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08 January 2016, Volume 20 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Semaphorin7A intervention for titanium particles-induced apoptosis in mouse MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts Cong Yu, Ru Jiang-ying, Zhao Yun-long, Yu Lei, Bao Ni-rong, Xu Bin, Zhao Jian-ning 2016, 20 (2):  155-161.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.001 Abstract ( 284 )   PDF (760KB) ( 847 )   Save BACKGROUND: Semaphorin7A (Sema7A) is a kind of cell surface protein, which can promote the fusion of osteoclasts and the migration of osteoblasts at the same time, affecting the dynamic balance of the bone. It is speculated that Sema7A siRNA may inhibit osteoblast apoptosis induced by titanium particles. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Sema7A on the preosteoblast activity inhibited by titanium particles. METHODS:Mouse MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts at passages 6 and 7 were divided into four groups: in blank control group, MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured alone; in standard control group, cell were cultured with titanium particles; in experimental groups 1 and 2, the cells were cultured with titanium particles+Sema7A overexpression plasmids and titanium particles+Sema7A siRNA, respectively. Apoptotic rate of MC3T3-E1 cells was detected by flow cytometry; the mRNA expression of bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin and type I collagen was detected by Q-PCR; western blot assay was adopted to detect the protein expression of bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin and type I collagen; alizarin red calcium nodule staining was taken to detect the degree of osteoblast mineralization. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expressions of bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin and type I collagen were decreased in the standard control group and experimental group 1, but these expression were significantly increased in the experimental group 2 compared with the standard control group (P < 0.05). Flow cytometry results suggested that the apoptotic rate of osteoblasts in the experimental group 1 was significantly higher than that in the other groups (P < 0.05), and the apoptotic rate in the experimental group 2 was lower than that in the standard control group (P < 0.05). Alizarin red staining showed that there were no obvious mineralized nodules in the experimental group 1, but mineralized nodules formed in the experimental group 2. In brief, the genetic interference technique that inhibits the activity of Sema7A can interfere the process of mouse MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast differentiation inhibited by titanium particles, and thus provide a feasible way for the clinical treatment of wear particles-induced osteolysis using biotechnology.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Early diagnosis of experimental bone nonunion: measurement of N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and quantitative CT determination of bone mineral density Lin Jian-ping, Shen Ning-jiang, Shi Zhan-jun, Wang Jian, Xiao Jun, Wu Duo-neng, Zhang Wu 2016, 20 (2):  162-166.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.002 Abstract ( 249 )   PDF (504KB) ( 627 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, X-ray examination is mainly used for diagnosis of nonunion. However, this method that relies only on the clinician’s experience and degree of callus mineralization has less accuracy because it is vulnerable to projection, processing conditions and subjective factors. OBJECTIVE: To establish an animal model of nonunion and to detect the variation of biochemical markers and bone mineral density.   METHODS: Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups, and bone defect and fracture models were made in the midshaft of the forearm radius, respectively. X-ray examination of the forearm, quantitative CT measurement of bone mineral density and serological test were carried out before and at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12 weeks after surgery. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Postoperative X-ray films showed that the in the bone defect group, a little callus formed in three rabbits at 2 weeks, the callus formed stably at 5 weeks, but there was still no healing at 8 weeks; in the fracture group, the fracture line was blurred at 2 weeks and a large number of calluses formed at 6-8 weeks. Compared with the fracture group, the value of bone mineral density in the bone defect group began to decrease significantly at 5 weeks after surgery. Results from the serological test showed that in the bone defect group, the activity of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase increased after surgery, reached peak at 4 weeks, began to decrease at 5 weeks and became stable at 6 weeks; the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b increased after surgery, peaked at 4 weeks, then decreased and stabilized basically; the expression of N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen decreased significantly at 5 weeks after surgery and became stable at 6 weeks. These findings indicate that the systematic monitoring of changes in bone mineral density and biochemical indicators such as bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b and type I collagen N-terminal telopeptides may help to reflect the early progress of rabbit nonunion.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of jumonji domain-containing histone demethylase 2 and estrogen-related receptor alpha in postmenopausal osteoporosis Tang Hong-yu, Dong Lu-jue, Huo Shao-chuan, Guo Cheng, Zhou Chi, Chen Jian-fa, Liu Yong, Wang Hai-bin 2016, 20 (2):  167-172.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.003 Abstract ( 314 )   PDF (565KB) ( 742 )   Save   BACKGROUND: Jumonji domain-containing histone demethylase (JMJD) can promote osteoblast differentiation, and estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) can promote osteoblast differentiation and increase bone formation. However, little is reported on the association between postmenopausal osteoporosis and JMJD and ERRα. OBJECTIVE: To study the changes in the JMJD2 family expression in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS: Postmenopausal patients with osteoarthritis of the hip scheduled for total hip arthroplasty, aged 50-70 years, were enrolled, including 10 postmenopausal osteoporosis patients (experimental group) and 10 patients with no postmenopausal osteoporosis (control group). During the arthroplasty, the cancellous bone specimens from the femoral head were collected. Then, immunohistochemistry and western blot assay were used to detect expression of histone demethylase (JMJD2A, JMJD2B), histone methylation (H3K9me3, H3K36me3) and ERRα. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the experimental group, the expressions of JMJD2A, JMJD2B and ERRα were from weakly positive to positive; these expressions were significantly lower in the experimental group than the control group (P < 0.05). The expressions of H3K9me3 and H3K36me3 were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the expression of JMJD2A and JMJD2B is consistent with the expression of ERRα in the patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis, and JMJD is likely to serve as an antagonistic enzyme of osteoporosis.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteopontin promotes the expression of aggrecan and type II collagen in osteoarthritic chondrocytes of the knee joint in vitro  Zhu He-yuan, Lei Guang-hua, Gao Shu-guang, Zhang Fang-jie, Zeng Chao, Zhang Kai 2016, 20 (2):  173-178.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.004 Abstract ( 237 )   PDF (543KB) ( 609 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteopontin mRNA and protein expressions are highly correlated with the severity of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of osteopontin on the gene expression of aggrecan and type II collagen in  the human knee osteoarthritic chondrocytes in vitro. METHODS: Chondrocytes were harvested from human osteoarthritic knees and cultured in vitro. The chondrocytes were cultured with 0 (blank control group), 0.1, 1 mg/L osteopontin, respectively, for 48 hours. Real-time PCR was employed to detect the mRNA expression of aggrecan and type II collagen. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 0.1 and 1 mg/L osteopontin intervention, the mRNA expression of aggrecan and type II collagen in osteoarthritic chondrocytes was increased significantly (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression of aggrecan and type II collagen was higher in the 1 mg/L osteopontin group than the 0.1 mg/L osteopontin group (P < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA expression of aggrecan and type II collagen was positively correlated with the concentration of osteopontin (r=0.751, P < 0.01; r=0.676, P < 0.01). These findings indicate that osteopontin up-regulates the mRNA expression of aggrecan and type II collagen in osteoarthritic chondrocytes of human knee in vitro in a dose-dependent manner.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and role of osteopontin and its receptors in ligmentum flavum cells derived from patients with ossification of ligamentum flavum Xu Zheng, Zhou Sheng-yuan, Li Xue-bin, Liu Xiao-dong, Chen Xiong-sheng, Wang Zhi-qing 2016, 20 (2):  179-184.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.005 Abstract ( 249 )   PDF (559KB) ( 412 )   Save BACKGROUND: The exact pathogenesis of ossification of ligamentum flavum has not been elucidated yet. And osteopontin may be an important factor involved in the ossification of ligamentum flavum. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the expression and significance of osteopontin and its receptors, CD44 and integrin-β3, in ligamentum flavum cells between normal controls and patients with ossification of ligamentum flavum.   METHODS: Ligamentum flavum tissues were obtained from normal adult controls and adult patients with ossification of ligamentum flavum (n=8 per group) who underwent thoracic/lumbar posterior decompression surgery. Ligmentum flavum cells were separated, cultured and identified in vitro, and osteopontin, CD44, integrin-β3 were stained using immunocytochemistry method and observed under inverted phase contrast microscope. And the mRNA expressions of osteopontin, CD44, integrin-β3 were measured by RT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Immunocytochemistry results showed that the stronger positive staining for osteopontin, CD44, integrin-β3 was observed in the ossification of ligamentum flavum group than the control group (P < 0.01). The mRNA expressions of osteopontin, CD44 and integrin-β3 were also higher in the ossification of ligamentum flavum group than the control group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that osteopontin and its receptors, CD44 and integrin-β3, in ligamentum flavum cells may play an important role in ossification of ligamentum flavum.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bioreactor cultivation and mechanical stimulation for regeneration of tissue-engineered cartilage Yu Xiao-ming, Meng Hao-ye, Sun Zhen, Yin He-yong, Yuan Xue-ling, Guo Quan-yi, Peng Jiang, Wang Ai-yuan, Lu Shi-bi 2016, 20 (2):  185-190.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.006 Abstract ( 295 )   PDF (613KB) ( 359 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cartilage tissue engineering has been widely used to achieve cartilage regeneration in vitro and repair cartilage defects. Tissue-engineered cartilage mainly consists of chondrocytes, cartilage scaffold and in vitro environment. OBJECTIVE: To mimic the environment of articular cartilage development in vivo, in order to increase the bionic features of tissue-engineered cartilage scaffold and effectiveness of cartilage repair. METHODS: Knee joint chondrocytes were isolated from New Zealand white rabbits, 2 months old, and expanded in vitro. The chondrocytes at passage 2 were seeded onto a scaffold of articular cartilage extracellular matrix in the concentration of 1×106/L to prepare cell-scaffold composites. Cell-scaffold composites were cultivated in an Instron bioreactor with mechanical compression (1 Hz, 3 hours per day, 10% compression) as experimental group for 7, 14, 24, 28 days or cultured statically for 1 day as control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Morphological observations demonstrated that the thickness, elastic modulus and maximum load of the composite in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group, which were positively related to time (P < 0.05). Histological staining showed the proliferation of chondrocytes, formation of cartilage lacuna and synthesis of proteoglycan in the experimental group through hematoxylin-eosin staining and safranin-O staining, which were increased gradually with mechanical stimulation time. These results were consistent with the findings of proteoglycan kit. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that mRNA expressions of collagen type I and collagen type II were significantly higher in the experimental group than the control group (P < 0.05). The experimental group showed the highest mRNA expression of collagen type I and collagen type II at 21 and 28 days of mechanical stimulation, respectively (P < 0.05). With the mechanical stimulation of bioreactor, the cell-scaffold composite can produce more extracellular matrix, such as collagen and proteoglycan, strengthen the mechanical properties to be more coincident with the in vivo environment of cartilage development, and increase the bionic features. With the progress of tissue engineering, the clinical bioregeneration of damaged cartilage will be achieved.    