cancer MCF-7 cells Liu Yi-zhi, Zhao Xin-han, Lv Wei-dong, Chang Bai-ling 2016, 20 (49):  7425-7435.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.019 Abstract ( 334 )   PDF (806KB) ( 375 )   Save BACKGROUND: Apoptin is known to induce apoptosis of more than 50 kinds of tumor cells. However, efficient systems are required to deliver apoptin to the cancer cells for clinical use. OBJECTIVE: To construct human serum albumin (HSA) and Apoptin complex and transfect it to cancer cells in vitro and in vivo so as to find an efficient approach for apoptin delivery. METHODS: Polyethylenimine was used to react with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-HSA solution to synthesized HSA-PEI, and then react with pcDNA-Apoptin to construct recombinant HSA-PEI-pcDNA-Apoptin. HSA-PEI-pcDNA-Apoptin complex was transformed into MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Then the expression of apoptin was detected by western blot assay and the cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay and flow cytometry. The MCF-7 breast cancer cell xenograft model was used to detect the in vivo performance of HSA-PEI-pcDNA-Apoptin by measuring the tumor volume at 4 weeks, with saline and HSA-PEI-pcDNA as controls. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) We successfully prepared and confirmed the construction of HSA-PEI-pcDNA-Apoptin complex, which was successfully transformed into MCF-7 cells. (2) MCF-7 cells could express apoptin in the HSA-PEI-pcDNA-Apoptin group at 24 hours, but neither HSA-PEI-pcDNA group nor blank control group could express apoptin. (3) MTT assay for cell viability showed that HSA-PEI-pcDNA-Apoptin group had significantly lower optical density value than that in the other two groups (P < 0.05). (4) The tumor volume in the HSA-PEI-pcDNA-Apoptin group was significantly less than that in the other two groups (P < 0.05). (5) These findings indicate that the HSA-PEI-pcDNA-Apoptin complex markedly inhibits tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of nuclear factor-kappa B in rat models of periapical periodontitis Ye Dan-dan, Wang Ting-ting, Dong Ming, Jin Hai-wei, Niu Wei-dong 2016, 20 (49):  7431-7436.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.020 Abstract ( 260 )   PDF (1040KB) ( 281 )   Save BACKGROUND: mRNA expression level of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-?B) in periapical periodontitis has been shown to be significantly higher than that in normal periapical tissue. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of NF-?B in rats with periapical periodontitis. METHODS: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 6 weeks were enrolled to establish apical periodontitis model at the right mandibular first motar (experimental group), and the left mandibular first motar as normal control group. Five rats were randomly selected at postoperative 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks to make frozen sections of the mandibular tissue. The morphology of the periapical tissue was observed through hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the expression level and distribution of NF-?B were detected by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the apical periodontal tissue of the mandibular first molar at the right side had local inflammatory response and spread to peripheral tissues; while there was no pathological changes in the control group. (2) Immunohistochemistry results revealed that NF-?B expression increased from the 1st week to 2nd week after surgery, and then went down at the 3rd week and reached the lowest point at the 4th week; moreover, the expression level at each time exhibited significant differences (P < 0.05). The amount of NF-?B-positive cells in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). (3) These findings suggest that the expression level of NF-?B holds close correlation with the process of periapical periodontitis indicating that NF-?B may participate in the inflammatory reaction of periapical periodontitis.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intra-patient variability of tacrolimus concentration in transplant recipients: a prognostic predictor post transplantation Li Ling, Li Ning, Ai Zi-ye, Yao Ya-jun, Wei Wan-hui, He Wei-yang, Wang Yan-feng, Ye Qi-fa 2016, 20 (49):  7437-7422.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.021 Abstract ( 341 )   PDF (874KB) ( 323 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tacrolimus, a kind of calcineurin inhibitor, is widely applied in the prophylaxis of graft rejection after transplantation and various immune diseases. However, how to find an ideal balance between efficacy and safety of tacrolimus remains a difficulty. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the main determining factors affecting intra-patient variability of tacrolimus concentration and its association with transplant prognosis, thereby providing evidence for the application of intra-patient variability of tacrolimus concentration and the optimization for long-term transplant outcomes. METHODS: A computer-based search in databases of CNKI, PubMed, SpringerLink and Elsevier Science Direct in January 1996 and June 2016 using the keywords of “tacrolimus, intra-patient variability, organ transplantation, outcomes” in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally 38 eligible articles were selected for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Tacrolimus is often tested by therapeutic drug monitoring in clinic. Individualized administration of drugs by traditional valley point concentrations has not achieved an ideal therapeutic efficacy yet. Various factors influence pharmacokinetic parameters of tacrolimus and the concentration variability in vivo. Considerable researches show that the variability of tacrolimus concentration in kidney transplant recipients is a post-transplantation predictor. Tacrolimus concentration is shown to change markedly in patients, so patients should take food and nonprescription drugs prudently. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of item response theory MG-Bilog software in the analysis of instrument Chen Xin-lin1, Xu Qian1, Wen Yi2, Li Hai-wen2, Hou Zheng-kun3, Mo Chuan-wei1, Liu Feng-bin3 2016, 20 (49):  7443-7448.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.49.022 Abstract ( 348 )   PDF (815KB) ( 606 )   Save BACKGROUND: Item response theory is gradually used in the scale and questionnaire. However, the principles are profound and complicated, which makes it difficult to popularize. Therefore, the researchers have developed a series of softwares such as Bilog-MG software to deal with two-category data through writing program or clicking on the page. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the Bilog-MG software using an example. METHODS: Four items of physical role in the SF-36 scale were selected, and a total of 532 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were enrolled for analysis. The main steps of Bilog-MG software included: basic definition and analysis model, definition of item analysis and estimation methods, definition of test score, definition of the data, definition of the correct answer, saving the data, and generating grammar. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The steps of Bilog-MG software focused on the definition of the model (the number of test, grouping, items of test), definition of the analysis model (single parameter, double parameters, three parameters model), and definition of data and format. (2) The results of analysis included: item statistics, item parameter estimation values and the reliability coefficient. It also included the following graphics: item characteristic curves, item information curve and overall information curve. (3) In conclusion, the Bilog-MG software is easy to learn, and can accurately estimate the item and ability parameters. We hope Bilog-MG software can be widely used in medical research. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics