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30 June 2014, Volume 18 Issue 27 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Effect of recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide on renal hemodynamics in a bioengineering model of acute myocardial infarction with heart failure Fan Xin-na, Zhang Jing, Cai Li-li, Yang Gui-feng, Fu Xiang-hua 2014, 18 (27):  4265-4270.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.001 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (301KB) ( 367 )   Save BACKGROUND: The reduction of renal circulation and perfusion, the decline of renal blood flow, will all cause renal injury. The heart failure concomitant with renal injury can significantly increase the mortality. But there are arguments about the effect of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) on the renal function of patients with heart failure, and little evidence is known about the effect of BNP on the renal hemodynamics. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of different dosages of recombinant human BNP on renal perfusion in bioengineering models of acute myocardial infarction with heart failure. METHODS: Bioengineering model of York pigs of acute myocardial infarction with heart failure was established with the method of occluding anterior descending branch with balloon and injecting microthrombus. The models were randomized into recombinant human BNP group and control group (n=6). Clinical dose of recombinant human BNP (bolus of 1.5 μg/kg followed by a continuous infusion of 0.01 μg/(kg•min) for 60 minutes, and then acontinuous infusion of 0.02 and 0.03 μg/(kg•min) for 60 minutes) was administrated in the BNP group, while equal volume of saline was given in the control group. Renal artery diameter, average peak velocity, mean arterial pressure and transrenal perfusion pressure were recorded at baseline, instantly after the model establishment, 60 minutes after continuous infusion of recombinant human BNP. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with baseline information, renal artery diameter maintained unchanged after the models were established, average peak velocity was significantly decreased, renal arterial blood flow was significantly reduced, renal vascular resistance was obviously increased, and transrenal perfusion pressure was obviously decreased. After infusion of 0.01 μg/(kg•min) recombinant human BNP, renal arteries began to dilute, renal artery diameter was gradually increased. The average peak velocity was also increased, but showed no significant differences compared with baseline information. Subsequently average peak velocity was gradually declined with the increasing dose. Renal vascular resistance was decreased in a dose-dependent relationship after administration of recombinant human BNP. Transrenal perfusion pressure was progressively decreased with the dose ascending, and was significantly lower than the control group after the infusion of 0.03 μg/(kg•min) BNP. Renal blood flow was increased gradually after administration of BNP and reached the highest point after the infusion of 0.02 μg/(kg•min) BNP. Recombinant human BNP can increase the renal perfusion in the model of acute myocardial infarction with heart failure, and the highest effect appears at the dosage of 0.02 μg/(kg•min). 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of flavonoids from Cuscuta chinensis on intestinal calcium-binding protein mRNA expression in ovariectomized osteoporosis model rats Li Xiao-lin1, Li Xiao-lin, Wu Mi-shan, Zhu Zi-wei, Deng Yong-cun, Ye Yuan-yuan, Zhao Su-zhi, Ren Li-zhong, Li Bin 2014, 18 (27):  4271-4276.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.002 Abstract ( 233 )   PDF (348KB) ( 506 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cuscuta chinensis is a mature seed of Cuscutachinensis Lam., can warm kidney. Previous studies demonstrated that kidney compound composed of Cuscuta chinensis could apparently inhibit bone loss and improve bone density.  OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of flavonoids from Cuscuta chinensis on bone mineral density of femur, 1,25(OH)2D3 levels of serum and kidney, the expression of small intestine CaBp-D9K mRNA in model rats with ovariectomized osteoporosis.  METHODS: A total of 72 Sprague-Dawley female rats were equally and randomly divided into six groups (n=12): sham surgery group, model group, vitamin D3 group and low-, moderate- and high-dose flavonoids groups. The sham surgery group only received sham operation and the other five groups were ovariectomized respectively. One week after ovariectomy, the rats were given flavonoids from low-, moderate- and high-dose Cuscuta chinensis and vitamin D3 (2 mg/kg) by intragastric administration for 3 consecutive months. Blood was obtained from the abdominal aorta. Serum was isolated. The kidney was obtained. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine 1,25(OH)2D3 contents of renal and serum. Rats were sacrificed at the end of experiment. The thighbone was taken out to determine bone mineral density. The second lumbar vertebra was taken out to measure the expression of lumbar vertebra and renal vitamin D receptor mRNA using real-time fluorescent reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The small intestine was taken out to measure the expression of small intestine CaBp-D9K mRNA using real-time fluorescent reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the sham operation group, bone mineral density of femur, and 1,25(OH)2D3 levels of serum and kidney and the expression of lumbar vertebra vitamin D receptor mRNA significantly decreased in model group, and the expression of small intestine CaBp-D9K mRNA significantly decreased in model group. Compared with the model group, bone mineral density of femur, and 1,25(OH)2D3 levels of serum and kidney, and the expression of the second lumbar vertebra vitamin D receptor mRNA, and the expression of small intestine CaBp-D9K mRNA were increased in moderate- and high-dose flavonoids groups and vitamin D3 group. Results indicated that flavonoids from Cuscuta chinensis could significantly raise bone mineral density of femur, and 1,25(OH)2D3 levels of serum and kidney and the expression of lumbar vertebra vitamin D receptor mRNA and the expression of small intestine CaBp-D9K mRNA, accelerate intestinal calcium absorption and osteoblast activity, and reinforce quality of the bone. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Total saponins of panax notoginseng affects ultrastructure of a rabbit model of alcoholic avascular necrosis of the femoral head Wang Da-wei, Lu Pei-gen, Jia Yong-long, Zhang Rui-xin, Mo Jian, Yuan Jing-kuan 2014, 18 (27):  4277-4281.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.003 Abstract ( 346 )   PDF (541KB) ( 357 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that total saponins of panax notoginseng can inhibit the ethanol-induced adipogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow stromal cells and confirmed that total saponins of panax notoginseng promoted the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit osteoblasts, and improved the osteoprotegerin mRNA relative expression in osteoblasts so as to inhibit receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand mRNA expression. OBJECTIVE: To observe effects of total saponins of panax notoginseng on the ultrastructure of the rabbit models of alcoholic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. METHODS: New Zealand rabbit models of alcohol-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head were established by gavage of spirit. Successful rabbit models were separately injected with saline, compound bone peptide and total saponins of panax notoginseng group, 0.1 mL/kg, once a day, for 4 consecutive weeks. The ultrastructure of each group were observed by transmission electron microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSON: Transmission electron microscopy showed that osteocytes after alcoholic avascular necrosis of the femoral head presented mitochondrial swelling and fuzzy crista structure, and degranulation of polysomes on rough endoplasmic reticulum. Lipid droplets were seen in osteocytes. Compared with saline group, mitochondria swelling subsided, cristae appeared, the number of polysomes increased on rough endoplasmic reticulum, but the number of lipid droplet decreased in total saponins of panax notoginseng group. Morphological changes in ultrastructure were similar between compound bone peptide group and total saponins of panax notoginseng group. Morphological changes in ultrastructure were more significant in the total saponins of panax notoginseng and compound bone peptide groups compared with saline group (P < 0.05). Results verified that total saponins of panax notoginseng could effectively restore ultrastructure of osteocytes of rabbit models of alcoholic avascular necrosis of the femoral head in the early stage. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spinal cord transection in a spinal cord injury model established using accurate micrological technique Li Xiao-yin, Chen Xu-yi, Tu Yue, Liu Ying-fu, Xu Yun-qiang, Yang Xiao-qing, Li Rui-xin, Li Na, Li Jian-guo 2014, 18 (27):  4282-4286.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.004 Abstract ( 341 )   PDF (531KB) ( 469 )   Save BACKGROUND: Diffusion tensor imaging is a common technique applied for clinical studies of the brain, but it is rarely used for the diagnosis or prognosis of spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE: To establish a rat model of spinal cord injury using micrological techniques, and to evaluate spinal cord transection with diffusion tensor imaging technology, thus providing a good animal model for further intervention. METHODS: Twelve healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were applied to establish spinal cord injury models using precise microscopic techniques, and another six rats in the sham operated group served as controls. Spinal cord transection of experimental rats after modeling was observed using diffusion tensor imaging. Motor evoked potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials were used to detect electrical physiological changes of rats. Neurological function changes of rats were evaluated using slope experiments and Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After experimental rats regained consciousness, their lower extremities exhibited complete paralysis, the tails cannot swing, accompanying urinary retention. Diffusion tensor imaging displayed the T10 segment of spinal cord was completely transected. Motor and sensory evoked potential waveform were not drawn compared than control group. At 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks after operation, the test angle of slope experiments was less than 30° and Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan score was less than 10 points; as the time prolonged, lower limb irritating reflections of some rats were visible, but no initiative functional activity was found, local spinal cord structure were severely damaged. Precise microscopic techniques can successfully establish spinal cord injury model in rats, and diffusion tension imaging clearly visualizes the complete transection of the T10 spinal cord. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cardiac function of myocardial infarction rat models and NSF-siRNA, a key protein released from vesoactive substance Liu Yan, Zhou Yong, Yang Shui-xiang, Wang Zhen 2014, 18 (27):  4287-4292.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.005 Abstract ( 416 )   PDF (676KB) ( 368 )   Save BACKGROUND: How to reduce the incidence and mortality of cardiovascular diseases is an urgent concern in the field of public health. OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of adenovirus-mediated NSF-siRNA release from vesoactive substance on the cardiac function of a rat model of myocardial infarction. METHODS: A total of 36 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were applied to establish acute myocardial infarction models by ligating the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. After the model was determined by electrocardiogram successfully, NSF-siRNA adenovirus (experimental group), negative adenovirus (control group) and normal saline (normal saline group) were injected near the infarct area of the left ventricle of rats respectively. After 2 weeks, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was tested with noninvasive ultrasonic cardiogram. Meanwhile, the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and maximum pressure rising speed of left ventricular (dp/dt max) were detected by connecting the right external carotid artery place pipe to the BL-420 biological function experiment system, to evaluate the cardiac function. Subsequently, the rat heart was harvested for serial sections to observe the infarcts range. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 2 weeks, the LVEF of the experimental group was increased remarkably  (P < 0.05), while the LVEDP of the experimental group was decreased evidently compared with the control group and normal saline group (P < 0.05), and the dp/dt max of the experimental group was significantly increased (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the infarct area among groups (P > 0.05). The local injection of adenovirus mediated NSF-siRNA expression vector in infarct part can improve the cardiac function indexes, including LEVF, LVEDP and dp/dt max 2 weeks after myocardial infarction, but it has no impact on the myocardial infarction area. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Transmural mechanics at the infarcted myocardium of a dog model of acute myocardial infarction Wang Jun-li, Yin Li-xue, Fei Li-ping, Niu Qing-ying, Li Wen-hua 2014, 18 (27):  4293-4298.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.006 Abstract ( 320 )   PDF (968KB) ( 671 )   Save BACKGROUND: Acute myocardial infarction with acute onset is dangerous, but the aided diagnosis for hyperacute disease mainly depends on electrocardiogram. The advantages of tissue Doppler strain imaging were utilized to help early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. OBJECTIVE: To observe left ventricular transmural peak radial strain and strain time-to-peak of subendocardiac muscle, midmyocardium and subepicardiac muscle using tissue Doppler strain imaging in dogs before and after acute myocardial infarction, and to assess its mechanical characteristics.  METHODS: A total of 16 Beagle dog models of acute myocardial ischemia were established by ligating left anterior descending coronary artery. The two-dimensional apical short-axis views of the left ventricle in five complete cardiac cycles were acquired and stored in TDI-Q workstation before and after acute myocardial ischemia. Transmural peak radial strain and strain time-to-peak of segment, subendocardiac muscle, midmyocardium and subepicardiac muscle at infarct region and baseline were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Peak radial strains at infarct and subendocardiac muscle, midmyocardium and subepicardiac muscle were decreased compared with the baseline (P < 0.05). Peak strain gradient disappeared in each layer of infarct myocardium. Strain time-to-peak of the whole segment and infarct myocardium at different layers was significantly postponed (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation of peak radial strain between subendocardium and segment as well as between medium and segment at baseline (r = 0.617, P < 0.01; r = 0.556, P < 0.01). This relationship disappeared at infarct region (r = 0.338, P > 0.05; r = 0.218, P > 0.05). Results indicated that after acute myocardial infarction, peak strain gradient disappeared at different layers at infarct region. Acute myocardial ischemia induces peak radial strain decrease at subendocardium, medium, subepicardium and strain time-to-peak at infarct region was significantly postponed, which reflected abnormal cardiac structure and dysfunction, resulted in uncoordinated cardiac motion and asynchronous heart movement. This may be an important mechanical mechanism triggering heart failure. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Operative techniques in liver transplantation and biliary complications Song Ji-yong, Du Guo-sheng, Zhu Zhi-dong, Zheng De-hua, Feng Li-kui, Zhou Lin, Shi Bing-yi 2014, 18 (27):  4299-4303.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.007 Abstract ( 338 )   PDF (290KB) ( 474 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have reported the cause and treatment of biliary complication. However, how to improve operative technique for preventing the complication is rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of operational skills during liver transplantation on biliary complications. METHODS: Biliary complications in 475 patients who underwent liver transplantation were retrospectively analyzed. The relationship between operational skills and biliary complications after liver transplantation was observed. The potential risk factors about operative technique were summarized. Some preventive interventions for biliary complications were suggested. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Biliary complication was diagnosed in 36 (7.6%) of 475 patients who underwent liver transplantation. They were nonanastomotic biliary stricture (n=19, 4.0%), anastomotic biliary stricture (n=7, 1.5%), biliary leakage (n=3, 0.6%), twisted common biliary duct (n=3, 0.6%), residual common duct stone (n=1, 0.2%), and neoformative common duct stone (n=3, 0.6%). There was no difference in the incidence of  nonanastomotic biliary stricture among the three biliary anastomotic styles. The possibility of anastomotic biliary stricture in placing T-drainage tube group was lower than the other two groups according to clinical data. Nevertheless, there was no statistical difference between these three groups. Infusing UW into the liver from cranial mesenteric vein and douching the biliary duct immediately while taking the donor could decrease the incidence of biliary complication after liver transplantation (P=0.013 and P=0.018, OR=0.26 and OR=0.28), the later factor could also decrease the incidence of nonanastomotic biliary stricture (P=0.001, OR=0.09). Meanwhile, some operational skills also decrease the incidence of biliary complications, such as protecting the artery around the biliary duct, and elevating the liver when suturing the common biliary duct. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of anesthetic methods on respiratory and lung functions of patients after sequential double lung transplantation Huang Le-lin 2014, 18 (27):  4304-4309.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.008 Abstract ( 317 )   PDF (314KB) ( 457 )   Save BACKGROUND: In the non-extracorporeal circulation conditions, the choice of thoracic general-epidural anesthesia plus intravenous anesthesia and intravenous anesthesia alone is still controversial for sequential double lung transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of two different anesthetic methods on the respiratory function and lung biological function of the patients after treated with sequential double lung transplantation. METHODS: The 24 patients undergoing sequential double lung transplantation were randomly divided into two groups: general anesthesia group and general anesthesia combined general-epidural anesthesia group, with    12 patients in each group. All the patients were anesthetized and were subjected to one-lung or bilateral-lung ventilations for 10 minutes. Then oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide emission, respiratory quotient and energy expenditure were measured during ventilation. At the same time, the secretion of norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol and glucose levels were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 6 months, 1 year and 3 years after transplantation, the lung functions of patients in both groups were significantly improved, blood gas analysis was normal, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. The incidence of complications, acute rejection, and mortality in the two groups showed no significantly difference (P > 0.05). In general anesthesia combined general-epidural anesthesia group, the oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide emission and energy expenditure were significantly higher than those of general anesthesia group (P < 0.05). But the secretion of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide emission and respiratory quotient in the same group were lower during one-lung-ventilation than that during bilateral-lung-ventilation, without significant differences (P > 0.05). The secretion of norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol and glucose levels were significantly elevated in general anesthesia combined general-epidural anesthesia group, when compared to general anesthesia group (P < 0.05). In the general anesthesia group, the secretion of cortisol during bilateral-lung-ventilation was significantly higher than that of one-lung-ventilation (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol and glucose levels during one-lung-ventilation and bilateral-lung-ventilation in general anesthesia combined general-epidural anesthesia group (P > 0.05). In the lung transplantation process, general anesthesia combined general-epidural anesthesia increases the secretion of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide emission, and energy expenditure, reduces stress reaction, compared with general anesthesia. In addition, the metabolism and stress are not mediated by the way of ventilation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Individualized treatment prevents patient-prosthesis mismatch after aortic valve replacement with small aortic annulus Han Jin-song, Wang Hui-shan, Yin Zong-tao, Wang Ting-ting, Han Hong-guang, Song Heng-chang, Jin Yan 2014, 18 (27):  4310-4317.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.009 Abstract ( 464 )   PDF (363KB) ( 511 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is so difficult to have aortic valve replacement with small aortic annulus. Improper treatment may lead to patients with valvular mismatch phenomenon, and thus make left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, increase transvalvular pressures, cause cardiac hypertrophy secondary to increased left ventricular afterload and even congestive heart failure. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the treatment strategy for preventing valvular mismatch phenomenon caused by small aortic annulus after aortic valve replacement. METHODS: Eighty-five patients with small aortic annulus underwent aortic valve replacement surgery. 19 mm SJM Regent valve was applied to the patients with orifice diameter > 17 ≤ 19 mm; to the adult patients with orifice diameter ≤ 17 mm, we performed bovine pericardial patch enlargement of the small aortic annulus and valve replacement using 19 mm SJM Regent valve. For those with orifice diameter > 19 ≤ 21 mm, we selected 21 mm Hancock II ultra biological valve for valve replacement. Effective orifice area index, left ventricular mass index, inter-ventricular septal thickness, left ventricular wall thickness, trans-valvular peak velocity, the pressure difference across the valve and trans-valvular mean pressure were measured through echocardiography. After discharge, patients were followed up in out-patient clinic and evaluated regularly by echocardiography. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no early deaths after operation and all cases were cured and discharged. Follow-up time was between 6 months and 3 years. The main complications included low cardiac output syndrome in two cases, reoperation due to bleeding in one case, and ventilator dependence in two cases. No cases occurred in cerebral complications such as cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral thrombosis, and no valvular dysfunction or card flap appeared. There was no bovine pericardium tearing, thrombosis, calcification, tumor-like bulge, infection or immune reactions. A total of 81 cases were followed up and the follow-up rate was 95% (81/85). There were NYHA class grade I in 65 cases, and grade II in 16 cases. Peak velocity across the aortic valve and the mean pressure were significantly decreased, effective orifice area index increased significantly, left ventricular mass index, left ventricular wall thickness and the thickness of the inter-ventricular septum were significantly reduced compared with pre-operation, and no valvular mismatch phenomenon occurred. Compared 21 mm Hancock II ultra biological valve with 21 mm SJM Regent group, the former got a better peak velocity and mean trans-valvular pressure, and better left ventricular remodeling index. Body weight and body surface area were significantly increased in 19 mm Regent valve group after operation. The results suggest that individualized treatment strategies should be taken to prevent the occurrence of postoperative valvular mismatch phenomenon for patients with small aortic annulus. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of surface electric-impulse stimulation on cardiac electrical activity of Kunming mice Li Yong-lin, Zhang Hui, Shi Ruo-fei, Tang Xiao-man, Xie Li, Huang Lv, Zhang Xiao-gang 2014, 18 (27):  4318-4323.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.010 Abstract ( 431 )   PDF (422KB) ( 531 )   Save BACKGROUND: Electrical stimulation at different intensity, frequency and time on the human body may produce a variety of pathophysiological reactions.  OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of surface electric-impulse stimulation on heart rhythm and heart rate in mice.  METHODS: Thirty Kunming mice were randomly divided into three groups, each group contained 10 mice. Electrical stimulation at different voltage, time and frequency was respectively applied to the three groups. The stimulus power was supplied by BL-420F Data Acquisition & Analysis System. The II lead electrocardiogram was recorded. The systemic reactions and local body changes of mice were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Electrical stimulation at the voltage less than or equal to 10 V had no effect on heart rate, and there was no arrhythmia. When the voltage was greater than or equal to 15 V, electrical stimulation slowed down heart rate, which was restored to normal 30 minutes later. When the voltage was greater than or equal to 35 V, arrhythmia and slow heart rate occurred in mice, and the heart rate can not get back to normal. Also, some mice got ventricular fibrillation after electrical stimulation at the voltage greater than 75 V. However, when voltage was equal to 10 V, the effect of electrical stimulation at different frequency or time on cardiac electrical activity was not significant. The effect of electric-impulse stimulation by body surface on heart rhythm and heart rate in mice mainly depends on the discretion of electrical stimulation voltage. Less than or equal to 10 V, electric-impulse stimulation has no effect on heart rhythm and heart rate; the frequency or time of electric-impulse stimulation almost has no significantly effect on heart rhythm and heart rate in mice. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An integrated model for tissue engineered cartilage repair in vitro Zhou Jian-xin, Gao Feng, Gui Jian-chao, Yin Zhao-wei, Yang Xiao-fei, Xu Yang, Lu Yi-ming, Li Yang, Jiang Yi-qiu 2014, 18 (27):  4324-4329.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.011 Abstract ( 594 )   PDF (644KB) ( 425 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the development of tissue engineering, autologous chondrocyte implantation is often used to repair cartilage defects. And poor integration is one of the common reasons that lead to failure repairing. Many models in vitro are used for related studies. OBJECTIVE: To develop an interface integrated model of tissue engineered cartilage repair in vitro and to evaluate the effect. METHODS: Cartilage integration model in vitro was established in pigs. Totally 21 cartilaginous rings were obtained and divided into agarose gel group (n=18) and control group (n=3). In agarose gel group, cartilage rings were covered with agarose gel. Chondrocytes were separated and implanted into the ring. The leakage of cells around the cartilage rings was observed. The sections were stained for histological observation at 1, 2, 4 weeks. The average area of neochondrocytes was measured and compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results from the control group were not processed, because there was no chondrocyte aggregate formation in the center of the explant ring due to earlier chondrocyte leakage outside the explant. While no chondrocytes were found outside the explant ring in the agarose gel group. Tissue sections of the agarose gel group were stained by hematoxylin and eosin, alcian blue, Safranin-O and collagen type II immunohistochemistry at 1, 2, 4 weeks. Neochondrocytes proliferated within cartilage ring, and produced extracellular matrix. After 2 weeks of incubation, these inserted chondrocytes were significantly increased. There was no statistically significant increment between 2 weeks and 4 weeks (P > 0.05), although the area was further increased by 4 weeks. This model provides a convenient simulation of the cartilage integration process in vitro and has a potential application in studies of cartilage integration and cartilage tissue engineering. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Criteria and implant treatment for pyogenic spinal infection in dogs Lu Jian, Chen Wei-hua, Chen Fei, Lu Chang, Dai Zhe-hao, Zhou Bin, Wang Guo-qiang, Kang Yi-jun 2014, 18 (27):  4330-4338.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.012 Abstract ( 484 )   PDF (1071KB) ( 585 )   Save BACKGROUND: Animal model of infection is established using bioluminescent gene-labeled bacteria, which stimulate local environment of spine infection and reveal the pathophysiological mechanism of spine infection. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of anterior one-stage debridement, autogenous iliac bone grafting and titanium plate internal fixation in the management of pyogenic spinal infections in spine. METHODS: Totally 24 Chinese dogs were adopted in the study to develop a canine model of acute pyogenic spondylodiscitis using a bioluminescent strain of Staphylococcus aureus Xen29. The animal models were detected by X-radiography, CT and MRI examinations. After 4 weeks of modeling, all the animals underwent one-stage debridement, autogenous iliac bone grafting and anterior titanium plate internal fixation. Antibiotics  contained Cefazolin and Gentamicin were administrated daily since perioperative period to 4 weeks after surgery. The titanium plate and adjacent vertebra were removed surgically at various postoperative time points (4, 8, 12, 24 weeks) when the dogs were killed. The excised tissues and retrieved implants were cultured with conventional bacteria, bacteria 16S rRNA and specific Nuc gene of Staphylococcus aureus. PCR and bioluminescence imaging technique were used to detect the presence of bacteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The surgical wound was healed uneventfully. Gross observation and MRI examination of the specimens showed that there was no abscess formation or signs of infection recurrence. The infection rate was 41.7% (10/24) and 75% (18/24) in the procedure of conventional bacteria and bacteria 16S rRNA cultivation. The results showed that the sensibility of PCR technique used to detect the presence of bacteria by amplifying the highly conservative gene sequence of 16S rRNA was significantly higher than that of conventional bacterial cultivation procedure (P < 0.05). The PCR detection of specific Nuc gene of Staphylococcus aureus showed the existence of Staphylococcus aureus (1/24). However, Staphylococcus aureus Xen29 with genetic marker was not detected around the implant by bioluminescence imaging technique (0/24). All of the results showed that bacterium adhering to prosthesis in vivo is an universal phenomenon. The bacteria identified from prosthesis which was taken during the surgery and the bacteria by which the spine was infected before the surgery was not homologous. The one-stage debridement, autogenous bone grafting and anterior titanium plate internal fixation is safe and effective in the management of pyogenic spinal infections. Using of internal fixator can not lead to recurrence or persistence of infection. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mesial movement of the rat molars using Ni-Ticoil spring: a model of orthodontic tooth movement Duan Jiao-hong, Zhang Yang 2014, 18 (27):  4339-4344.