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01 January 2016, Volume 20 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Alveolar bone defect repair using autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with platelet-rich fibrin Li Shu-hui, Dai Xiao-wei, Zhang Wen-li, Chen Cheng, Wu Pei-ling 2016, 20 (1):  3-7.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.001 Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (488KB) ( 423 )   Save BACKGROUND: Alveolar bone deficiency will not meet aesthetic and functional requirements for dental implants. OBJECTIVE: To observe the repair effect of passage 3 autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on alveolar bone defects in rabbits. METHODS: Twenty-seven New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into BMSCs/PRF group, PRF group and model group (n=9 per group). The left mandible incisors were extracted in all the rabbits under general anesthesia. BMSCs/PRF group was immediately implanted BMSCs/PRF composite into the alveolar socket, PRF group only implanted PRF, and model group implanted nothing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the model group, the alveolar crest and alveolar mucosa become sunken notably and narrowed. In the BMSCs/PRF and PRF groups, the thickness of alveolar bone wall, alveolar bone width, alveolar bone height difference, and bone mineral density were all increased, especially in the former group. In addition, the trabecular arrangement was better in the BMSCs/PRF groups than the model and PRF group. Our findings indicate that alveolar socket filling with composite of BMSCs and PRF can achieve preservation of alveolar bone width and height after tooth extraction in rabbits.    中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Skin composite construction using adipose tissue-derived stem cells for wound healing Peng Xi-liang, Zhang Yu-hong, Ni Wen-qiong 2016, 20 (1):  8-12.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.002 Abstract ( 387 )   PDF (506KB) ( 678 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is no clear understanding on the effects of subcutaneous fat and stem cells on wound healing. OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic effects of skin composite prepared with adipose tissue-derived stem cells on skin defects. METHODS: Epidermal cells, fibroblasts, adipose tissue-derived stem cells as seed cells and bovine collagen gel as a scaffold were used to build a complex with a variety of cells. A 6-mm diameter circular skin defect was made on the both sides of the rat back. The right side as experimental side was implanted with an 8-mm diameter multilayer skin composite, and the left side (control side) was only treated with a simple dressing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: For the constructed multi-layer skin composite, the epidermal layer was continuously merged into the multi-layer, the fibroblasts evenly distributed in the corium layer, and lipid droplets existed in the fat layer in which the cells distributed uniformly. Cell aggregation was obviously observed at the junction of different layers. In the experimental side, the rate of wound healing, granulation tissue thickness, the thickness of dermis and the capillary density were significantly higher than those in the control side. Taken together, we can construct multilayer skin composites with a variety of cells as seed cells, such as epidermal cells, fibroblasts and adipose tissue-derived stem cells, and bovine collagen gel as a scaffold, which promote wound healing and increase the thickness of dermis.    中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived from patients with ankylosing spondylitis show abnormal immunoregulation capability on macrophages Sun Su-he, Wang Peng, Su Chun-yan, Xie Zhong-yu, Li Yu-xi,Li Deng, Wang Shan, Su Hong-jun, Wu Xiao-hua, Deng Wen, Wu Yan-feng, Shen Hui-yong 2016, 20 (1):  13-19.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.003 Abstract ( 424 )   PDF (755KB) ( 886 )   Save  BACKGROUND: Ankylosing spondylitis is an autoimmune disease at high inflammatory state, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Besides, there is a lack of entirely satisfactory curative strategies. OBJECTIVE: To explore the immunoregulation capability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from ankylosing spondylitis patients on macrophages and the potential therapeutic use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from healthy donors on ankylosing spondylitis. METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were extracted from 21 healthy donors and 25 ankylosing spondylitis patients respectively, and passage 4 cells were used in subsequent experiments. A human monocytic cell line was induced to differentiate into macrophages. The phenotypic markers of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages were detected by flow cytometry. Expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α and tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) proteins in the supernatant of co-culture system were detected by ELISA. Quantitative real-time PCR was applied to detect the mRNA level of cytokines secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The typical mesenchymal stem cell surface markers were expressed in both bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from healthy donors and patients with ankylosing spondylitis, and CD68 was detected positively in induced macrophages. The protein and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α secreted by macrophages co-cultured with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from patients with ankylosing spondylitis were obviously higher than those from healthy donors (P < 0.05). TSG-6 secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from patients with ankylosing spondylitis was lower than that by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from healthy donors in both RNA transcriptional and protein levels (P < 0.05). Our study demonstrates that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from patients with ankylosing spondylitis shows abnormal immunoregulatory function on inhibiting the tumor necrosis factor-α secretion from macrophages, which reveals a mechanism of immune disorder in ankylosing spondylitis. The therapeutic mechanism of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from healthy donors may work by secreting enough TSG-6 to inhibit the activation of macrophages in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, and thereby to decrease the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Let-7c on neural differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in vitro Wang Jing, Zhao Shao-yun, Li Ming-zhe, Jing Li-jun, Jiao Shu-jie, Peng Tao, Teng Jun-fang, Jia Yan-jie 2016, 20 (1):  20-25.