中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cytokine-induced differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into nucleus pulposus-like cells under hydrostatic pressure in vitro Chen Jiang, Jia Yu-song, Liu Gen-zhe, Sun Qi, Bai Wen-bo, Wang Li 2016, 20 (2):  191-196.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.007 Abstract ( 228 )   PDF (513KB) ( 304 )   Save BACKGROUND: Differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is induced by integrated factors. In vitro interaction of cytokine complex and certain cell mechanical stimulation is carried out to further improve the efficiency of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiating into nucleus pulposus-like cells. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into nucleus pulposus-like cells induced by transforming growth factor-β1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 under hydrostatic pressure. METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from adult rats were separated, cultured and purified in vitro. Passage 3 cells were induced in vitro with transforming growth factor-β1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 under hydrostatic pressure (hydrostatic pressure group), with transforming growth factor-β1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 under normal pressure (drug group), or with normal culture medium under normal pressure (blank control group). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At day 14 after culture, polygonal nucleus pulposus-like cells were observed in the hydrostatic pressure group, but irregular cells in the drug group. There was no obvious change in the blank control group. Levels of collagen type II and DNA were higher in the hydrostatic pressure group than the other two groups. These findings indicate that the combination of transforming growth factor-β1 and insulin-like growth factor-1 can successfully induce the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into nucleus pulposus-like cells under hydrostatic pressure, and the differentiation efficiency is higher under hydrostatic pressure than under normal pressure.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of uphill or downhill running training on articular cartilage degeneration and inflammatory responses of knee osteoarthritis rats Wang Wen-sheng, Chen Wei, Shen Bao-lei, Xu Bo, Zhang Li, Jiang Zheng 2016, 20 (2):  197-201.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.008 Abstract ( 336 )   PDF (577KB) ( 542 )   Save BACKGROUND: Different training methods have different effects on primary knee osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of uphill or downhill running on articular cartilage degeneration and inflammatory responses of knee osteoarthritis rats.   METHODS: 108 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: normal control group, ovariectomized group, uphill running group (run & up), downhill running group (run & down), uphill running model group (model & up), downhill running model group (model & down). The rats in the normal control group were raised routinely with no treatment; rats in the ovariectomized group were ovarientomized and raised in routine way; rats in the run & up group and run & down group were subjected to uphill running training on the slop +15° or downhill running training on the slop -15°; rats in the model & up group and model & down group were subjected to uphill running training on the slop +15°or downhill running training on the slop -15° after ovarientomized. Training programs were as follows: 28 m/min, 60 minutes per day, 6 days per week. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the other five groups, in the model & up group, the Mankin’s score was significantly increased, indicating that articular cartilage degeneration occurred, and the peak of carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen contained in the urine had passed, at 4 weeks after modeling. At 6 weeks, the Mankin’s score of the model & down group was increased to reach the degeneration standard, but it was still lower than that of the model & up group; the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in the synovial fluid were significantly higher in the model & up and model & down groups than the other four groups. At 8 weeks, the Mankin’s score and the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were further increased in the model & up and model & down groups, especially in the model & up group. These results indicate that treadmill running exercise after ovariectomized can result in articular cartilage injury and local inflammatory responses; compared with the downhill running training, the uphill running training can cause cartilage injury earlier and more efficiently.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Localizing the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and maxillary tuberosity using Auto-CAD software Han Rui, Ma Lei, Mi Cong-bo, Wang Li, Wang Yong-liang, Zhang Qian 2016, 20 (2):  202-207.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.009 Abstract ( 281 )   PDF (515KB) ( 410 )   Save BACKGROUND: To make a better preparation for orthodontic tooth, we investigate the changes in the localization of the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and maxillary tuberosity, analyze the development of the maxilla, and detect the bone mass of the maxilla and development timing. However, the use of Auto-CAD software has not been reported to localize the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and maxillary tuberosity. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the localization and growth of the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and maxillary tuberosity in 300 children aged 4-14 years from the Han ethic group in Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. METHODS: Totally 300 children, 4-14 years of age, admitted at the Stomatological Hospital of Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, were enrolled. According to Hellman’s dental developmental staging, these children were divided into five groups: groups IIA, IIC, IIIA, IIIB, IIIC. Auto-CAD software was used to analyze the panoramic radiographs of the maxilla and mandible. The tracing of each radiograph was digitized by translating the reference points onto an X-Y coordinate system. The straight line that passed the point where the nasal septum intersected with the hard palate (point O) and the point where the medial wall of maxillary sinus intersected with the hard palate (point PA) was designated as the X axis. The straight line that was vertical to the X axis and passed through the point O at a right angle was designated as the Y axis. The X and Y coordinate values of reference point were calculated. And then O point was set as (0, 0), and the point where the posterior wall of maxillary tuberosity intersected with the hard palate (PP) was set as (PPX, PPY). Collected data were analyzed statistically to understand the changes in the localization of PA and PP at different stages of dental development. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The change of point PA had on significant differences between the five groups (α > 0.05). Point PP grew obviously in a horizontal rearward and vertical downward manner from stage IIA to IIIA; this point only presented a horizontal rearward growth from stage IIIA to IIIB and only a vertical downward growth from stage IIIB to IIIC. This period was the time of the second molar eruption, indicating that the second molar eruption is helpful to the vertical growth of the maxilla.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of myeloperoxidase, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and pentraxin-3 in the gingival crevicular fluid during maxillary canine distal movement Xu Huan-xi, Xing Hong-bo, Miao Fang, Li Ning, Qiu Jing-yi, Li Juan 2016, 20 (2):  208-212.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.010 Abstract ( 351 )   PDF (462KB) ( 419 )   Save BACKGROUND: To dynamically monitor the varying levels of inflammatory factors in the gingival crevicular fluid is helpful to assess the early effect of orthodontic tooth movement. Myeloperoxidase, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, pentraxin 3 are proven to be closely related to inflammation, but it is unclear about the levels of these three kinds of inflammatory factors as well as association of these three kinds of inflammatory factors with orthodontic tooth. OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression levels of myeloperoxidase, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and pentraxin-3 in the gingival crevicular fluid during maxillary canine distal movement and to assess their correlation with periodontal disease, canine movement distance and orthodontic force. METHODS: Twenty-one orthodontic patients were enrolled and assigned into 150 g (n=12) or 100 g (n=9) groups according to orthodontic force. The gingival crevicular fluid samples of orthodontic patients were collected before and at 4, 12, 24 hours, 7, 14 days after maxillary canine distal movement. Levels of myeloperoxidase, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and pentraxin-3 in the gingival crevicular fluid were measured and analyzed using ELISA assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: During the distal movement of maxillary canine, under orthodontic force, the level of myeloperoxidase was peaked at 4 hours and then decreased, while the expression level of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was peaked at 12 hours, and then decreased. Both myeloperoxidase and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels returned to normal at 7 days under orthodontic force. The expression level of pentraxin-3 was increased significantly under orthodontic force, peaked at 24 hours, and then decreased gradually to the normal level at 7 days. In addition, the expression levels of myeloperoxidase, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and pentraxin-3 in the gingival crevicular fluid were significantly higher under 150 g force than under 100 g force. These findings indicate that detecting varying levels of myeloperoxidase, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and pentraxin-3 in the gingival crevicular fluid is useful to assess the efficiency of orthodontic treatment and prevent adverse reactions.    中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteogenesis of alveolar bone graft: evaluation by cone beam CT Gu Yue-guang, Zhang Lai-jian, Qin Han, Xu Hong-zhi, Li Yang-fei 2016, 20 (2):  213-217.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.011 Abstract ( 379 )   PDF (422KB) ( 428 )   Save BACKGROUND: In alveolar cleft patients, the amount of bone stock after alveolar bone grafting is mostly measured and analyzed by two-dimensional imaging, which can result in a large error. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the 6-month osteogenesis of alveolar bone graft in alveolar cleft patients using cone beam CT. METHODS: Alveolar bone grafting was performed in 25 patients with unilateral complete alveolar cleft. The patients were followed up for 6 months after surgery and the osteogenesis of the bone graft was evaluated by CBCT. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After the surgery, the labial bone support was better than the palatal one. There were significant differences in the alveolar bone thickness of the cleft region and the normal region of the central incisor as well as the alveolar bone thickness of the cleft region and the normal region of the canine tooth 0 mm distant to the alveolar crest. These findings indicate that the palatal bone support is less than the labial one, and the bone support of the central incisor is not satisfactory, which provide the basis for the tooth movement in the alveolar bone grafting and the orthodontics treatment.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Anatomic and clinical significance of the anterolateral hip joint capsule and iliofemoral ligament Lin Jia-jie, Tang Yu-jin, Huang Xiu-feng, Xie Ke-gong, Huang Ke, Qiao Ning-ning 2016, 20 (2):  218-223.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.012 Abstract ( 459 )   PDF (517KB) ( 357 )   Save BACKGROUND: To repair and reconstruct the joint capsule and surrounding ligaments is one of effective methods against displacement and dislocation after total hip arthroplasty. In recent years, anterolateral total hip arthroplasty has been widely used, but little is reported on the anatomic features of the anterolateral hip joint capsule and iliofemoral ligament. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anatomic features of the anterolateral hip joint capsule and iliofemoral ligaments, thereby providing anatomic evidence for selecting and optimizing the approach for total hip arthroplasty and for clinical practice. METHODS: Thirty adult cadaver hips fixed with formalin were used for this study. The anterolateral hip joint capsule and the iliofemoral ligaments were dissected and anterolateral hip joint capsules were divided into three sections and nine parts. The average thickness of each part and the average height and width of each section were measured. The anterolateral hip joint capsule was observed by its beginning and ending, course, branch and histological features. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The anterolateral hip joint capsule was tightly connected with the iliofemoral ligaments to form a complex. The thickness of the capsule was varied. The thinnest parts of the complex were BI and BII. In addition, the average height and width of each section were different. The joint capsule originating from the anterior inferior iliac spine and acetabulum was divided into three branches and fixed on the intertrochanteric line. Understanding of the anterolateral hip joint capsule and iliofemoral ligaments may make for the approach selection, design and optimization of total hip arthroplasty.