Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (35): 9281-9293.doi: 10.12307/2026.257

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Mechanism by which non-apoptotic regulated cell death induces neuronal injury in ischemic stroke

Su Xu1, Zhang Xiaoxi1, Yang Yaqing1, Fu Zhenyi2, Liu Jiaxin2   

  1. 1The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi 653100, Yunnan Province, China; 2School of Basic Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, Yunnan Province, China
  • Received:2025-08-08 Revised:2025-11-17 Online:2026-12-18 Published:2026-04-29
  • Contact: Liu Jiaxin, MD, Lecturer, School of Basic Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650000, Yunnan Province, China
  • About author:Su Xu, Associate chief physician, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi 653100, Yunnan Province, China Zhang Xiaoxi, MS, Attending physician, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi 653100, Yunnan Province, China Su Xu and Zhang Xiaoxi contributed equally to this article.
  • Supported by:
    Joint Special Project of Kunming University of Science and Technology, No. KUST-KH2023001Y (to LJX); Key Laboratory Project of Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine in Yunnan Province, No. YPKLS2024-004 (to LJX)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: In recent years, the involvement of non-apoptotic regulated cell death in the development of ischemic stroke has become a research hotspot.
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the roles and action mechanisms of non-apoptotic regulated cell death subroutines such as autophagy, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, disulfidptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in the neuronal damage caused by ischemic stroke.
METHODS: Relevant literature on non-apoptotic regulated cell death and ischemic stroke was retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure and PubMed databases. The search terms included “ischemic stroke, regulated cell death, autophagy, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, disulfidptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, alkaliptosis, oxeiptosis, parthanatos, mitochondrial permeability transition-driven necrosis, neutrophil extracellular trap-related death, lysosome-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, anoikis” in both Chinese and English. Based on the inclusion criteria, a total of 176 articles were selected for analysis and summary.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The regulatory mechanisms of non-apoptotic regulated cell death mainly include autophagy, ferroptosis, anoikis, cuproptosis, disulfidptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, oxeiptosis, alkaliptosis, parthanatos, mitochondrial permeability transition-driven necrosis, neutrophil extracellular trap-related death, lysosome-dependent cell death, and immunogenic cell death. Autophagy plays a dual regulatory role in the damage of neural cells caused by ischemic stroke. Under ischemic conditions, autophagy exerts a protective effect on neural cells, while in the reperfusion stage, excessive autophagy can lead to the death of neural cells. Ferroptosis can promote the damage of neural cells in ischemic stroke through iron overload and lipid peroxidation. The cuproptosis regulatory ferredoxin-1 protein can induce ferroptosis by regulating glutathione. There is partial crosstalk between disulfidptosis and ferroptosis. Under conditions of glucose deficiency, the upregulation of solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) will consume nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), leading to abnormal accumulation of disulfide compounds and promoting the occurrence of neural cell disulfidptosis. Necroptosis, an important participant, is also related to the activation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a protein-related protein of pyroptosis, and can further promote pyroptosis of neural cells during the occurrence of necroptosis in ischemic stroke. The neutrophil extracellular trap-related death associated with ischemic stroke mainly occurs through citrullination and the formation of stress-triggered neutrophil extracellular traps, mediated by various cytotoxic proteases, leading to an inflammatory response. Other emerging subtypes of immunogenic cell death cause damage to neural cells in ischemic stroke in various specific ways.


Key words: ischemic stroke, regulated cell death, cuproptosis, disulfidptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, neural cell, review

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