Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2018, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (8): 1287-1293.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0150
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Wang Ji-chao, Zhu Jun-peng, Wu Xue-ping
Received:
2018-01-10
Online:
2018-03-18
Published:
2018-03-18
Contact:
Wu Xue-ping, Ph.D., Professor, Doctoral supervisor, School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
About author:
Wang Ji-chao, Master candidate, School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
Supported by:
the Postgraduate Education Innovation Plan of Shanghai University of Sport, No. yjscx2016036; the Science and Technology Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission, No. 14490503600; the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Development and Guarantee of Human Sports Capacity (Shanghai University of Sport), No. 11DZ2261100
CLC Number:
Wang Ji-chao, Zhu Jun-peng, Wu Xue-ping. Physical activities promote recovery from spinal cord injury in patients[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2018, 22(8): 1287-1293.
2.1 脊髓损伤对体力活动的影响 脊髓损伤者受伤较为突然且肢体功能受损严重,现有医疗水平难以治愈,因此,脊髓损伤常常给受伤者造成行动不便、生活难以自理的结果。利晓莲等[10]研究认为脊髓损伤者受伤7 d内日常生活活动能力最低,3个月后,脊髓损伤者日常生活活动能力有所提升,此时,医院护理人员或康复师应该鼓励他们进行康复锻炼,争取最大程度的提高日常生活活动能力。施红梅[11]利用世界卫生组织《残疾评定方案2.0》对脊髓损伤者活动和参与功能进行评估结果显示,脊髓损伤者认知功能存在轻度障碍,认知功能障碍产生的原因和焦虑和抑郁情绪有关;活动功能存在重度障碍,主要功能障碍表现在移动、站立和行走等方面;自我照护功能存在重度障碍,日常生活独立性差;与他人相处功能表现出中等障碍,且该功能障碍与抑郁呈正相关关系;与生活相关的各项活动功能主要体现在家务、工作和学习方面的障碍,脊髓损伤者出现重度障碍;社会参与功能存在重度障碍,脊髓损伤者心理状态与应对方式对社会参与功能有着重要的作用。 2.2 体力活动对脊髓损伤者心血管健康的影响 心脏和血管构成了机体血液循环系统,心脏收缩是血液在血液循环系统周而复始流动的保障。心血管疾病又称循环系统疾病,是一系列涉及循环系统的疾病。如今心血管疾病是威胁人类,特别是50岁以上中老年人健康的主要疾病。调查显示,近年来心脑血管疾病患病率、死亡率持续增长,心脑血管疾病已经成为国内致死率最高的因 素[12]。脊髓损伤者由于损伤导致神经系统控制的局部血液流动、心输出量和最大心率受限。研究显示,脊髓损伤者最大心率可降低至110-130次/min[13],最大心率下降导致运动时心输出量减少,从而影响循环系统的效率。此外,损伤平面以下结构(小动脉和毛细血管数量减少,阻力血管的直径减少)和功能(交感神经血管调节)改变、腿部血管阻力增加和下肢血流减少也会影响脊髓损伤者血管功能[14]。以上由于病理原因引起的心血管功能变化,会因缺乏运动而恶化,从而使心血管发病的概率增加。研究表明,参与一定强度的体力活动有利于控制血脂水平、减少冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病和动脉硬化的发生率,从而提高心血管健康水平[13]。 高血脂是世界公认的导致冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病和动脉硬化的主要危险因素,脂代谢异常是动脉硬化等心血管疾病发病率的重要原因,参与体力活动对控制血脂有着良好的效果[15]。Hooker等[16]研究证明,每次20 min,每周3次,共8周的中等强度的体力活动可以改善脊髓损伤者的血脂水平。