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.004 Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (539KB) ( 675 )   Save BACKGROUND: The microRNAs are involved in regulation of stem cell proliferation, differentiation and aging. To study the effect of Let-7c, a member of Let-7, on the neural differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells provides new ideas for stem cell therapy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of Let-7c in the neural differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS: The lentiviral vectors of Let-7c-up and Let-7c-inhibition were constructed and transfected into rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Optimal multiplicity of infection was screened. The cells were divided into non-transfected group, negative control group (transfected with empty virus), transfected enhancement group (transfected with LV-rno-Let-7c-up), transfected inhibition group (transfected with LV-rno-Let-7c-5p-inhibition). Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were treated with fasudil as an inducer for triggering the cells to differentiate into neurons. The fluorescence expressed by transfected cells was observed under inverted fluorescence microscope. The expression of neuron-specific markers, neuron-specific enolase and microtubule-associated protein 2, were measured by immunocytochemical method. The mRNA expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 was detected by RT-PCR. The cell viability was determined by MTT method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under the inverted fluorescence microscope, the cells were successfully transfected with LV-rno-Let-7c-up and LV-rno-Let-7c-5p-inhibition. Fasudil induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into neurons. The transfection efficiency and expression levels of neuron-specific enolase and microtubule-associated protein 2 in the transfected enhancement group were significantly higher than those in the negative control group (P < 0.05), while in the transfected inhibition group, they were lower than those in the negative control group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the differentiation percentage of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is increased by fasudil after transfection with LV-rno-Let-7c-up, and Let-7c may promote the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into neurons.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dimethyl sulfoxide induces differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into myocardial cells  Sun Long-yun 2016, 20 (1):  26-30.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.005 Abstract ( 394 )   PDF (602KB) ( 737 )   Save BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have demonstrated that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can be induced to differentiate into myocardial cells under certain conditions. Dimethyl sulfoxide is one of the commonly used inducers, and its mechanism is mainly by inhibiting the c-myc gene expression, thus reducing endogenous poly(adenosine diphosphate nucleotide) level.   OBJECTIVE: To study the feasibility of dimethyl sulfoxide inducing the myocardial differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and its optimal concentration. METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from Sprague-Dawley rats were isolated and cultured in vitro, and then induced by dimethyl sulfoxide to differentiate into myocardial cells. According to the concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide, there were three groups: 0.6%, 0.8% and 1.0% group. Additionally, a blank control group with no induction was set up. After 72 hours of induction, induction media were removed, and cells were then cultured in normal media for 4 weeks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Morphology and immunocytochemistry detection results confirmed that dimethyl sulfoxide could induce the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into myocardial cells in vitro, and differentiated cells expressed desmin, α-actin, cTnT, cTnI and P38MAPK. The optimal induced concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide was 1.0%. Immunofluorescence double staining and electron microscope results further confirmed that dimethyl sulfoxide could induce the myocardial differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Migration and localization of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells implanted into brain injury model rats Liu Hong-lin, Liu Zhi-jun, Chen Xiao-bing, Hu Wen-zhong, Ding Bing-qian 2016, 20 (1):  31-35.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.006 Abstract ( 418 )   PDF (485KB) ( 516 )   Save BACKGROUND: Choosing an effective means to label and trace the distribution, differentiation and migration of cells in vivo help to further explore the specific mechanism of cells that exert a therapeutic effect. OBJECTIVE: To understand the migration and localization of BrdU-labeled human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in brain injury model rats. METHODS: Human umbilical cord blood samples were obtained, and the isolation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells was carried out. The primary and passage culture were performed. The phenotype of cells was detected by flow cytometry. Passage 3 human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were labeled using BrdU, and the cell proliferation was detected using MTT method. BrdU-labeled cells were injected into brain injury rats via the tail vein. At 14 days after transplantation, brain tissues in the injury region were cut into sections and the migration and location of the umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were observed under inverted fluorescence microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cell surface specific markers CD45 and CD34 were detected by flow cytometry, but the cells could not express CD44, CD105 and CD29. Based on the cell growth curve, the cells came into a conditioning period at 1-3 days of seeding and came into a logarithmic phase at 3-5 days. BrdU-positive cells were visible at the injury region after 14 days, indicating that in the rats, transplanted human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells migrated from the peripheral blood to the site of brain injury to achieve the effective repair of injured parts.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Extraction of prostate cancer stem cells using self-designed magnetic beads Gong Rui, Li Sheng-ying, Huo Zhi-xia, Ding Hao, Sun Er-lin 2016, 20 (1):  36-41.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.007 Abstract ( 484 )   PDF (641KB) ( 735 )   Save BACKGROUND: Effective sorting of prostate cancer stem cells is the basis of experimental studies in prostate cancer developing. The most common sorting method is magnetic-activated cell sorting. OBJECTIVE: To separate CD133+/CD44+ cells in prostate cancer tissues using self-designed magnetic beads followed by culture, passage and immunological identification. METHODS: Self-designed magnetic microspheres were applied to establish immunomagnetic beads to sort CD133+/CD44+ cells in prostate cancer tissues. The sorted cells were cultured in serum-free medium. The sphere formation, cell morphology, and proliferation ability after cell passage were statistically compared between the sorted cells and the normal tumor cell lines. Immunofluorescence detection was performed to detect the expression of specific antibodies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Self-designed immunomagnetic beads had small diameter and a high-sorting effect. The sorted cells possessed a high capacity of microsphere formation. After cell culture and passage, the cells highly expressed CD133 and CD44 antigens. The sorted cells with no induction had varying shapes and grew vigorously. After induction with transforming growth factor-β, the cultured cells were noted to have a single shape and grow slowly. The cell proliferation ability of sorted cells in these two groups differed significantly from that of the normal cancer cell lines (both P < 0.05). In conclusion, the CD133+/CD44+ cells sorted from prostate tumor cells possessed cell morphology and function characteristics of stem cells which can provide a basis for extraction and culture of prostate cancer stem cells. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Partition-type spinal cord catheter combined with bone marrow stromal stem cells in the repair of spinal cord transection injury in rats Zhao Xi-wu, Liu Xin, Yu Da-peng, Rong Hui, Yu Xing-sheng, Yang Chang-sheng, Liu Tong, Zhao Ting-bao 2016, 20 (1):  42-48.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.008 Abstract ( 361 )   PDF (1028KB) ( 704 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is a high morbidity after spinal cord injury, and the therapeutic strategy is limited to early surgical intervention, medication and post-treatment exercise that only can improve the motor function slightly. However, there is no effective cure method. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of partition-type spinal cord catheter combined with bone marrow stromal stem cells on T8 spinal cord transection damage in rats. METHODS: Fifty rats were randomized into five groups (n=10 per group): group I, T8 spinal cord transection    (5 mm) was made in rats with no treatment; group II, the partition-type tube was inserted into the injured site after modeling; group III, partition-type tube combined with bone marrow stromal stem cells was implanted into the injured site after modeling; group IV, partition-type tube combined with polyglycolic acid fibers was implanted into the injured site after modeling; group V, partition-type tube combined with bone marrow stromal stem cells and polyglycolic acid fibers was implanted into the injured site after modeling. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 2 and 12 weeks postoperatively, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores were significantly higher in the groups III and IV than the groups I, II, IV (P < 0.05). At 12 weeks postoperatively, the latency of motor evoked potential below the injury plane was significantly decreased in group V compared with groups I, II, III, IV (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical results displayed that in the groups III and V, regenerated nerve fibers grew positively and arranged orderly among the tubes, and there was no obvious winding phenomenon. Under transmission electron microscopy, a certain number of myelinated nerve fibers were found as bridges among groups. These findings indicate that the partition-type chitosan tube combined with bone marrow stromal stem cells has a good connection with the injured spinal cord a good connection to restore part of electrophysiological properties, accelerate the axon regeneration, recover the motor function, thereby providing a new direction for the treatment of spinal cord injury.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cryptotanshinone effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of renal carcinoma stem cells Feng Min, Jia Ming-hua 2016, 20 (1):  49-54.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.009 Abstract ( 256 )   PDF (440KB) ( 493 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that cryptotanshinone represses multiple tumors, but little is reported on its effect on renal carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of cryptotanshinone on the proliferation and apoptosis of the renal carcinoma stem cells. METHODS: CD133+ renal carcinoma stem cells were separated from OS-RC-2 cells by immunomagnetic bead separation. Effects of 0, 0.2, 1, 5 mg/L cryptotanshinone on the proliferation and apoptosis of CD133+ renal carcinoma stem cells were detected by MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. Expression levels of Ki67, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and p-Caspase-3 protein were detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After magnetic cell sorting, the percentage of CD133+ cells was increased from 6.32% to 82.73%, and there was a significant difference before and after cell sorting (P < 0.001). Cryptotanshinone could repress the proliferation of CD133+ renal carcinoma stem cells and promote cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The protein expression levels of Ki67 and Bcl-2 in the 5 mg/L cryptotanshinone group were significantly decreased compared with the control group, while the protein expression level of p-Caspase-3 protein was significantly increased. In addition, there was no difference in the protein expression of Caspase-3 between cryptotanshinone and control group. These findings indicate that cryptotanshinone may be a potent anticancer drug for the treatment of renal carcinoma by inhibiting expression of Ki67 and Bcl-2 and promoting protein expression of p-Caspase-3.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Culture, differentiation, proliferation and invasion of tumor stem cells in human esophageal carcinoma cell lines KYSE-150 and TE-1 Wang Yong-lian, Wang Zhong-min, Wang Yi, Tao Yi-peng, Han Gao-yang 2016, 20 (1):  55-59.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.010 Abstract ( 434 )   PDF (476KB) ( 798 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is a certain cell subset in esophageal cancer tissues, with certain invasive and metastatic properties, which is closely related to the clinical therapeutic effect on tumors. OBJECTIVE: To isolate tumor stem cell spheres in human esophageal carcinoma cell lines KYSE-150 and TE-1 and to analyze their proliferation and invasion ability. METHODS: KYSE-150 and TE-1 cells were cultured in serum-free medium to observe the formation of cell spheres. Cell proliferation and invasion were detected using MTT and Transwell chamber culture. Surface markers of cells were detected using flow cytometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cell spheres that were stably subcultured were obtained from KYSE-150 and TE-1 cells cultured in serum-free medium. The proliferation and invasion abilities of cell spheres were significantly stronger than those of parent cells (P < 0.05). The number of CD44+, CD271+ and CD44+CD271+ cells in TE-1 and KYSE-150 cell spheres was significantly higher than that in the TE-1 and KYSE-150 parent cells (P < 0.05). These experimental results show that cell spheres isolated from human esophageal carcinoma cell lines TE-1 and KYSE-150 have tumor stem cell properties as well as strong proliferation and invasion abilities. And moreover, CD44 and CD271 can be used as important surface markers of esophageal carcinoma stem cells.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on immune regulation and tissue damage in patients with ankylosing spondylitis Wang Jun, Chen Lu 2016, 20 (1):  60-64.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.011 Abstract ( 471 )   PDF (477KB) ( 829 )   Save BACKGROUND: Because of unique immunomodulatory properties, mesenchymal stem cells have become a research hotspot in the field of transplantation and the treatment of immune disease. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on immune level and tissue injury in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. METHODS: The clinical data of 61 patients with ankylosing spondylitis were analyzed retrospectively, and these  patients were divided into control group (n=33) and observation group (n=28) according to the treatment method, who were given immune and biological agents or umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell infusion, respectively. All the patients were followed up for 12 months and at 12 months after treatment, therapeutic effect, immune level, disease activity index and adverse reactions were observed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The total effective rate was 89% in the observation group and 76% in the control group, and there was a significant difference between groups. At 12 months after treatment, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and other indicators were improved in all the patients, especially in the observation group (P < 0.05); the disease activity index scores were reduced gradually in the two groups, which were significantly lower in the observation group than the control group beginning at 3 months after treatment (P < 0.05). In the observation group, one case presented with injection extravasation and then the injection was successfully completed after re-choice of the blood vessel; two cases had mild fever, and their temperature returned to normal after active physical cooling. These findings indicate that umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells for ankylosing spondylitis can remarkably improve the immune level, reduce tissue damage and result in little adverse effects in patients.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Therapeutic effect of Fukeyangkun pills and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on thin endometrium Han Ran, Dai Ning, Lin Yun, Lin Tong 2016, 20 (1):  65-69.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.012 Abstract ( 387 )   PDF (534KB) ( 772 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have found that endometrial cells from bone marrow donors can be detected in the endometrium of female patients after bone marrow suppression. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Fukeyangkun pills combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation in the treatment of thin endometrium. METHODS: Thirty female rats at rutting period were randomized into control, model, Fukeyangkun pills, cell transplantation and combined group (n=6 per group). Rat models of thin endometrium were made in the latter five groups. Rats in the six groups were respectively subjected to routine feeding, tail vein injection of normal saline, tail vein injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (1 mL) at 6 hours and 10 days after modeling, intragastric administration of 5 mL/kg Fukeyangkun pill solution for continuous 20 days, or tail vein injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (1 mL) at 6 hours and 10 days after modeling plus intragastric administration of 10 mL/kg Fukeyangkun pill solution for continuous 20 days. At 21 days after modeling, hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the morphological changes of the endometrical tissues and measure the endometrium thickness. The expression of cytokeratin and vimentin was determined by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the model group, the endometrium thickness and the expression of cytokeratin and vimentin (P < 0.05) were increased successively in the Fukeyangkun pills group, cell transplantation group, and combined group to different extents. Of these groups, the endometrium thickness and the expression of cytokeratin and vimentin in the combined group were the most close to normal levels. Our data demonstrate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can induce regeneration of the endometrial cells and repair endometrial tissue. Furthermore, treatment of Fukeyangkun pills obviously augments the repair effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on thin endometrium.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transplantation of human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviates ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass Qiang Yong, Liang Gui-you, Yu Li-mei, Qi Bin, Gao Zhen-yu 2016, 20 (1):  70-77.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.013 Abstract ( 268 )   PDF (743KB) ( 996 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells exhibit a good prospect in organ or tissue repair and therefore, and therefore, cell transplantation based on mesenchymal stem cell plasticity can promote cell regeneration and functional recovery from lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) transplantation on ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury in dogs after cardiopulmonary bypassand its mechanism for regulating inflammatory cytokines. METHODS: Eighteen adult healthy mongrel dogs were randomly divided into three groups (n=6 per group): black group (cardiopulmonary bypass with 1 mL physiological saline injection via the femoral vein without blocking the aorta), control group (cardiopulmonary bypass with blocking the aorta for 1 hour and then opening the aorta for 15 minutes plus 1 mL physiological saline injection via the femoral vein), experiment group (cardiopulmonary bypass with blocking the aorta for 1 hour and then opening the aorta for 15 minutes plus femoral vein injection of 1 mL physiological saline containing 2×107 hAMSCs). Arterial blood samples of 2 mL were taken to calculate oxygenation index and respiratory index before cardiopulmonary bypass (T1), 15 minutes (T2), 1 hour (T3), 2 hours (T4), 3 hours (T5) after opening the aorta. 8 mL intravenous blood samples were taken to detect the serum tumor necrosis factor α, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interleukin-8 and interleukin-10 by ELISA. Meanwhile, western blot assay was used to detect the expression of nuclear factor-κB in lung tissues, and histopathological changes of lung tissues observed under optical microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the oxygenation index was significantly increased in the experimental group at 2 and 3 hours after transplantation, and the respiratory index was remarkably decreased at 1, 2, 3 hours after transplantation. Compared with the control group, the levels of tumor necrosis factor α, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and interleukin-8 were significantly decreased in the experimental group, but the level of interleukin-10 was increased in the experimental group. Compared with the blank group, the expression of nuclear factor-κB was significantly strengthened in the control group at 3 hours after opening the aorta, but it was decreased significantly after intravenous injection of hAMSCs. After opening the aorta, the pathological changes in the experimental group were remarkably milder than those in the control group, and a small amount of red blood cells and neutrophils exuded, with telangiectasia, and congestion, were found in the experimental group. These findings indicate that hAMSCs transplantation can mitigate ischemia-reperfusion- induced acute lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass by adjusting the level of nuclear factor-κB in lung tissues and release of tumor necrosis factor α, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interleukin-8 and interleukin-10.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Feasibility of umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation for the treatment of diabetic lower limb ischemia Xie Li-hua, Xing Lin, Zheng Hang 2016, 20 (1):  78-82.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.014 Abstract ( 381 )   PDF (507KB) ( 686 )   Save BACKGROUND: Diabetic lower limb ischemia is prone to involve distal lower limb arteries, and a conventional treatment is often unable to obtain the ideal effect. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and safety of umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation in the treatment of diabetic lower limb ischemia. METHODS: A diabetic rat model of lower limb ischemia was established, and along the femoral artery, five points  were selected for injection of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell suspension, 20 μL per point. At 1, 2, 4 weeks after transplantation, transcutaneous oxygen pressure, vascular density and vascular endothelial growth factor level in the ischemic region, and incidence of adverse reactions were recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 1, 2 and 4 weeks after transplantation, the transcutaneous oxygen pressure, vascular density and vascular endothelial growth factor level in the ischemic region were found increasing, which were significantly different from those before transplantation (P < 0.05). At different time after transplantation, all animals had no inflammatory reactions such as skin bleeding and dermatitis, and local red, swelling, hot, pain, and had no tumor-like growth in organs. These findings indicate that umbilical cord blood stem cell transplantation can safely and significantly improve symptoms of diabetic lower limb ischemia, which has certain application feasibility.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Endothelial-like cells versus human umbilical vein endothelial cells  Hao Xiao-juan, Hao Hai-ying, Zhu Min-jie, Yuan Zheng, Li Wei-wei, Chen Jie, Zhu Lv-yun 2016, 20 (1):  83-88.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.015 Abstract ( 370 )   PDF (608KB) ( 579 )   Save BACKGROUND: Stem cells are induced to differentiate into endothelial-like cells that can be used for the treatment of diabetic lower extremity vascular disease. However, it is unclear whether these endothelial-like cells can completely replace endothelial cells to improve vascular disease and what are the differences between endothelial-like cells and endothelial cells. OBJECTIVE: To explore the differences and similarities between endothelial-like cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells in the aspects of morphology, function, and viability. METHODS: Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and umbilical vein endothelial cells were isolated, cultured and identified using flow cytometry and immunohistochemical method. Isolated umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were induced in DMEM-LG/F12 containing 10 µg/L vascular endothelial growth factor, 10 µg/L basic  fibroblast growth factor and 2% fetal bovine serum to differentiate into endothelial-like cells followed by immunohistochemical identification. To compare endothelial-like cells with human umbilical vein endothelial cells, cell migration detection, active substance measurement and three-dimensional angiogenesis test were performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Isolated umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells strongly expressed the surface markers of mesenchymal stem cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells strongly expressed CD31 and VWF. After induction, the umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were identified to highly express CD31 and VWF. Through cell migration, active substance and three-dimensional angiogenesis tests, endothelial-like cells were similar to endothelial cells in the function and activity, and superior to endothelial cells.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of basic fibroblast growth factor gene-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in denervated muscle atrophy Yu Ning, Wang Yan-sheng, Qi Chang-ping 2016, 20 (1):  89-94.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.016 Abstract ( 237 )   PDF (537KB) ( 453 )   Save BACKGROUND: How to avoid denervated muscular atrophy is a key factor to improve the therapeutic efficacy on peripheral nerve injuries. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) gene-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells against denervated muscle atrophy. METHODS: bFGF genes were transfected into rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells using viral transfection method, and then MTT, immunohistochemical staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining, RT-PCR, western blot, and ELISA methods were used to detect the transfection efficiency and product expression. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were selected to make animal models of sciatic nerve injury, and subjected to multi-point intramuscular injection of bFGF-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (experimental group) or cell culture fluid (control group). At 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks after transfection, the gastrocnemius muscle tissues were harvested to detect action potential, residual wet weight, and cross-sectional area of muscle fibers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The bFGF gene was successfully transfected into bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells using the viral transfection method. The residual wet weight, cross-sectional area and residual action potential of the gastrocnemius muscle were significantly better in the experimental group than the control group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that bFGF gene-transfected bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into the denervated muscle can retard the development of muscle atrophy.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Neuroprotection of ligustrazine hydrochloride combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in rats with spinal cord injury Wu Xiao-ming, Gao Wen-shan, Wang Jing, Cai Hong-yun 2016, 20 (1):  95-101.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.017 Abstract ( 283 )   PDF (580KB) ( 633 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ligustrazine hydrochloride which promotes nerve repair can be applied to the treatment of nervous system injury. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of ligustrazine hydrochloride combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation on electrophysiological property and hindlimb function of rats with spinal cord injury. METHODS: T9 spinal cord transection injury models were made in rats using Allen’s method, and then rat models were randomized into three groups: rats in control group received tail vein injection of culture solution; rats in cell transplantation group underwent bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation via the tail vein; rats in combined group were subjected to the tail vein injection of ligustrazine hydrochloride and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells that lasted for 4 hours. At 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks after modeling, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores and modified Tarlov scores were used to detect the motor function of rats. At 72 hours after modeling, RT-PCR method was used to detect the expression of Bcl-2 and basic fibroblast growth factor around the injured region. At 4 weeks after modeling, somatosensory and motor evoked potentials were measured for evaluation of neurophysiological recovery. At 8 weeks after modeling, horseradish peroxidase tracer was used to assess the regeneration of rat spinal cord nerve fibers; PKH-26 labeling was used to observe the survival and migration of transplanted cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks after modeling, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores and modified Tarlov scores were significantly higher in the combined group than the cell transplantation followed by the control group (P < 0.05). At 72 hours after modeling, the expression of Bcl-2 and basic fibroblast growth factor around the injured region was significantly higher in the combined group than the cell transplantation group and control group (P < 0.05). At 4 weeks after modeling, the latencies of somatosensory and motor evoked potentials were ranked as follows: combined group < cell transplantation group < control group (P < 0.05); the amplitudes of somatosensory and motor evoked potentials were ranked as follows: combined group > cell transplantation group > control group (P < 0.05). At 8 weeks after modeling, horseradish peroxidase-labeled pyramidal cells in the cell transplantation group and combined group showed apparent crossing signs; the number of PKH-26-positive cells and horseradish peroxidase-positive cells was the most in the combined group followed by the cell transplantation group, and was the least in the control group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that ligustrazine hydrochloride combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation can facilitate nerve cell regeneration, promote the expression of Bcl-2 and basic fibroblast growth factor, and improve motor function in rats after spinal cord injury.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sequencing analysis of a rare human leukocyte antigen, C*08:99, from a volunteer donor of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Wang Da-ming, Zou Hong-yan, Nie Dong-mei, Gao Su-qing, Wang Fei 2016, 20 (1):  102-106.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.018 Abstract ( 401 )   PDF (550KB) ( 917 )   Save BACKGROUND: As the sequencing technology has been widely used and high-resolution confirmation of organ transplant matching has been gradually developed, new human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are emerging. However, the gene frequency of some genes cannot be calculated accurately, and there are rare reports. These genes are often ignored, and it is easy to misjudge their genotypes only according to gene frequency.  OBJECTIVE: To test and analyze a rare allele, HLA-C*08:99, from a volunteer donor of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted automatically from the blood sample by using quick DNA purified kit and amplified by HLA-C locus commercial sequence-based typing kit. The purified PCR product was utilized as the DNA template in the sequencing reaction, and six direct sequencing reactions of PCR product covering exons 2, 3 and 4 in both directions were performed using commercial kit. Four direct sequencing reactions of PCR product covering exon 5 in both directions, exon 6 in forward direction and exon 7 in reverse direction were performed using in-house BigDye terminator cycle sequencing reaction kit. Sequencing reaction products purified by ethanol/sodium acetate/ ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid method were sequenced by ABI PrismTM3730 DNA Sequencer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The allele assignment was analyzed with Assign-SBT 3.6+ software, and the sample HLA-C typing result was C*07:04, 08:99. Increasing the sequencing analysis at exons 5, 6 and 7 of HLA-C locus will help to make clear the ambiguous SBT result and improve the accuracy of HLA-C typing when it is necessary, which shows important significance in clinical tissue matching.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of mesenchymal stem cells on hematopoietic support and secretory function of T lymphocytes in patients with aplastic anemia Li Gang-can, Song Yan-ping, Zhang Yun-jie, Li Guang, Wang Hao, Xie Jia 2016, 20 (1):  107-112.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.019 Abstract ( 309 )   PDF (597KB) ( 1301 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recently, the role of mesenchymal stem cells in aplastic anemia has been widely explored. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclearly. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of umbilical cord blood and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on hematopoietic support and secretory function of T lymphocytes in patients with aplastic anemia. METHODS: Cord blood and bone marrow samples from 48 cases of aplastic anemia and 48 healthy lying-in women to isolate mesenchymal stem cells using flow cytometry. Mesenchymal stem cells from the cord blood and bone marrow were respectively co-cultured with cord blood mononuclear cells to count burst forming units-erythroid and colony forming units-granulocyte/macrophage. Mesenchymal stem cells were co-cultured with T lymphocytes from aplastic anemia patients undergoing phytohemagglutinin stimulation, and ELISA was used to detect interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interferon-γ levels secreted from T lymphocytes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The number of burst forming units-erythroid and colony forming units-granulocyte/macrophage significantly increased in normal bone marrow or umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells co-cultured with cord blood mononuclear cells (P < 0.05), but reduced remarkably in umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells from aplastic anemia patients co-cultured with cord blood mononuclear cells (P < 0.05). Levels of interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interferon-γ from T lymphocytes were inhibited significantly after co-culture with normal bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells compared with phytohemagglutinin-induced T lymphocytes (P < 0.05). There was a similar inhibitory effect after co-culture with normal umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells. There was a significantly reduction in the capacity of inhibiting interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interferon-γ levels from T lymphocytes after co-culture with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from aplastic anemia patients (P < 0.05). Aplastic anemia patients show some functional defects in their bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells that have a weaker inhibitory role than normal bone marrow or umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells in the hematopoietic support and secretory function of T lymphocytes. These findings indicate that mesenchymal stem cells from aplastic anemia patients can influence the pathological progress through weakening hematopoietic support and secretory function of T lymphocytes.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Stem cells from the apical papilla versus periodontal ligament stem cells: biological behaviors Zhao Lu, Yu Li, Yuan Ping, Zhou Chun-mei, Wu Pei-ling 2016, 20 (1):  113-117.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.020 Abstract ( 439 )   PDF (576KB) ( 624 )   Save BACKGROUND: Stem cells from the apical papilla are a new kind of mesenchymal stem cells, and whether it can  be used in root regeneration is the key to the present study. OBJECTIVE: To culture rat stem cells from the apical papilla and periodontal ligament stem cells in vitro, and to compare the biology behaviors of these two kinds of cells, thereby providing experimental basis for the application of stem cells from the apical papilla in root regeneration. METHODS: The apical papilla, as well as the periodontal ligament tissues from the healthy mandibular teeth of young rats were digested and cultured. Immunophenotypes of stem cells from the apical papilla and periodontal ligament stem cells were detected by immunofluorescence technique. Then, cell growth curves were determined by MTT method and mineralized nodule formation was observed by alizarin red staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Stem cells from the apical papilla and periodontal ligament stem cells were both positive for STRO-1. Stem cells from the apical papilla were positive for CD90 and weakly positive for CD146. Periodontal ligament stem cells were positive for CD146 and weakly positive for CD90. The absorbance values of stem cells from the apical papilla and periodontal ligament stem cells increased with the increasing of time and became stable at 8 days. Since the 4th day, the proliferation capacity of stem cells from the apical papilla was significantly stronger than that of periodontal ligament stem cells (P < 0.05). Both of stem cells are visible to have mineralized nodule formation. Compared with the periodontal ligament stem cells, stem cells from the apical papilla were stained obviously deeper and had more mineralized nodules. These results show that stem cells from the apical papilla have stronger proliferation capacity and mineralization ability than periodontal ligament stem cells.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Isoflurane effects on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in the hippocampus of neonatal rats Min Na, Hu Qiang-fu, Li Xiao-pei, Nie Xiao-hong, Yang Li-li 2016, 20 (1):  118-122.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.021 Abstract ( 337 )   PDF (480KB) ( 550 )   Save BACKGROUND: Isoflurane is an anesthesia drug that has a certain effect on the nervous system. It possibly causes neurologic disorders through impacting nerve stem cell function or morphology. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of isoflurane on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in the hippocampus of rats. METHODS: Neural stem cells from the hippocampus of neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 7 days, were induced and differentiated. Passage 3 cells were obtained and divided into two groups: isoflurane group (a mixture gas of 2.8% isoflurane, 5% CO2 and 95% O2) and control group (a mixture of 5% CO2 and 95% O2). After  intervention of 6 hours followed by 2 hours of routine culture, anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody immunofluorescent staining was used to detect cell proliferation, and western blot assay to detect the expression of β3-tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the number of BrdU positive cells in the isoflurane group reduced significantly, indicating that isoflurane inhibits the proliferation of neural stem cells. Compared with the control group, the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the isoflurane group up-regulated, but the expression of β3-tubulin had no changes, indicating isoflurane promotes the differentiation of neural stem cells into astrocytes.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular genetic analysis of genes from MNS, Duffy and Kell blood groups in the China Xinjiang Uygur population Lin Guo-yue, Du Xiao-lu, Shan Jin-jing, Zhang Ya-nan, Zhang Yu-qiang, Zhang Yuan-zhou 2016, 20 (1):  123-127.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.022 Abstract ( 617 )   PDF (511KB) ( 1018 )   Save BACKGROUND: Screening of fare blood types has been successively implemented and completed in Europe, America and Japan, but there is a large gap in China. Previous studies have mainly focused on the southern Han populations, and little is reported on PCR-SSP systematic analysis of gene frequencies of rare blood groups in Xinjiang Uygur populations. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the gene frequency distribution of RBC MNS, Duffy, Kell, Dombrock, Diego, Kidd, Scianna, Colton and Lutheran blood groups from Xinjiang Uygur populations, thereby providing a strategic support for human population genetics and clinical blood deployment. METHODS: PCR-SSP method was used to make genotyping and statistical analysis in 158 Xinjiang Uygur persons from nine rare blood groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Gene frequencies of these nine rare blood groups were M=0.579 1, N=0.420 9, S=0.174 3, s=0.800 9, Fya=0.699 4, Fyb=0.300 6, K1=0.015 8, K2=0.984 2, Doa=0.234 2, Dob=0.765 8, Dia=0.047 4, Dib=0.952 6, JKa=0.541 2, JKb=0.452 6, Sc1=1.000, Sc2=0, Coa=0.994, Cob=0.005 9, Lua=0, Lub=1.000, Aua=0.810 2, Aub=0.189 9. Results from chi-square test showed that the observed value and expected value of genotypes were in line with the law of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05), and in the MNS blood group of Xinjiang Uygur population, it was rarely found that S-s- frequency was 0.025 3 in four cases and Jka-b- frequency was 0.006 3 in one case. This study demonstrates that the frequency distribution of MNS, Duffy, Dombrock and Diego blood groups in the Xinjiang Uygur population, with its own unique frequency distribution characteristics, is different from that in other ethnic populations; the gene distribution of Kell, Kidd and Colton blood groups shows either similarity or difference between the Xinjiang Uygur population and reported Tibet and Han populations; Scianna and Lutheran blood groups show a monomorphic distribution in the Xinjiang Uygur population, which is similar to that in the Tibet and Han populations. These findings provide the basic data for exploring the origin and evolution, ethnic hematology and construction of rare blood database of the Xinjiang Uygur population.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Stem cell conversion technology is a footstone for stem cell basic and clinical research in the future Tu Xue-song 2016, 20 (1):  128-134.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.023 Abstract ( 285 )   PDF (660KB) ( 476 )   Save BACKGROUND: Stem cell conversion technology has become an active area in the field of stem cell research, and it also has a tremendous boost on both the stem cell basic research and clinical study. OBJECTIVE: To review the research status and the current progress of stem cell conversion technology. METHODS: In the titles and summaries, the “stem cells, conversion, differentiation” in Chinese and English served as the search terms to search articles related to stem cells technology published from January 2000 to April 2015 in CNKI and PubMed databases. The latest articles or articles published on the authoritative journals  were preferred. Totally 121 articles were obtained after initial survey, and according to the inclusion criteria, 64 articles were selected for overview. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The progress of stem cells conversion technology has driven the development of the entire stem cell research, including modifying the ratio of culture medium, increasing specific inducers, proteins, enzymes or receptors, injecting specific genes, using new oxidizing agents, modifying culture microenvironment, culture under hypoxia, scaffold usage, applying transgenic technology, three-dimensional spherical culture or co-culture. Stem cell conversion technology will definitely increase the conversion rate of stem cells, which can bring hope for the treatment of refractory diseases.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Directional differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell induced by traditional Chinese Medicine Li Ning, Li Ying-fu, Xie Xing-wen, Song Min, Xu Shi-hong, Li Ding-peng 2016, 20 (1):  135-139.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.024 Abstract ( 261 )   PDF (612KB) ( 557 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, in-depth studies that single Chinese herbs or extracts, compound traditional Chinese medicine and medicated serum are used to regulate the directional differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into myofibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, myocardial cells and nerve cells, which have become a highlight in the tissue engineering research. OBJECTIVE: To review the latest progress in the directional differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells induced by Chinese herbs or their extracts. METHODS: The first author searched the CNKI, Wanfang and PubMed databases using the keywords of “Chinese herb, directional differentiation, mesenchymal stem cells” in Chinese and English, respectively, to retrieve relevant articles published from January 2010 to January 2016. Repetitive articles or those with no originality were eliminated. Totally 99 articles were searched initially, and then 43 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: As the strongest seed cells in the bone differentiation system, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have a wide range of directional differentiation potential, and highlight the important value in combination with Chinese herbs for clinical treatment of various refractory diseases, especially for treatment of metabolic bone diseases, bone defects, nonunion and delayed union, which is not only conducive to in-depth, multi-angle studies on effects and mechanisms of Chinese herbs, but also to clinical treatment of various refractory diseases using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程 References | Related Articles | Metrics