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of amyloid-beta 25-35 on expression of synapse-associated proteins in PC12 neurons Zhang Shuang, Huang Xin-yan, Liu Shuang, Li Yan-jun, Zhao Jin-cheng 2016, 20 (2):  224-229.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.013 Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (572KB) ( 333 )   Save BACKGROUND: An amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregation in the brain can induce nerve cell apoptosis, loss of synapses and functional damage. However, there is still no effective intervention. Improving the synaptic plasticity provides an important direction for the treatment of early Alzheimer’s disease. OBJECTIVE: To screen the best model of Alzheimer’s disease and to explore the expression of synapse-associated proteins in Aβ25-35-injured PC12 neurons. METHODS: PC12 cells were induced by 50 μg/L nerve growth factor to differentiate into neuronal-like cells. Then, these cells were treated with Aβ25-35 at different concentrations. Consequently, cell survival rate was detected using cell counting kit-8; neurogranin and neuregulin immunofluorescence stainings were used to observe morphological changes of model cells; western blot used to detect the expression level of neurogranin, calmodulin kinase II, postsynaptic density-95 proteins. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Over time, the survival rate of PC12 neurons induced by Aβ25-35 was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Shortened synaptic length, neuronal atrophy and sparsely interconnected neurons were visible. Expression levels of neurogranin, calmodulin kinase II and postsynaptic density-95 proteins were all down-regulated. These findings indicate that to screen the cell model of Alzheimer’s disease, the optimal concentration and interventional time of Aβ25-35 are 10 μmol/L and 48 hours, respectively.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of hemeoxygenase system on Nogo-A expression in rat oligodendrocytes in vitro after carbon monoxide poisoning Wang Xiao-hong, Wang Su-ping, Che Ju-hua, Wang Hong, Wang Cui, Wang Tao, Zhu Yan-ling 2016, 20 (2):  230-235.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.014 Abstract ( 228 )   PDF (530KB) ( 431 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cerebral white matter demyelination is outstanding in the images of delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Since Nogo-A and Nogo-receptor are expressed in onoligodendrocytes and neurons respectively, we infer that Nogo-A system is involved in brain injury after acute CO poisoning and related to delayed encephalopathy after acute CO poisoning. Endogenous CO is a gaseous messenger, which is the metabolic product of hemeoxygenase. There is no report about the CO effect on Nogo-A system till now. OBIECTIVE: To in vitro culture oligodendrocytes using endogenous CO, inhibit the activity of hemeoxygenase system using zinc protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPPIX) and observe the variation of Nogo-A in oligodendrocytes at mRNA and protein levels. METHODS: Rat oligodendrocytes cultured in vitro were divided into control, CO, ZnPPIX groups. Cells in the CO and ZnPPIX groups were treated with 1% CO directly, In the ZnPPIX group, 10 μmol/L ZnPPIX was added into the culture medium before CO treatment. The expressions of Nogo-A mRNA and protein at 6, 24, 48 hours after culture were compared. Differences in the peak levels of Nogo-A mRNA and protein between CO and ZnPPIX groups were detected using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. RESULTS: The expression levels of Nogo-A mRNA and protein were significantly higher in the CO group than the control group and reached the peak at 24 hours of culture. Compared with the CO group, oligodendrocytes cultured with ZnPPIX showed higher expressions of Nogo-A mRNA and protein at 24 hours of culture. These findings suggest that except the influence of hypoxia occurring in CO poisoning, exogenous CO increases the expression of Nogo-A in cultured oligodendrocytes in vitro, and the heme oxygenase system can inhibit the expression of Nogo-A mRNA and protein. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Phenotypic diversity of human nature and induced CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127- regulatory T cells Wang Hai-hao, Zhu Li, Yang Pei-wen, Guo Qian-nan 2016, 20 (2):  236-241.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.015 Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (548KB) ( 540 )   Save BACKGROUND: Regulatory T cells (Treg) are classified into two subsets, nature Treg (nTreg) and induced Treg (iTreg). Although there is consensus that CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127- is the widely accepted phenotype of Treg, it remains unclear what is the difference in phenotypes including cytokine patterns of nTreg and iTreg. OBJECTIVE: To understand and compare the plasticity of nTreg and iTreg and to search the exact mechanism of cytokine secretion in Tregs. METHODS: We investigated the frequency and cytokine pattern of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127-nTreg in freshly separated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of five healthy individuals using 8-color fluorescence flow cytometry (FACSCanto II). Subsequently, after 9 days of allostimulation in mixed lymphocytes, the frequency and cytokine pattern of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127-iTreg were determined and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In fresh cells, (1.5±0.70)% of CD4+ T cells were CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127- nTregs. Almost all these cells expressed interferon (IFN)-γ-, interleukin (IL)-2- or transforming growth factor-β+, and partial cells expressed IL-10+ or IL-10-. After 9-day allostimulation, the number of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127- iTreg expressing IFN-γ+, IL-2-, IL-2+, IL-10+ or TGF-β+ increased strongly. The main subsets of human nTregs were CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127-IFN-γ-IL-2-IL-10+TGF-β+ and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127-IFN-γ-IL-2-IL-10- TGF-β+ T cells. The proportion of each subset in CD4+ T cells was (1.1±0.59)% and (0.39±0.16)%, respectively. Whereas the main subsets of human iTregs were CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127-IFN-γ+IL-2-IL-10+TGF-β+ and CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127-IFN-γ+IL-2+IL-10+TGF-β+. Human nTregs were characterized as IFN-γ-IL-2- double negative, producing IL-10 and TGF-β or only TGF-β without IL-10, and not proliferating in vitro. During the allostimulation in mixed lymphocytes, IFN-γ+ iTregs proliferated remarkably. One-third of IFN-γ+ iTreg expressed IL-2+, and two-thirds of IFN-γ+ iTregs expressed IL-2, both of which produce IL-2 and TGF-β. Our results imply that CD4+CD25+FoxP3+CD127- Treg are potentially immunosuppressive probably because of their mandatory TGF-β and optional IL-10 production.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Association of gene polymorphism of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 with rheumatoid arthritis in the Chinese Han population Xie Qing-yun, Wei Meng, Fu Pei-liang, Sun Jiu-yi, Qian Qi-rong 2016, 20 (2):  242-247.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.016 Abstract ( 224 )   PDF (446KB) ( 452 )   Save BACKGROUND: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an important cytokine signaling pathway, which plays an important role in inflammatory diseases. However, it is unclear whether gene polymorphism of STAT3 is associated with rheumatoid arthritis in the Chinese Han population. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association of gene polymorphism of STAT3 with rheumatoid arthritis in the Chinese Han population. METHODS: Four tag-single-nucleotide polymorphisms (tag-SNPs) in STAT3 were selected from the Chinese Han population of HapMap database. The study was performed with 228 rheumatoid arthritis cases and 228 normal controls. Four tag-SNPs (rs12601982, rs2293152, rs8078731 and rs9912773) were examined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The frequency of GG genotype at rs9912773 was 18.9% and 10.5% respectively in rheumatoid arthritis and control groups, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). These results indicate the possible association between the STAT3 gene polymorphism at rs9912773 and the susceptibility of rheumatoid arthritis in the Chinese Han population.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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MicroRNA-491-5p is involved in the pathogenesis of degenerative lumbar scoliosis by targeting matrix metalloproteinase 9 Wang Lei, Li Tian-wang, Liu Jian-qiang, Liu Xiao-zong, Wang Zhao-guo, Tian Yan, Zhang Yong-xing, Wang Wei 2016, 20 (2):  248-253.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.017 Abstract ( 239 )   PDF (610KB) ( 490 )   Save BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs are widely involved in the regulation of protein expression, and play a critical role in many physiological and pathological processes in the body. But microRNA expression profile in degenerative lumbar scoliosis is rarely reported and understood. OBJECTIVE: To compare the microRNA expression profile in the normal intervertebral disc and degenerative lumbar scoliosis and to identify degenerative lumbar scoliosis-specific microRNAs, followed by functional validation. METHODS: Total RNA samples were extracted from the nucleus pulposus tissues of 57 patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis as experimental groups and the normal nucleus pulposus tissues of 42 patients with lumbar fractures as control group. An initial screening of differentially expressed microRNAs in the nucleus pulposus tissues by microRNA microarray was performed in 10 samples from each group. Subsequently, differentially expressed microRNAs were validated using real-time quantitative RCR. The level of differentially expressed microRNAs in the degenerative nucleus pulposus tissues was investigated. Then, the functional analysis of microRNAs in regulating collagen II expression was carried out. Western blot and luciferase reporter assay were also used to detect target genes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We identified 22 microRNAs that were differentially expressed (17 upregulated and 5 downregulated) in degenerative lumbar scoliosis patients compared with the controls. Following real-time quantitative RCR confirmation, miR-491-5p was significantly down-regulated in degenerative nucleus pulposus tissues in comparison with the controls. Moreover, its level was closely correlated with the pathological grading of disc degeneration. Overexpression of miR-491-5p promoted type II collagen expression in nucleus pulposus cells. Bioinformatics target prediction identified matrix metalloproteinase-9 as a putative target of miR-491-5p. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-491-5p directly targeted matrix metalloproteinase-9 and affected its protein expression in nucleus pulposus cells. These results show that the downregulation of miR-491-5p induces type II collagen loss by directly targeting matrix metalloproteinase-9, thereby resulting in degeneration of the intervertebral disc and degenerative lumbar scoliosis. This study also underscores the potential of miR-491-5p as a novel therapeutic target in degenerative lumbar scoliosis.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration: present and future Zhang Bin, Shi Jian-gang, Shi Guo-dong, Liu Yang, Zheng Bing, Kong Qing-jie, Wang Hai-bo, Sun Jing-chuan, Wang Yuan 2016, 20 (2):  254-260.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.018 Abstract ( 218 )   PDF (587KB) ( 866 )   Save   BACKGROUND: Intervertebral disc degeneration is one of the ancient and common clinical diseases. Its  complex pathogenesis affected by various factors, such as environment and genes, is still in debate. Because of the technical limitations, there is still no deep understanding on the molecular mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration. However, its molecular mechanism in recent years has made considerable development. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and discuss the molecular mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration, thereby providing the basis for the effective treatment. METHODS: CNKI and Medline databases were retrieved by the first author using computer to search relevant articles published from 2005 to 2015. The key words were “intervertebral disc degeneration, molecular mechanism, environmental factors, genes, matrix, degradation enzyme，inflammatory factor, biological environment, treatment” in Chinese and English, respectively. Mechanisms of intervertebral disc degeneration, involving genes, cell senescence and apoptosis, degradation enzyme and substrate, inflammatory cytokines, were summarized to explore the pathogenesis and possible effective treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 153 articles were initially retrieved and finally 52 articles were included in result analysis according to inclusive and exclusive criteria. Unique structure and biochemical properties of the intervertebral disc are easy to cause intervertebral disc degeneration. Traditionally, environmental factors, such as occupation and smoking, are considered as the main factors inducing intervertebral disc degeneration; however, more and more studies have shown that genes have the most important influence on intervertebral disc degeneration. Declined extracellular matrix, increased degradation enzymes, and overexpression of inflammatory factors can all destroy the entire structure of intervertebral disc, and accelerate the process of intervertebral disc degeneration. Effective treatment for intervertebral disc degeneration can be formulated depending on the deep understanding on its molecular mechanisms. Although there is a further understanding on the molecular medium of intervertebral disc degeneration, the complex biochemical environment within the intervertebral disc is still a great challenge to the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Notochordal cells maintain the proliferation and phenotype of chondrocyte-like cells in the disc nucleus pulposus Yang Zhe, Li Shu-wen 2016, 20 (2):  261-266.