体力活动改善脊髓损伤者血脂水平的干预研究中,更多的研究支持至少每周3次、每次30min的中等强度体力活动才对血脂有良好的效果,而且研究证明了不同运动模式下这种剂量反应的有效性[17-19]。 参加体力活动可以增加高密度脂蛋白的含量,降低冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的发病率[20]。脊髓损伤者久坐的生活方式会引起一系列的心血管并发症,如冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病[13]。冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量有密切的关系,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量减少,冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的发病率增加[21]。Brenes等[22]研究认为,体力活动水平高的脊髓损伤轮椅运动员比久坐不动的脊髓损伤者高密度脂蛋白含量高。Dallmeijer等[23]对参与体力活动的四肢瘫痪男性和久坐不动的四肢瘫痪男性进行对比观察,发现前者高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和载脂蛋白A1/载脂蛋白B含量均比后者高。一些横向研究也得到了相同的结果[24-25]。高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量和冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病有密切的联系,体力活动是高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量的主要影响因素,因此,体力活动在减少冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的风险方面有着重要的作用。脊髓损伤者参与体力活动增加高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量的机制尚不确定,但似乎和增强胆固醇运输脂蛋白脂肪酶和酰基转移酶有关[26]。 脊髓损伤者常年久坐且缺乏锻炼,动脉硬化水平较高,体力活动不足是导致动脉硬化发病率的主要原因,而经常参与体力活动可以减少脊髓损伤者的动脉硬化发病率。动脉硬化会引起动脉管壁增厚、变硬、失去弹性,导致管腔变窄,它是随着年龄而发生的一种心血管疾病,也是造成老年人死亡的主要原因之一。Wecht 等[27]研究显示,久坐不动的脊髓损伤者比他们年龄相同的健全人动脉硬化水平高,但是,体力活动量多的轮椅运动员比他们年龄相同的健全人动脉硬化水平低[28],这说明脊髓损伤者动脉硬化水平比健全人高的原因与缺乏体力活动有一定联系。研究显示,参与体力活动可以提高脊髓损伤者20%的最大摄氧量(maximal oxygen consumption,VO2 max)[29],动脉硬化与VO2 max呈负相关,而参与体力活动可以一定程度的提高VO2 max[30],因此体力活动可以降低动脉硬化的发病率。血小板活化后释放的一些炎症递质直接参与动脉硬化的形成和发展,因此血小板在形成动脉硬化方面起着重要的作用。血小板凝集是一个复杂的过程,受到很多内在和外在因素影响,如儿茶酚胺、肾上腺素水平等。一些研究尝试探索训练对血小板凝集的影响,但结果存在争议[31-33]。 综上所述,保持一定强度的体力活动可以控制血脂水平、预防冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病和动脉硬化等慢性疾病,从而改善脊髓损伤者心血管健康。但是脊髓损伤者受损的感觉功能、心血管功能、自主神经功能和稳定调节功能在激烈的运动中有一定的危险,在未来的研究中针对不同损伤水平脊髓损伤者体力活动的研究必将成为焦点。 2.3 体力活动对脊髓损伤者功能独立性的影响 脊髓损伤常导致高度失能,如失去行走能力、生活不能自理等,导致功能独立性下降,从而给他们今后的生活带来巨大挑战。保持功能独立性能够给脊髓损伤者带来精神上的安慰,同时增加他们面对未来的勇气,研究显示,体力活动可以改善脊髓损伤者功能独立性,是促进身体重塑的有效方式。Melo[34]认为,脊髓损伤者参与体力活动有利于增加肌肉力量,同时改善功能独立性。Barbin等[35]将84名男性截瘫者分成体力活动组和非体力活动组进行研究,结果显示,体力活动组功能能力(功能独立量表)得到优化,自理能力提高。该作者在损伤时间的对比上发现,体力活动对于损伤时间10年以内的脊髓损伤者效果更好。 体力活动对于脊髓损伤者功能独立性的影响与损伤程度、损伤时间和活动量存在一定的联系。Manns 等[36]认为,在一定范围内,损伤程度越重或损伤时间越短,体力活动对功能独立性的效益越好。但是也有学者提出不同的意见,他们认为损伤时间较短的脊髓损伤者影响体力活动对功能独立性的分析,原因是损伤时间较短的脊髓损伤者需要康复过程和一定的时间去适应新的变化,这种康复和适应过程可能比体力活动对脊髓损伤者的影响更大[37]。因此,为了使研究结果更具可信度,在以后的研究中建议选择损伤时间1年以上的脊髓损伤者。此外,体力活动对功能独立性的影响和活动量也有一定的关系。已有研究显示,每周2次,每次30 min的体力活动对功能独立性没有影响[38];每周2次,每次 45 min的体力活动对功能独立性有一定程度的影响[39];每周累计4 h的体力活动对功能独立性有积极的影 响[40]。以上结果表明,每周累计150 min的中等强度活动量也适合脊髓损伤者。 2.4 体力活动对脊髓损伤者生活质量的影响 脊髓损伤者损伤平面以下感觉和运动功能出现障碍,同时还伴随着一些病理变化如反射异常和尿便失禁等,导致自理能力严重下降。另外脊髓损伤者夫妻关系、社交生活和经济条件较差,这些状况对脊髓损伤者生活造成很大的影响,从而导致其生活质量下降。李妍等[41]学者认为,40.5%的脊髓损伤者存在严重的功能障碍,无法独自一人完成日常生活。Glickman等[42]对115名脊髓损伤者进行的研究显示,脊髓损伤者自理能力差,49%的脊髓损伤者需要30 min以上时间来完成如厕,这些状况给他们的日常生活带来很大不便,会造成生活质量下降。有学者对脊髓损伤者生活质量进行调查,其结果表明,脊髓损伤者生活质量总分为(66.4±14.7)分,生活质量总分较低,且4个维度得分均较低[43]。 研究表明,适当的参加一定强度的体力活动可以提高脊髓损伤者生活质量。Mulroy等[44]对80例脊髓损伤者进行为期12周的体力活动干预,每周3次,每次60 min,其生活质量得分提高了10%。Ginis等[45]对34例脊髓损伤者进行3个月的抗阻和有氧训练,每周2次,每次65- 95 min,结果显示,与对照组相比,训练组在疼痛、压力、抑郁和总的生活质量得分方面都有所改善。该学者认为,对生活质量和抑郁方面的改善主要是由于疼痛和压力方面的改善。但是也有学者对体力活动改善生活质量这种结论提出不同意见。Yildirim等[46]利用循环抗阻训练法对26例截瘫者进行干预,每次60 min,每周5次,共6周的训练,结果显示与对照组相比,训练组功能独立性有显著性提高,生活质量却没有显著性变化。脊髓损伤者个人状况通常会出现较大的差异,如损伤程度、受教育程度、有无配偶、生活收入等,这种差异可能会对实验结果产生较大的影响,从而导致研究者得出不同的结论。 2.5 体力活动对脊髓损伤者肌肉和骨密度的影响 肌肉力量是体力活动的动力源泉,是完成一切目标任务的前提,脊髓损伤者由于病理和缺少运动,导致肌肉在形态学、骨骼肌收缩和新陈代谢上发生变化。脊髓损伤者下肢肌纤维类型改变,Ⅱb肌纤维(快缩/糖酵解型,易疲劳)类型数量增加,Ⅰ型肌纤维数量(慢氧化型、不易疲劳)减少[47]。损伤平面以下肌肉完整性受到破坏,如交感神经功能受损、神经输入受到影响等,使参与肌肉收缩的运动神经元和肌纤维数量减少,肌肉力量下降[48]。此外,损伤平面以下肌肉内线粒体酶活性和毛细血管密度下降,导致有氧能力降低[49]。Shields等[50]对截瘫时间较短和长期截瘫者的比目鱼肌力量进行研究,结果显示,长期截瘫者比截瘫时间较短者比目鱼肌更易疲劳(图2)。 肌纤维数量增多、增粗是肌肉力量增长的主要因素,体力活动干预时肌肉活动增强,为了完成运动负荷,肌肉收缩时募集的运动纤维类型和数量增加。而且,蛋白质是肌纤维的重要构成元素,体力活动可以刺激肌肉,使代谢旺盛,加快蛋白质合成,因此,体力活动对增加肌肉力量有积极的作用。Mohr等[47]对10例脊髓损伤者进行为期1年的训练,每周3次(平均为2.3次),每次30 min,结果显示,干预组肌纤维类型有良好的分布,训练前后相比,肌肉(臀肌、股四头肌)中同类型Ⅱb肌纤维肌球蛋白重链由63%减少至32%、同类型Ⅱa肌纤维肌球蛋白重链(快缩,不易疲劳)由33%增加至61%和同类型Ⅰ型肌纤维的肌球蛋白重链(慢缩)由5%增加至7%,而且柠檬酸合酶和线粒体氧化能力是原来的2倍。孙启涛等[51]应用等速肌力训练结合综合康复训练对60例不完全性脊髓损伤者下肢进行干预研究,将受试者随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例,对照组只进行综合康复训练,治疗组接受综合康复训练结合等速肌力训练。每次干预时间为30 min,每周训练5次,共4周,结果显示,治疗组膝关节屈伸肌肌力和对照组相比有显著性提高。Jacops等[52]对神经损伤水平在T5-L1的10例脊髓损伤受试者上肢进行循环抗阻训练,每周3次,共12周,结果表明,受试者手臂峰值摄氧量、疲劳时间和最大输出功率增加,差异有显著性意义。 骨质疏松症是一种全身代谢疾病,骨骼缺乏外力刺激被认为是影响骨健康的重要因素。有研究显示,大多数轮椅使用者由于下肢失去对骨的刺激,其骨质流失是单纯代谢病因引起骨质流失的5-20倍[53]。而且,脊髓损伤者骨小梁含量越丰富的地方骨质流失越严重,如胫骨近端和远端等。Shields等[50]研究了脊髓损伤后两年半时间内骨量的变化(图3),图3显示1年后,股骨近端骨密度丢失30%,但是腰椎骨密度变化不大。该作者认为,脊髓损伤者坐位姿势时,腰椎经常承受来自身体重量的负荷,故骨量变化不大,而股骨失去了外部负荷对它的刺激,导致骨量丢失[50]。以上腰椎和股骨骨密度不同的变化表明,脊髓损伤者骨量的丢失是骨骼失去了外界负荷刺激的结果。"
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