Micro-CT changes and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in reconstructed mandibular condylar cartilage under continuous mandibular advancement in growing and adult rats

doi:10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1067

Abstract

Abstract:

BACKGROUND: Previous experimental results have shown that mandibular advancement can remodel the condylar process in growing rats, which is shown to promote the growth of condylar tissue. However, the influence of mandibular advancement on condylar remodeling and ultrastructure of condylar cartilage in adult rats different from those in growing rats are still a key issue.
OBJECTIVE: To observe the condylar remodeling and ultrastructural variations in the mandibular condylar cartilage in adult and growing rats undergoing mandibular advancement.
METHODS: Thirty 9-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats and thirty 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into experimental and control groups with 15 adult rats and 15 growing rats in each group. Rats in the experimental group were subjected to wearing mandibular advancement splints. Rats were sacrificed on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30. Sections from the condyles were cut, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the condylar cartilage was examined through immunohistochemical analysis. These samples were also observed under Micro-CT.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the number of vascular endothelial growth factor positive cells in the condylar cartilage and the gray value gradually increased in the experimental group on day 7 of the intervention: for the adult rats, the positive cell number and gray value were at the maximum level on day 30 (P < 0.01), while for the growing rats, the highest number of positive cells and gray value appeared on day 21 (P < 0.01), and the gray value on day 30 was lower than that on day 21 but still higher than that in the control group. Micro-CT revealed that the trabecula and the newly formed bone in the experimental group gradually thickened, and the number and separation of trabeculae increased with time. To conclude, both adult and growing rats display hyperplastic remodeling in the condyle with the presence of high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor under continuous mandibular advancement. However, the adaptive remodeling is earlier in the growing rats than in the adult rats.

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程

Key words: Mandible, Malocclusion, Angle Class II, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors, Tissue Engineering

CLC Number:

R318

Wu Min1, Li Xue1, Gao Jie1, Yang Shuai1, Cai Yizhi2, Wang Mingguo1 . Micro-CT changes and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in reconstructed mandibular condylar cartilage under continuous mandibular advancement in growing and adult rats[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2019, 23(7): 1001-1006.

Figures/Tables 6

2.3.1 幼年期大鼠骨质参数的变化见表3。 (1)骨痂总体积(TV)：幼年期对照组的骨痂总体积值，各组之间数据无显著性意义(P > 0.05)，而实验组中，从实验开始3 d时，骨痂总体积值开始增加，并一直显著上升，直到21 d时达到了最高值，与3 d组差异有显著性意义(P < 0.01)。这也就说明了在下颌前伸的持续作用力下，年轻大鼠髁状突会有显著的增生，这样的改建同时也呼应了光镜下髁状突软骨厚度的变化。 (2)矿化骨总体积(BV)：和骨痂总体积相类似，随着观察时间的延长，对照组矿化骨总体积值并没有显著的变化(P > 0.05)。而相较3 d组分析可得实验组的矿化骨总体积值随着时间的延长有明显的变化(P < 0.05)，尤其是 14 d和21 d的矿化骨总体积值有十分显著的变化(P < 0.01)。 (3)骨小梁厚度(Tb.Th)：对照组的骨小梁厚度从整体上呈现了下降的趋势，相较3 d组分析可得30 d的骨小梁厚度有明显的变化(P < 0.05)，实验组的骨小梁厚度总体上增长，与3 d组有显著的变化(P < 0.05)，14 d和21 d时达到峰值，有显著变化(P < 0.01)。 (4)骨小梁数量(Tb.N)：总体上来看，相较3 d组分析可得对照组的骨小梁数量无明显的变化(P > 0.05)，而实验组的骨小梁数量在实验开始的21 d达到最大值，有显著的变化(P < 0.01)。 (5)骨小梁分离度(Tb.Sp)：对照组在整个观察周期上来说，骨小梁分离度变化不大，无明显变化(P > 0.05)，但是实验组在14 d，21 d和30 d时，骨小梁分离度出现了最低的趋势，有明显的变化(P < 0.05)。 (6)骨体积分数(BV/TV)：对照组在整个观察周期内，骨体积分数无明显变化(P > 0.05)，实验组在14 d与21 d时显著减小(P< 0.05)。 2.3.2 成年大鼠骨质参数的变化见表4。 (1)骨痂总体积TV：相较3 d组分析可得成年对照组的骨痂总体积值无明显的变化(P > 0.05)，而实验组中，随着时间的延长，骨痂总体积值有显著的变化(P < 0.01)。 (2)矿化骨总体积(BV)：对照组中的矿化骨总体积随着时间延长而减少，其变化不明显(P > 0.05)，实验组中，随着时间延长而明显增加(P < 0.05)，直到30 d时变化最显著(P < 0.01)。 (3)骨小梁厚度(Tb.Th)：对照组中的骨小梁厚度随着时间延长而减少，变化不明显(P > 0.05)，实验组中，随着时间延长而增加，14 d时有明显的变化(P < 0.05)，30 d时变化最为显著(P < 0.01)。"

References

[1] WoodsideDG. The activator in Removable Orthodontic Appliances.ed.T.M.Graber and B. Neumann, W.B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia.2014; 22(3):269-336

[2] 傅民魁.口腔正畸学[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社, 2014: 119-120.

[3] 詹静,谷志远.下颌前导后髁突骨形态学指标变化的动物实验[J].中华口腔医学杂志，2013,48(5):304-305.

[4] 桑婷,伍军,黄臻,等. Herbst矫治器治疗年轻成人安氏Ⅱ类2分类错合牙的研究[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志, 2012, 30(1):49-53.

[5] Rabie AB, Xiong H, Hägg U. Forward mandibular positioning enhances condylar adaptation in adult rats. Eur J Orthod. 2004;26(4):353-358.

[6] 黄佳宁,陈秀锦.清洁级成年SD大鼠肝脏自发病变的组织病理学研究[J].动物医学进展,2012,33,(12):130-133.

[7] Lingaraj K, Poh CK, Wang W. Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) is expressed during articular cartilage growth and re -expressed in osteoarthritis.AnnAcad Med Singapore. 2010,39(5): 399-403.

[8] Chim SM, Tickner J, Chow ST, et al. Angiogenic factors in bonelocal environment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev.2013; 24 (3):297-310.

[9] Corrado A,Neve A,Cantatore FP.Expression of vascularendothelial growth factor in normal, osteoarthritic andosteoporotic osteoblasts. Clin Exp Med.2013; 13(1): 81-84.

[10] Wang CJ, Huang KE, Sun YC, et al. VEGF modulatesangiogenesis and osteogenesis in shockwave-promoted fracturehealing in rabbits.J Surg Res.2011;171(1):114-119.

[11] Peng H, Usas A, Olshanski A, et al.VEGF improves, whereassFlt1 inhibits, BMP2-induced bone formation and bone healingthrough modulation of angiogenesis.J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(11):2017-2027.

[12] Proff P, GedrangeT,FrankeR,etal.Histological and histomorphometric investigation of the condylar cartilage of juvenile pigs after anterior mandibular displacement.Ann Anat. 2007;189(3):269-275.

[13] Rebaudi A, Koller B, Laib A, etal.Microcomputed tomographic analysis of the peri - implant bone. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent.2004; 24:316- 325.

[1]	Zhang Tongtong, Wang Zhonghua, Wen Jie, Song Yuxin, Liu Lin. Application of three-dimensional printing model in surgical resection and reconstruction of cervical tumor [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(9): 1335-1339.
[2]	Fan Jiabing, Zhang Junmei. Morphological measurement and analysis of the mandible in adult females with different vertical skeletal types [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(8): 1177-1183.
[3]	Zeng Yanhua, Hao Yanlei. In vitro culture and purification of Schwann cells: a systematic review [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(7): 1135-1141.
[4]	Xu Dongzi, Zhang Ting, Ouyang Zhaolian. The global competitive situation of cardiac tissue engineering based on patent analysis [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(5): 807-812.
[5]	Wu Zijian, Hu Zhaoduan, Xie Youqiong, Wang Feng, Li Jia, Li Bocun, Cai Guowei, Peng Rui. Three-dimensional printing technology and bone tissue engineering research: literature metrology and visual analysis of research hotspots [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(4): 564-569.
[6]	Chang Wenliao, Zhao Jie, Sun Xiaoliang, Wang Kun, Wu Guofeng, Zhou Jian, Li Shuxiang, Sun Han. Material selection, theoretical design and biomimetic function of artificial periosteum [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(4): 600-606.
[7]	Liu Fei, Cui Yutao, Liu He. Advantages and problems of local antibiotic delivery system in the treatment of osteomyelitis [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(4): 614-620.
[8]	Li Xiaozhuang, Duan Hao, Wang Weizhou, Tang Zhihong, Wang Yanghao, He Fei. Application of bone tissue engineering materials in the treatment of bone defect diseases in vivo [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(4): 626-631.
[9]	Zhang Zhenkun, Li Zhe, Li Ya, Wang Yingying, Wang Yaping, Zhou Xinkui, Ma Shanshan, Guan Fangxia. Application of alginate based hydrogels/dressings in wound healing: sustained, dynamic and sequential release [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(4): 638-643.
[10]	Chen Jiana, Qiu Yanling, Nie Minhai, Liu Xuqian. Tissue engineering scaffolds in repairing oral and maxillofacial soft tissue defects [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(4): 644-650.
[11]	Xing Hao, Zhang Yonghong, Wang Dong. Advantages and disadvantages of repairing large-segment bone defect [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(3): 426-430.
[12]	Chen Siqi, Xian Debin, Xu Rongsheng, Qin Zhongjie, Zhang Lei, Xia Delin. Effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells combined with hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds on early angiogenesis in skull defect repair in rats [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(22): 3458-3465.
[13]	Wang Hao, Chen Mingxue, Li Junkang, Luo Xujiang, Peng Liqing, Li Huo, Huang Bo, Tian Guangzhao, Liu Shuyun, Sui Xiang, Huang Jingxiang, Guo Quanyi, Lu Xiaobo. Decellularized porcine skin matrix for tissue-engineered meniscus scaffold [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(22): 3473-3478.
[14]	Mo Jianling, He Shaoru, Feng Bowen, Jian Minqiao, Zhang Xiaohui, Liu Caisheng, Liang Yijing, Liu Yumei, Chen Liang, Zhou Haiyu, Liu Yanhui. Forming prevascularized cell sheets and the expression of angiogenesis-related factors [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(22): 3479-3486.
[15]	Liu Chang, Li Datong, Liu Yuan, Kong Lingbo, Guo Rui, Yang Lixue, Hao Dingjun, He Baorong. Poor efficacy after vertebral augmentation surgery of acute symptomatic thoracolumbar osteoporotic compression fracture: relationship with bone cement, bone mineral density, and adjacent fractures [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2021, 25(22): 3510-3516.