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.019 Abstract ( 251 )   PDF (593KB) ( 600 )   Save BACKGROUND: The immature disc nucleus pulposus is composed of notochordal cells, but there is no notochordal cell in the mature human intervertebral disc, in which the notochordal cells are replaced by chondrocyte-like cells. It is very important to comprehend the disappearance of the notochordal cells; however, it is still unknown at present. OBJECTIVE: To elaborate the feasibility of notochordal cells to maintain the proliferation and phenotype of chondrocyte-like cells and to induce the cartilage-like differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS: The first author used the computer to retrieve PubMed and Wanfang databases using the key words of “notochord cells; nucleus pulposus cells; identify” in English and Chinese, respectively. Totally 9 896 relevant articles published from January 1999 to August 2015 were retrieved. Repetitive studies were excluded, and finally 36 articles were in accordance with the inclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Now, the main functions of notochordal cells are to promote synthesis of extracellular matrix in the nucleus pulposus, induce directional differentiation of mesenchymal cells into nucleus pulposus cells or act as “seed cells” to form the nucleus pulposus cells. The presence and disappearance of notochordal cells is related to intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell apoptosis is involved in static compression via death receptor signals, and then leads to intervertebral disc degeneration. fas ligand can mediate the reduction of notochordal cells, and hypoxia-inducible factor can induce spinal cord injury thereby triggering cell death and complete disappearance of nucleus pulposus. The measurement and verification of immune makers of notochordal cells, CK-8, CK-18 and galectin-3, can benefit to the identification and isolation of notochordal cells, and thereby help the studies on cell growth and differentiation, function and its mechanism of apoptosis.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental progress of signal transduction pathways in knee osteoarthritis Wang Hua-min, Mi Yi-qun, Gang Jia-hong 2016, 20 (2):  267-272.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.020 Abstract ( 290 )   PDF (578KB) ( 527 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that signaling pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To elaborate the experimental progress of signal transduction pathway in knee osteoarthritis METHODS: A computer-based retrieval of PubMed, CNKI, VIP and Wanfang databases was performed to find the relevant literatures concerning experimental studies of signaling pathway in knee osteoarthritis. All data were primarily screened to exclude repeated and irrelevant articles. Articles about association between knee osteoarthritis and signal pathway were included.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 51 articles were collected, including 20 in Chinese and 31 in English. It is concluded that the signal transduction pathway related to knee osteoarthritis is mainly concentrated in the two aspects: the proliferation of chondrocytes and the apoptosis of chondrocytes. The signal transduction pathways related to the proliferation of chondrocytes mainly include Notch signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway. SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway, TLR4 signaling pathway, and MAPKs signaling pathway are associated with apoptosis in chondrocytes. Hippo-YAP signaling pathway and ERK1/2 signaling pathway have a double role in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis of chondrocytes.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cell growth factors for repair of skeletal muscle injury Wang Da-peng, Zhang Gui-mei, Luo Li-jia 2016, 20 (2):  273-278.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.021 Abstract ( 259 )   PDF (573KB) ( 411 )   Save BACKGROUND: A variety of cell growth factors are involved in skeletal muscle regeneration; moreover, these factors cooperate with each other to promote muscle repair and regeneration. OBJECTIVE: To explore the synergy mechanism of a variety of cell growth factors in promoting damage repair. METHODS: By using literature survey, Wanfang, CNKI and PubMed databases were searched for articles related to exercise-induced muscle damage and repair using the keywords of “cell growth factor; skeletal muscle damage;   repair; fibroblast growth factor” in Chinese and English, respectively. Research achievements related to exercise-induced muscle damage, molecular biological characteristics of cell growth factors and skeletal muscle injury repair are discussed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Basic fibroblast growth factor plays a basic biological role to promote cell proliferation and angiogenesis, which is the strongest cytokine known to promote cell growth and reflects a very important role in skeletal muscle repair. Epidermal growth factor is synthesized by monocytes and ectodermal cells, which is prominent to stimulate the division and proliferation of a variety of tissues and cells, enhance cell movement, division and synthesis of interstitial protein. Insulin-like growth factors are a family of insulin-like growth factor 1-related and insulin-like growth factor 2-related peptides, which can promote muscle protein synthesis, promote muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, and participate in skeletal muscle regeneration and repair, thereby accelerating wound healing of the muscles. Neurotrophic factor is a kind of trace soluble substances around sensory neurons and produced by neuron-targeted cells, which can specifically promote neuronal growth and maintenance, and promote skeletal muscle repair. But studies on the synergy mechanism of a variety of cell growth factors in the repair of exercise-induced muscle damage are just at the initial stage, and further research is necessary.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research topics of sport biomechanics: co-word analysis based on the Web of Science in 2006-2015 Xie En-li, Zhan Jian-guo, Li Yu-qiong 2016, 20 (2):  279-284.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.022 Abstract ( 320 )   PDF (539KB) ( 351 )   Save BACKGROUND: Scientific and technological literature as the main carrier which displays development of science and technology has been not used to review the research on sports biomechanics, so development of sports biomechanics is restricted. OBJECTIVE: Based on the co-word analysis of high-frequency keywords, to objectively analyze the present situation and development trend of the foreign sports biomechanics by using the multivariate statistical method. METHODS: Based on the collection of international literature on sport biomechanics from Web of Science, we explored the research topics by factor analysis, cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling analysis with the help of co-word analysis and SPSS 20.0. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: International research topics of sports biomechanics mainly include four groups: mechanics of sports injury and sports biomechanics, motor analysis and sports biomechanics, prevention of sports injury and sport biomechanics, sports rehabilitation and sports biomechanics, all of which have been analyzed deeply. Finally based on the analysis of characteristics of research topics, we make a prospect of sports biomechanics in China in combination with China’s national condition.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Individualized function evaluation and monitoring by blood biochemistry and brain function monitoring in athletes Li Zhi, Hong Ping, Wu Ying, Zhang Liang, Li Duan-ying 2016, 20 (2):  285-291.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.023 Abstract ( 273 )   PDF (668KB) ( 417 )   Save BACKGROUND: Due to the differences of sport events and individual metabolic characteristics of athletes, it is difficult to establish uniform biological indexes for training monitoring. Current individual evaluation is a longitudinal analysis relying on experience or numerical variation width, which is less objective. OBJECTIVE: To explore the individual function assessment and monitoring by monitoring blood biochemical indexes and brain function indexes in elite gymnasts, in order to accurately reflect the body changes resulting from training loads. METHODS: Thirty gymnasts from the Chinese national gymnastics team preparing for London Olympic Games were enrolled in this study and monitored from the last winter training until the London Olympic Games. The blood biochemical indicators and brain function indicators were measured and assessed individually according to according to the principle of quality control (alert value=mean±SD, and controlled variable=mean±2SD).  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under the relatively uniform test conditions, it is feasible to individually assess the blood biochemical and brain function indexes of elite gymnasts in accordance with the principle of quality control, which is more accurate and objective to reflect the body changes under training load and the current state of athletes. In addition, the combined monitoring of blood biochemical indexes and brain function indexes is more comprehensive to evaluate the body function and status of elite gymnasts.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the cardiopulmonary function: cardiopulmonary exercise test versus 6-minute stair climbing and descending test Guo Hui, Sun Jing-quan, Zhang Yi-min 2016, 20 (2):  292-296.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.024 Abstract ( 323 )   PDF (526KB) ( 729 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cardiopulmonary exercise test plays a significant role in the evaluation of cardiopulmonary function, but it is limited by expensive equipments and professional personnel, and moreover, the subjects need to bear the maximal exercise intensity. As a result, it is extremely urgent to find a submaximal exercise test characterized by simple operation, low cost and easy to be popularized and used. OBJECTIVE: To compare the maximal oxygen uptake in cardiopulmonary exercise test and 6-minute stair climbing and descending test. METHODS: Sixty-seven volunteers were recruited to undergo the cardiopulmonary exercise test using the Bruce protocol, and then, the maximal oxygen uptake was detected. After that, all the participants were subjected to  6-minute stair climbing and descending test, followed by determination of the maximal oxygen uptake. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The maximal oxygen uptake in the cardiopulmonary exercise test was significantly higher than that in the 6-minute stair climbing and descending test (P < 0.01), and there was a highly positive correlation and consistency between the maximal oxygen uptakes in the two tests (r=0.911, P < 0.01). Therefore, 6-minute stair climbing and descending test can be used to detect the maximal oxygen uptake, which may become an effective method for evaluating cardiopulmonary function.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effectiveness of Tai Chi on movement, emotion and quality of life in patients with stroke: a Meta-analysis  Qin Lin, Wei Xia, Liu Li, Zhu Huan 2016, 20 (2):  297-303.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.02.025 Abstract ( 431 )   PDF (529KB) ( 493 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tai Chi exercise can relax the affected muscle of patients, increase muscle flexibility and strength, promote normal movement patterns of stroke patients, inhibit abnormal posture and spasm patterns, improve patient motion control and balance function. OBJECTIVE: To systematically assess the effectiveness of Tai Chi on the movement, emotional disorder and quality of life in patients with stroke. METHODS: All extracted data from databases of PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, EBSCO, Google Scholar, CNKI, VIP and Wangfang were obtained, which were the randomized controlled trials addressing the effects of Tai Chi on the movement, emotional disorder and quality of life in patients with stroke. The retrieval time was from database establishment to July 1st, 2015. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two reviewers independently screened, extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the included literatures. Then the meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 15 randomized controlled trials involving 1016 patients were included. The results of Meta-analysis suggested that: Tai Chi was superior to the conventional rehabilitation in improvement of balance function [mean difference (MD)=7.87, 95% confidence interval (CI) (4.56, 11.18), P < 0.000 01], gait speed [MD=0.27, 95%CI (0.04, 3.94), P=0.02], anxiety [standardized mean difference (SMD)=-0.47, 95%CI (-0.89, -0.04), P=0.03] and quality of life [SMD=0.65, 95%CI (0.10, 1.19), P=0.02], and there were statistical differences. But there was no statistically significant difference in the improvement of depression and functional walking ability. These findings indicate that Tai Chi is superior to the conventional rehabilitation in the improvement of balance function, gait speed, anxiety and quality of life. However, large-sample, high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to provide more reliable evidence for the effect of Tai Chi in depression and functional walking ability.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics