Stem cell conversion technology is a footstone for stem cell basic and clinical research in the future

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.01.023

Abstract

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Stem cell conversion technology has become an active area in the field of stem cell research, and it also has a tremendous boost on both the stem cell basic research and clinical study.
OBJECTIVE: To review the research status and the current progress of stem cell conversion technology.
METHODS: In the titles and summaries, the “stem cells, conversion, differentiation” in Chinese and English served as the search terms to search articles related to stem cells technology published from January 2000 to April 2015 in CNKI and PubMed databases. The latest articles or articles published on the authoritative journals
were preferred. Totally 121 articles were obtained after initial survey, and according to the inclusion criteria, 64 articles were selected for overview.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The progress of stem cells conversion technology has driven the development of the entire stem cell research, including modifying the ratio of culture medium, increasing specific inducers, proteins, enzymes or receptors, injecting specific genes, using new oxidizing agents, modifying culture microenvironment, culture under hypoxia, scaffold usage, applying transgenic technology, three-dimensional spherical culture or co-culture. Stem cell conversion technology will definitely increase the conversion rate of stem cells, which can bring hope for the treatment of refractory diseases.

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞；骨髓干细胞；造血干细胞；脂肪干细胞；肿瘤干细胞；胚胎干细胞；脐带脐血干细胞；干细胞诱导；干细胞分化；组织工程

Tu Xue-song. Stem cell conversion technology is a footstone for stem cell basic and clinical research in the future[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2016, 20(1): 128-134.

References

[1] Zhong X, Gutierrez C, Xue T, et al. Generation of three- dimensional retinal tissue with functional photoreceptors from human iPSCs. Nat Commun. 2014;5:4047.

[2] Kadoshima T, Sakaguchi H, Nakano T, et al. Self-organization of axial polarity, inside-out layer pattern, and species-specific progenitor dynamics in human ES cell-derived neocortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013; 110(50):20284-20289.

[3] Ng CP, Sharif AR, Heath DE, et al. Enhanced ex vivo expansion of adult mesenchymal stem cells by fetal mesenchymal stem cell ECM. Biomaterials. 2014;35(13): 4046-4057.

[4] Xiong N, Zhang Z, Huang J, et al. VEGF-expressing human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, an improved therapy strategy for Parkinson's disease. Gene Ther. 2011;18(4): 394-402.

[5] Jensen MB, Yan H, Krishnaney-Davison R, et al. Survival and differentiation of transplanted neural stem cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells in a rat stroke model. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22(4):304-308.

[6] Parekkadan B, van Poll D, Megeed Z, et al. Immunomodulation of activated hepatic stellate cells by mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 20076;363(2):247-252.

[7] Chang Z, Hou T, Xing J, et al. Umbilical cord Wharton's jelly repeated culture system: a new device and method for obtaining abundant mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e110764.

[8] Ma J, Both SK, Ji W,et al. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells as monocultures or cocultures with human umbilical vein endothelial cells: performance in vitro and in rat cranial defects.J Biomed Mater Res A. 2014;102(4):1026-1036.

[9] Taylor J. Boosting acute myocardial infarction treatment with stem cells. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(16):1015-1016.

[10] von Lueder TG, Wang BH, Kompa AR, et al. Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor LCZ696 attenuates cardiac remodeling and dysfunction after myocardial infarction by reducing cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. Circ Heart Fail. 2015;8(1):71-78.

[11] Neves D, Santos J, Tomada N, et al. Aging and orchidectomy modulate expression of VEGF receptors (Flt-1 and Flk-1) on corpus cavernosum of the rat. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1067: 164-172.

[12] Kemp K, Gray E, Mallam E, et al. Inflammatory cytokine induced regulation of superoxide dismutase 3 expression by human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Rev. 2010;6(4):548-559.

[13] Ji F, Duan HG, Zheng CQ, et al. Comparison of chloromethyl-dialkylcarbocyanine and green fluorescent protein for labeling human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells. Biotechnol Lett. 2015;37(2):437-447.

[14] Zhang C, He X, Li H, et al. Chondroitinase ABC plus bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for repair of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res. 2013;8(11):965-974.

[15] Hao L, Zou Z, Tian H, et al. Stem cell-based therapies for ischemic stroke. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:468748.

[16] Michelsen KA, Acosta-Verdugo S, Benoit-Marand M, et al. Area-specific reestablishment of damaged circuits in the adult cerebral cortex by cortical neurons derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Neuron. 2015;85(5):982-997.

[17] Bruin JE, Saber N, Braun N, et al. Treating diet-induced diabetes and obesity with human embryonic stem cell-derived pancreatic progenitor cells and antidiabetic drugs. Stem Cell Reports. 2015;4(4):605-620.

[18] Tohyama S, Hattori F, Sano M, et al. Distinct metabolic flow enables large-scale purification of mouse and human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Cell Stem Cell. 2013;12(1):127-137.

[19] Qu Q, Li D, Louis KR, et al. High-efficiency motor neuron differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells and the function of Islet-1. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3449.

[20] Huang P, Zhang L, Gao Y, et al. Direct reprogramming of human fibroblasts to functional and expandable hepatocytes. Cell Stem Cell. 2014;14(3):370-384.

[21] Hu YF, Dawkins JF, Cho HC, et al. Biological pacemaker created by minimally invasive somatic reprogramming in pigs with complete heart block. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(245):245ra94.

[22] Naka-Kaneda H, Nakamura S, Igarashi M, et al. The miR-17/106-p38 axis is a key regulator of the neurogenic-to-gliogenic transition in developing neural stem/progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(4): 1604-1609.

[23] Juhas M, Engelmayr GC Jr, Fontanella AN, et al. Biomimetic engineered muscle with capacity for vascular integration and functional maturation in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014; 111(15):5508-5513.

[24] Sato T, Yamamoto T, Sehara-Fujisawa A. miR-195/497 induce postnatal quiescence of skeletal muscle stem cells. Nat Commun. 2014;5:4597.

[25] Davis H, Guo X, Lambert S, et al. Small Molecule Induction of Human Umbilical Stem Cells into MBP-positive Oligodendrocytes in a Defined Three-Dimensional Environment. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2012;3(1):31-39.

[26] Takebe T, Sekine K, Enomura M, et al. Vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant. Nature. 2013;499(7459):481-484.

[27] Prado-Lopez S, Conesa A, Armiñán A, et al. Hypoxia promotes efficient differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to functional endothelium. Stem Cells. 2010;28(3):407-418.

[28] Ezashi T, Das P, Roberts RM. Low O2 tensions and the prevention of differentiation of hES cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(13):4783-4788.

[29] Chen S, Emery SE, Pei M. Coculture of synovium-derived stem cells and nucleus pulposus cells in serum-free defined medium with supplementation of transforming growth factor-beta1: a potential application of tissue-specific stem cells in disc regeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(12): 1272-1280.

[30] Stoyanov JV, Gantenbein-Ritter B, Bertolo A, et al. Role of hypoxia and growth and differentiation factor-5 on differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells towards intervertebral nucleus pulposus-like cells. Eur Cell Mater. 2011;21:533-547.

[31] Zhang Y, Wang D, Chen M, et al. Intramyocardial transplantation of undifferentiated rat induced pluripotent stem cells causes tumorigenesis in the heart. PLoS One. 2011;6(4):e19012.

[32] Chen Y, Amende I, Hampton TG, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes cardiomyocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006; 291(4):H1653-1658.

[33] Takahashi T, Lord B, Schulze PC, et al. Ascorbic acid enhances differentiation of embryonic stem cells into cardiac myocytes. Circulation. 2003;107(14):1912-1916.

[34] Nourse MB, Halpin DE, Scatena M, et al. VEGF induces differentiation of functional endothelium from human embryonic stem cells: implications for tissue engineering. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30(1):80-89.

[35] Kuwahara A, Ozone C, Nakano T, et al. Generation of a ciliary margin-like stem cell niche from self-organizing human retinal tissue. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6286.

[36] Kitamura S, Sakurai H, Makino H. Single adult kidney stem/progenitor cells reconstitute three-dimensional nephron structures in vitro. Stem Cells. 2015;33(3):774-784.

[37] McCracken KW, Catá EM, Crawford CM, et al. Modelling human development and disease in pluripotent stem-cell-derived gastric organoids. Nature. 2014;516(7531): 400-404.

[38] Feng LX, Chen Y, Dettin L, et al. Generation and in vitro differentiation of a spermatogonial cell line. Science. 2002; 297(5580):392-395.

[39] Yuan L, Liu JG, Zhao J, et al. The murine SCP3 gene is required for synaptonemal complex assembly, chromosome synapsis, and male fertility. Mol Cell. 2000;5(1):73-83.

[40] Han YF, Tao R, Sun TJ, et al. Optimization of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell isolation and culture methods. Cytotechnology. 2013;65(5):819-827.

[41] Cheng NC, Wang S, Young TH. The influence of spheroid formation of human adipose-derived stem cells on chitosan films on stemness and differentiation capabilities. iomaterials. 2012;33(6):1748-1758.

[42] Ohkura T, Ohta K, Nagao T, et al. Evaluation of human hepatocytes cultured by three-dimensional spheroid systems for drug metabolism. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2014; 29(5):373-378.

[43] Kapur SK, Wang X, Shang H, et al. Human adipose stem cells maintain proliferative, synthetic and multipotential properties when suspension cultured as self-assembling spheroids. Biofabrication. 2012;4(2):025004.

[44] Huang GS, Dai LG, Yen BL,et al. Spheroid formation of mesenchymal stem cells on chitosan and chitosan-hyaluronan membranes. Biomaterials. 2011; 32(29):6929-6945.

[45] Bartosh TJ, Wang Z, Rosales AA, et al. 3D-model of adult cardiac stem cells promotes cardiac differentiation and resistance to oxidative stress. J Cell Biochem. 2008;105(2): 612-623.

[46] Ni Y, Zhang K, Liu X, et al. miR-21 promotes the differentiation of hair follicle-derived neural crest stem cells into Schwann cells. Neural Regen Res. 2014;9(8):828-836.

[47] Guan M, Xu Y, Wang W, et al. Differentiation into neurons of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2014;25(3):58-63.

[48] Kaigler D, Krebsbach PH, West ER, et al. Endothelial cell modulation of bone marrow stromal cell osteogenic potential. FASEB J. 2005;19(6):665-667.

[49] Grellier M, Granja PL, Fricain JC, et al. The effect of the co-immobilization of human osteoprogenitors and endothelial cells within alginate microspheres on mineralization in a bone defect. Biomaterials. 2009;30(19):3271-3278.

[50] Zurita M, Vaquero J, Oya S, et al. Neurotrophic Schwann-cell factors induce neural differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells. Neuroreport. 2007;18(16):1713-1717.

[51] Vodyanik MA, Bork JA, Thomson JA, et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived CD34+ cells: efficient production in the coculture with OP9 stromal cells and analysis of lymphohematopoietic potential. Blood. 2005;105(2):617-626.

[52] Kaigler D, Wang Z, Horger K, et al. VEGF scaffolds enhance angiogenesis and bone regeneration in irradiated osseous defects. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21(5):735-744.

[53] 李倩,杨军.优化培养基加快骨髓间充质干细胞的诱导分化[J].中国组织工程研究,2015,18(45):7246-7249.

[54] Cao L, Yang F, Liu G, et al. The promotion of cartilage defect repair using adenovirus mediated Sox9 gene transfer of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials. 2011; 32(16):3910-3920.

[55] Iwakura T, Sakata R, Reddi AH. Induction of chondrogenesis and expression of superficial zone protein in synovial explants with TGF-β1 and BMP-7. Tissue Eng Part A. 2013;19(23-24): 2638-2644.

[56] Bhumiratana S, Eton RE, Oungoulian SR, et al. Large, stratified, and mechanically functional human cartilage grown in vitro by mesenchymal condensation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(19):6940-6945.

[57] Worster AA, Nixon AJ, Brower-Toland BD, et al. Effect of transforming growth factor beta1 on chondrogenic differentiation of cultured equine mesenchymal stem cells. Am J Vet Res. 2000;61(9):1003-1010.

[58] Erickson IE, Huang AH, Sengupta S, et al. Macromer density influences mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis and maturation in photocrosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2009;17(12):1639-1648.

[59] Li Z, Cui Z. Three-dimensional perfused cell culture. Biotechnol Adv. 2014;32(2):243-254.

[60] Yamada KM, Cukierman E. Modeling tissue morphogenesis and cancer in 3D. Cell. 2007;130(4):601-610.

[61] Ge D, Song K, Guan S, et al. Culture and differentiation of rat neural stem/progenitor cells in a three-dimensional collagen scaffold. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2013;170(2):406-419.

[62] Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, et al. Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. Cell. 2006;126(4):677-689.

[63] Clarke LE, McConnell JC, Sherratt MJ, et al. Growth differentiation factor 6 and transforming growth factor-beta differentially mediate mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, composition, and micromechanical properties of nucleus pulposus constructs. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(2):R67.

[64] Lancaster MA, Renner M, Martin CA, et al. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature. 2013;501(7467):373-379.