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.013 Abstract ( 432 )   PDF (469KB) ( 408 )   Save BACKGROUND: The establishment of model is very crucial in the orthodontic tooth movement experiment. The selection of force and controlling of anchorage may greatly affect experimental results. OBJECTIVE: To establish an animal model for orthodontic tooth movement. METHODS: Twenty Wistar rats were included in this study. The root of incisor teeth at upper jaw was drilled and then threaded with a ligature wire (0.3 mm diameter), therefore the alveolar bone and two incisor teeth were ligated. The first molar at right upper jaw was also ligated using a ligature wire (0.2 mm diameter). The experimental teeth were randomly divided into four groups. A Sentalloy closed-coil spring (10 g, 25 g, 50 g) was placed between the maxillary incisors and the maxillary first molar, respectively. Taking the incisor as the anchorage, the molars were given a mesial movement, and control group received no force. On day 14, the dental pulp, dentin and enamel were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The relative depth of dentin resorption was analyzed with Image-Pro Plus software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A light force (10 g Ni-Ti coil spring) produced irregular enamel resorption and narrowed periodontal membrane space, whereas heavy force (25 g Ni-Ti coil spring) produced irregular dentin and enamel resorption, even heavier force (50 g Ni-Ti coil spring) produced apparent resorption at dental root, which affected the dentin. No statistical difference of the relative depth of dentin resorption was found between the 10 g group and the control group (P > 0.05). The data between other groups showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). The mechanical union of the incisors and the mandibular bone efficiently prevents the continuous eruption of the upper incisors, which maintains the anchorage stability. Using Ni-Ti coil spring, a stable, scientific and reliable model of orthodontic tooth movement can be established through mesial movement of the  first molars. The optimal force of 10 g is used to move the rat first molar mesially. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mechanical embolectomy using Penumbra system for acute cerebral embolism: model establishment and finite element analysis in one case Liu Bo, Xie Peng, Li Zhi-wei 2014, 18 (27):  4345-4354.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.014 Abstract ( 800 )   PDF (972KB) ( 513 )   Save BACKGROUND: Few cases of acute cerebral embolism were treated by mechanical thrombectomy all over the world. However, there were few cases currently treated by mechanical thrombectomy using Penumbra system. It is an unclear understanding of effects on regional cerebral blood vessels using this kind of surgery. OBJECTIVE: To describe effects of numerical simulation on regional cerebral blood vessels of an acute cerebral embolism patient by mechanical embolectomy using Penumbra system. METHODS: A 77-year-old woman suffering from acute cerebral embolism of left middle cerebral artery was selected. Various raw data were collected in emergency of digital subtraction angiography, then mechanical thrombectomy using Penumbra system was carried out successfully. After these raw data were processed into dimensional numerical models of two kinds of embolectomy methods (“suction bolt method from near to far” and “suction bolt method from far to near”), and then finite element analysis was carried out. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Model establishment and finite element analysis were successfully conducted. Compared with “suction bolt method from near to far”, “suction bolt method from far to near” models had smaller velocity of flow in catheter and smaller wall shear stress of thrombus (P < 0.01), and had larger wall shear stress of blood vessel wall, deformation of blood vessel wall (P < 0.01) and deformation of thrombus (P < 0.05). Results suggested that finite element analysis of mechanical embolectomy using Penumbra system can help physicians to involve in a clear understanding of their impacts on cerebral blood vessels of patients. As a research method, it is worth to continue to explore in the future. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analgesic effect of intrathecal injection of dexmedetomidine on selective damage of sciatic nerve branch in a rat model Deng Hai-hong, Ma Song-mei, Xiao Xiao-shan 2014, 18 (27):  4355-4361.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.015 Abstract ( 391 )   PDF (458KB) ( 341 )   Save BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine is an effective high-selectivity α2-adrenoceptor agonist that has sedative, analgesic, anxiolytic effects, but slightly affects respiration. OBJECTIVE: To observe the analgesic effect of dexmedetomidine on selective damage of sciatic nerve branch in a rat model by intrathecal injection. METHODS: A total of 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group, physiological saline group and dexmedetomidine group. A rat model of selective damage of sciatic nerve branch was established by knotting off the common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve in the physiological saline group and dexmedetomidine group. Rats in the dexmedetomidine group were daily injected with dexmedetomidine 3 μg/kg by intrathecal injection within 14 days after injury. Rats in the physiological saline group were injected with physiological saline. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the physiological saline group, the mechanical withdrawal threshold and the thermal withdrawal latency were significantly increased in the dexmedetomidine group (P < 0.05). Neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly decreased in the spinal dorsal horn (P < 0.05). The injury to spinal dorsal horn neurons was obviously lessened. Moreover, neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNA and protein expression levels and the injury to spinal dorsal horn neurons were similar between 14 days after administration and normal control group. Results indicated that intrathecal injection of dexmedetomidine could inhibit the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the spinal dorsal horn and relieve the pain induced by sciatic nerve injury. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between caspase regulatory gene expression and facial nerve injury in a facial nerve injury model Wei Hai-gang, Li Shu-guang, Chen Yu-ting, Cai Chao-xiong, Xu Biao 2014, 18 (27):  4362-4367.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.016 Abstract ( 330 )   PDF (604KB) ( 439 )   Save BACKGROUND: Caspase plays a crucial role in the cell apoptosis, but the influence of different facial nerve injury on caspase 1, caspase 8, cyto-c protein expression and their correlation still remain unclear.  OBJECTIVE: To construct facial nerve crush or distal transection injury models, observe the morphological changes of facial motoneurons, investigate death gene caspase 3, caspase 8, cyto-c expression, and analyze their correlation.  METHODS: Facial nerve crush or distal transection injury model was established in the right facial nerve of rats, while the left facial nerve served as normal controls. We observed the morphology and the death of facial motoneurons with toluidine blue staining and transmission electron microscope. Expressions of caspase 3, caspase 8 and cyto-c proteins were studied by immunohistochemistry analysis following facial nerve injury.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Both facial nerve distal transection and crush injury resulted in the death of  facial motoneurons, and the death pattern was mainly apoptosis. Caspase 3, caspase 8 and cyto-c protein expressions were observed in the subnucleus of normal rat facial nucleus. Cells of the distal transection group were stained more intensely than that of crush group. Expressions of these proteins began to increase at 3 days after the injuries. Caspase 3 and caspase 8 protein expression peaked at 14 days, whereas cyto-c protein expression peaked at 7 days after the injuries. Expressions of caspase 3, caspase 8 and cyto-c proteins were correlated with facial nerve injury type and injury time. Expressions of caspase 8 and cyto-c protein were correlated with expression of caspase 3 protein. The findings indicate that, caspase 8 and cyto-c contribute to activate caspase 3, and caspase cascade reaction plays an important role in the apoptosis of facial motoneurons. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The safety and feasibility of a full-implanted cortical electrical stimulator with low-intensity stimulation in local cerebral infarction rats Zhou Qin, Li Ming-zhe, Zhao Xue-qing, Li Tao, Duan Yan-wen 2014, 18 (27):  4368-4374.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.017 Abstract ( 337 )   PDF (483KB) ( 365 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cortical electrical stimulation has achieved good effects in treatment of stroke through animal and clinical experiments. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of a fully implanted cortical electrical stimulation device with long time, low intensity and various frequencies stimulation protocols on the neurological function recovery in a rat model of local cerebral infarction. METHODS: The cerebral infarction model was established through middle cerebral artery occlusion in 60 Sprague-Dawley adult male rats. Forty rats with 1-3 points by Bederson scale were detected with magnetic resonance imaging, which was used to confirm cortex infarction and to identify a location for implantation of stimulating electrode over the peri-infarct cortex. Twenty-three rats with cortex infarction were randomly divided into cortical electrical stimulation group (CES group, n=13) and no stimulation group (NS group; n=10). The device was implanted on 6 days after middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the stimulation was given for 16 days. The stimulation program consists of two sessions lasting half an hour each in the morning and in the afternoon respectively. Stimulator delivered biphasic charge balanced pulses (pulse width = 200 μs) with various frequencies of 50 Hz, 20 Hz and 5 Hz within 10 second blocks and then repeated. The rats of NS group were implanted with the device, but received no electrical stimulation. The behavioral tests, includingforelimb use asymmetry test and foot fault test were performed at 2 and 16 days after implantation. Finally, all of the devices were taken out to test if they were normally working and all of the rats were sacrificed for hematoxylin-eosin staining, which can reflect the structure of peri-infarct cortex and cell morphology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was only one stimulator in CES group cannot normally work, and the remaining 22 ones worked well. The skin covered the implanted stimulator was slightly ulcerated in one rat, and the incisions of the other rats were healed well. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed clear and intact structure in peri-infarction cortex (i.e., electrodes were implanted at the cortex), neurons arranged in neat rows, with abundant neuronal cytoplasm and clear nucleolus. The glial cells have complete structures, and there was no edema in the intercellular spaces. Foot-fault and forelimb use asymmetry tests showed the improved neurological function in rats of CES group than that of NS group. We designed a full-implanted cortical electrical stimulator used in cerebral ischemic rats, and established an implanted method with long time, low intensity and various frequencies pulsed electrical stimulation. The results indicated the stimulation pattern in our study is safe and effective, and it can significantly promote functional recovery in local cerebral infarction rats. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Low-frequency magnetic fields promote neovascularization in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis combined with limb ischemia Zhang Jian-yong, Peng Hui, Meng De-kai, Chen Hui, Zhang Yun-qiang, Yu Hua-long 2014, 18 (27):  4375-4382.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.018 Abstract ( 294 )   PDF (636KB) ( 595 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies on basic research of magnetic treatment of limb ischemic disease are not much, because poor compliance of animals and the stability of the magnetic field strength are difficult to control, resulting in big experimental error and decreased credibility of the results. For this kind of problem, experimental study on low-frequency electromagnetic magnetic cages for treatment of ischemic limbs was conducted, thus overcoming the two major issues of poor compliance of animals and difficult control of the stability of magnetic field strength. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of self-made low-frequency magnetic fields of rabbit cages on neovascular growth-promoting factor of rabbits with limb ischemia. METHODS: A total of 96 rabbit models of atherosclerosis were constructed, numbered and randomly divided into ischemia group and non-ischemia group (12 treatment combination in each group). Experiments in each group were performed four times according to the requirement of factorial design. Electromagnetic field intensity factor A (0, 3, 6, 12 mT) and the time factor B (3, 5, 7 days) were set. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Low-frequency magnetic field could apparently promote hypoxia inducible factor-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor and CD34 expression in ischemic limb of rabbits. Electromagnetic field intensity factor A was a key factor for contributing to the expression of hypoxia inducible factor-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor and CD34, and the time factor B was secondary factor. Low-frequency magnetic field also promoted hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression in non-ischemia limb, but did not promote vascular endothelial growth factor and CD34 expression. Thus, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and CD34 was regulated by hypoxia inducible factor-1α, as well as other factors, in the ischemic state. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Platelet rich plasma gel combined with core decompression for repair of aseptic necrosis of the femoral head in a rabbit Cui Yong, Fang Guo-zheng, Kaisaierjiang•Aihemaiti 2014, 18 (27):  4383-4388.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.019 Abstract ( 309 )   PDF (440KB) ( 492 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that platelet rich plasma has strong osteogenic ability and it has been widely used in the field of department of orthopedics and department of stomatology, but experimental study on avascular necrosis of the femoral head has been not reported. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of platelet rich plasma gel combined with marrow core decompression in the repair of aseptic necrosis of rabbit femoral head. METHODS: A total of 25 New Zealand white rabbits were obtained. Without dislocation of the hip joint, aseptic necrosis model was established by using liquid nitrogen cryotherapy on bilateral femoral head of rabbits. At 2 weeks after model establishment, rabbit models were randomly assigned. Model group with nine rabbits did not receive any treatment. Core decompression group with eight rabbits underwent core decompression treatment. Combination group with eight rabbits underwent core decompression combined with platelet rich plasma gel treatment. At 8 weeks after model induction, tissue sections of femoral head specimens were collected and subjected to MRI and hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:  (1) MRI examination: The model group showed low signal area of different forms in femoral head fat high signal, exhibited annular, ribbon and focal shapes. No evident changes in osteogenesis, no apparent minification of the defect cavity were detected at defect site in the core decompression group, showing long T1 and T2 signals. Defect cavity disappeared, and new bone of short T1 and T2 signals filled in the combination group. (2) Hematoxylin-eosin staining: Articular cartilage defect and repair existed in the model group, showing osteoarthritis-like changes. Empty bone lacuna of bone trabecula, hematopoietic cell and adipocyte necrosis in bone marrow were detected in the core decompression group. Empty bone lacuna of bone trabecula, focal necrosis scattered in bone marrow were visible in the combination group. Results suggested that the outcomes of platelet rich plasma gel combined with core decompression were better than core decompression alone in treatment of rabbit models of femoral head necrosis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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In vitro constructing a of three-dimensional hepatocarcinoma model for drug screening Liu Jin-song 2014, 18 (27):  4389-4394.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.020 Abstract ( 461 )   PDF (449KB) ( 716 )   Save BACKGROUND: In vitro construction of three-dimensional (3D) tumor model has been growing to substitute two-dimensional (2D) tumor model for drug screening. OBJECTIVE: To develop 3D hepatocarcinoma model for the sensitive study of antitumor drugs. METHODS: Taking HepG2 as cell model, hydrogel scaffold was fabricated with chitosan/collagen to construct in vitro 3D hepatocarcinoma model. The 3D hepatocarcinoma aggregates were characterized regarding to the morphology, growth and cytoskeleton distribution and so on. Finally, the sensitive assay of in vitro 3D hepatocarcinoma model to the clinical antitumor drugs was studied with 2D hepatocarcinoma model as control. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:  (1) HepG2 cells in chitosan/collagen scaffold grew to form 3D cell aggregates after 10-day culture. (2) Although the growth rate of HepG2 cells in chitosan/collagen scaffold was slightly slower than that of cells in 2D culture, the HepG2 cell viability of 3D culture could be maintained longer. (3) It was found that the fibrin skeleton of HepG2 cells in chitosan/collagen scaffold rearranged and displayed structural similarity to in vivo hepatic tissue. (4) The sensitivity of in vitro 3D hepatocarcinoma model to the clinical antitumor drugs was significantly lower than that of 2D cells. In conclusion, the in vitro 3D hepatocarcinoma model developed in chitosan/collagen scaffold provided cytoskeleton structure closer to in vivo hepatic tissue, which is potential system for in vitro drug screening. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cardiac electrical activity after autologous pericardium transplantation Xie Li, Zhang Xiao-gang, Huang Lv, Li Yong-lin, Tang Xiao-man, Zhang Hui 2014, 18 (27):  4395-4400.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.021 Abstract ( 420 )   PDF (536KB) ( 461 )   Save BACKGROUND: The treatment of autologous pericardium transplantation has been widely applied in clinics, mainly involving cardiovascular repair and reconstruction, the treatment of ocular surface disease. The study addressing protection effects of autologous pericardium transplantation on the heart with ischemia injury is rarely reported. The investigations on the safety and protection effects of autologous pericardial transplantation on the heart with ischemia injury are of important significance. OBJECTIVE: To explore effect of autologous pericardial transplantation on cardiac electrical activity and the protective effects on myocardial ischemia. METHODS: Rongchang pork pigs and Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: autologous pericardium transplantation, myocardial ischemia, and myocardial ischemia + autologous pericardium transplantation. The model of myocardial ischemia was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in the groups of myocardial ischemia and myocardial ischemia + autologous pericardium transplantation. The model of transplantation was established by autologous pericardium transplant with flap in the groups of autologous pericardium transplantation and myocardial ischemia + autologous pericardium transplantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Porcine electrocardiogram monitoring results showed that, superventricular premature beat was frequently observed in each group of pigs; the ventricular premature beat was occasional observed in autologous pericardium transplantation group, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation did not appear. Compared with myocardial ischemia group, the ventricular premature beat decreased and the heart function was improved in myocardial ischemia + autologous pericardium transplantation group (P < 0.05). Rat electrocardiogram monitoring results showed that, the ventricular fibrillation did not appear in autologous pericardium transplantation group, the lethal ventricular fibrillation did not appear in myocardial ischemia and myocardial ischemia + autologous pericardium transplantation groups. Compared with myocardial ischemia group, the heart function was improved, the apoptosis index decreased, the expressions of Bcl-2 protein increased, the expressions of Caspase-3 protein decreased in myocardial ischemia + autologous pericardium transplantation group (P < 0.05). The autologous pericardium transplantation with flap cannot induce malignant ventricular arrhythmia and is relatively safe; the ventricular premature beat is reduced, the cardiac function is improved, which is possibly related to the inhibition of apoptosis in myocardial ischemic area. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Anatomical reconstruction with allogeneic tendon graft for chronic ankle instability Sha Yong, Tang Hui, Ding Jing, Xu Yong-qing, Li Fu-bing, Ruan Mo, Li Chun-xiao 2014, 18 (27):  4401-4405.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.022 Abstract ( 281 )   PDF (362KB) ( 393 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is little evidence on the use of allogeneic tendon graft in the reconstruction of ankle joint. OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical outcome of anatomical reconstruction of the lateral ligaments with cryopreserved allogeneic tendon graft in patients with chronic ankle instability. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with chronic lateral instability underwent anatomical reconstruction of the lateral ligaments with cryopreserved allogeneic tendon. There were 18 cases of simultaneous injury or chalasia in calcaneofibular ligament and anterior talofibular ligament, and 8 cases of anterior talofibular ligament injury or chalasia. The ankle joint function was evaluated according to AOFAS scale and Good classification. The affect ankle and healthy ankle were compared in the extension, plantar flexion activity, and metaleg activity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the 26 patients were followed up for 9-24 months with a mean of 15 months. No cases appeared recurrent ankle lateral instability. The mean AOFAS score in the group of calcaneofibular ligament and anterior talofibular ligament was improved from (48.4±3.7) points preoperatively to (88.2±3.8) postoperatively, while that in the group of anterior talofibular ligament was improved from (50.0±6.4) points preoperatively to (89.5±3.4) points postoperatively. According to Good score, there were excellent in 19 feet, good in 6 feet, fair in 1 foot, with an excellent and good rate up to 96%. No serious complication was occurred in this group. Anatomical reconstruction of the lateral ligaments with cryopreserved allogeneic tendon graft can increase the tendon-bone contact area, improve the rate of tendon healing, and enhance the stability of ankle joint in patients with chronic ankle instability. Further studies are needed to verify its long-term efficacy. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of two common insemination methods on in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer Luo Can-qiao, Li Yu-bin, Li Tao, Xiao Shan, Long Ling-li, Xie Wen-lin, Nie Zhao-ming 2014, 18 (27):  4406-4411.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.023 Abstract ( 356 )   PDF (323KB) ( 446 )   Save BACKGROUND: The in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer technique has been widely applied in human insemination. The rate of successful insemination is gradually rising, and the in-vitro fertilization directly determine the insemination outcome. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the difference between the two common using insemination methods, microdrop and open, in in-vitro fertilization and embryo development. METHODS: A randomized study was conducted to compare microdrop and open insemination methods among non-male factor patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. A total of 1 175 cases were enrolled in the research. There were 573 cases in the microdrop group, and 602 cases in open insemination group. The fertilization rate and embryo development in the two groups were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The fertilization failure rate [total fertilization failure rate + low fertilization rate(< 25% oocytes fertilized)] in the microdrop insemination group was higher than in the open insemination group (11.9%, 3.3%, P < 0.001), while the good quality embryo rate and pregnancy rate did not differ significantly between the two groups (all P > 0.05). The open insemination method is a simple insemination method with a lower fertilization failure rate. As the fertilization is a highly complicated process involving many extrinsic and intrinsic factors, further study is needed to confirm the effects of the two insemination methods on in-vitro fertilization outcome. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of frozen thawed embryos versus frozen thawed blastocysts on transfer period and delivery outcomes Mou Lian-jun, Li Nan, Wei Ji-hong, Tang Yong-mei 2014, 18 (27):  4412-4417.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.024 Abstract ( 742 )   PDF (336KB) ( 488 )   Save BACKGROUND: Since the first frozen embryo transplantation succeeded in 1983, embryo cryotechnique has been an important component in human assisted reproductive techniques. It is controversial which embryos and blastocysts after cryopreservation is selected. OBJECTIVE: To compare the birth outcomes and neonatal status of frozen thawed embryos and blastocysts. METHODS: In frozen thawed embryo group (n=1 273) and frozen thawed blastocyst group (n=471), we compared pregnancy rate, abortion rate, ectopic pregnancy rate, premature delivery rate, average premature gestational weeks, term yield, average full-term gestational age, newborn sex, birth weight, birth defects and so on. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were frozen thawed blastocyst thaw cycles in 478 cases, 471 cases of transplantation period (including 7 cases without blastocyst transfer were canceled), 236 cases of pregnancy, 201 cases of delivery. Delivery number was 251, including 140 boys and 111 girls. The third day embryo thawing cycle of freezing and thawing appeared in 1 280 cases, 1 273 cases of transplantation period (including 7 cases of no embryo transplantation were canceled), 415 cases of pregnancy, 343 cases of delivery. The delivery number was 431, including 225 boys and 206 girls. Rate of pregnancy was significantly higher in frozen thawed blastocysts compared with frozen thawed embryos. No significant differences were detected in rate of miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy rate, premature delivery rate, average premature gestational weeks, term yield, average full-termgestational age, newborn sex, and birth weight between frozen thawed embryos and blastocysts. There was no increase in birth defects between frozen thawed embryos and blastocysts. Results suggested that no significant difference was detected in birth outcomes and neonatal status of frozen thawed embryos and blastocysts. Nevertheless, pregnancy outcome is better in frozen thawed blastocysts than frozen thawed embryos. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of animal models of cervical instability and vertebral artery ischemia Zhu Sheng-jie, Zhu Fang, Yue Zong-jin, Wang Zi-hua 2014, 18 (27):  4418-4422.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.025 Abstract ( 301 )   PDF (341KB) ( 552 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cervical spondylosis refers to cervical intervertebral spondylotic myelopathy and secondary degenerative changes, as well as pathological changes in surrounding tissue structures. Establishing animal model of cervical instability and vertebral-basilar artery ischemia is the key in the studies addressing cervical spondylosis pathophysiology and treatment. OBJECTIVE: To establish animal model of unstable cervical spine and vertebral-basilar artery ischemia, and explore new progress of animal model imitation study. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval of PubMed database and CNKI database was performed for articles published from 1979 to 2012. The key words were “cervical instability, basal-vertebral artery ischemia, animal model” in English and Chinese. The articles about cervical instability, basal-vertebral artery ischemia, and animal model were screened, and those published recently or in authorized journals were preferred in the same field. Finally 43 articles were included in this study. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: An ideal animal model of cervical disease is needed. Animal model of cervical diseases is often used for the study of disease causes, onset mechanism and biochemistry. As the causes and mechanism of cervical diseases remain unclear, the existing modeling method cannot duplicate human cervical diseases, so further studies are needed to explore the establishment of models, positive rate and modeling time. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation: its effects on rejection and graft Huang Yun-fan, Chen Hong, Wang Xu, Fan Tie-yan 2014, 18 (27):  4423-4428.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.27.026 Abstract ( 338 )   PDF (364KB) ( 722 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus is relatively common condition pathogenic virus after liver transplantation. It has many direct or indirect effects on the body, and seriously affects the long-term survival of patients. It should be paid more attention. OBJECTIVE: To analyze and summarize the outcomes of the epidemiology, risk factors, effects on the body, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention for cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation. METHODS: Fitness database, PubMed database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure database were retrieved by computer for articles on cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation published from January  2006 to December 2013, and through manual refer to books. Articles were searched with the key words of “liver transplantation, cytomegalovirus infection, risk factors” in Chinese and English. A total of more than 200 articles were retrieved. Forty articles directly related to cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation and those published in authoritative magazines were included to review with good representativeness. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The positive rate of serum cytomegalovirus-IgG is high in the population. Risk factors of cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation include donor-recipient cytomegalovirus serologic status, low serum creatinine clearance, female patients, graft rejection, the use of immunosuppressant and donor-recipient MBL-2 and FCN-2 gene polymorphism. There are direct and indirect effects of this posttransplant opportunistic infection, such as cytomegalovirus syndrome, organ invasion lesions, graft loss, accelerated recurrence of hepatitis C, an increased risk of acute or chronic rejection, predisposition to other opportunistic infections, compromised immunity, accelerated atherosclerosis and the interaction between beta herpes virus. Therefore, prevention and early treatment are very crucial. A combination of pp65 antigen assay for screening and real-time RT-PCR methods for confirmation provides an optimal, low-cost diagnostic regimen for cytomegalovirus infection. Ganciclovir is the first selection for antiviral treatment after liver transplantation, but oral valganciclovir and intravenous ganciclovir are safe, feasible options for preemptive treatment of cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation. The plasma levels of CXCL16, PTX3 and von Willebrand factor at the start of treatment are independently associated with virologic and clinical treatment failure during anti-cytomegalovirus therapy in solid organ transplant recipients. We should choose different prevention programs for the patients of different donor-recipient cytomegalovirus serologic status. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics