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18 March 2018, Volume 22 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Differential expression of microRNAs related to apoptosis in human osteoblasts induced by sodium fluoride Deng Qiang1, Zhang Ya-lou2, Zhou Yangjunjie1, Ma Chuang1, Sheng Wei-bin1 2018, 22 (8):  1149-1154.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0131 Abstract ( 515 )   PDF (1088KB) ( 144 )   Save BACKGROUND: Long-term excessive intake of fluoride, especially through drinking water, can cause chronic fluorosis of bone. The disease can lead to bone damage and deformity, and is difficult to recover. Unfortunately, we have not developed a noninvasive or minimally invasive method for its early diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of apoptosis-related miRNAs under the action of excessive fluorine in human osteoblasts. METHODS: The fluorine model was established in the human osteoblasts by cultured with 20 and 40 mg/L sodium fluoride for 24 and 48 hours, respectively. The expression levels of apoptosis-related miRNAs were determined by PCR array. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 24-hour treatment of sodium fluoride, 48 kinds of miRNAs were upregulated and 4 ones were down-regulated in the osteoblasts. After 48-hour treatment of sodium fluoride, 21 kinds of miRNAs were upregulated and 2 ones were down-regulated. It showed that nine up-regulated miRNAs and one down-regulated miRNA were same in two periods. The 10 miRNAs are selected for target gene analysis on bioinformatics software that refer to the effect of anti-apoptosis and pro-apoptosis, which is of great significance for the early identification of skeletal fluorosis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Proliferation and differentiation of periosteum cells induced by icariin Zhong Xiu-xia, Luo Mei-lan 2018, 22 (8):  1155-1160.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0132 Abstract ( 482 )   PDF (1643KB) ( 184 )   Save BACKGROUND: Icariin has a broad prospect for promoting cell proliferation. Differentiation direction of periosteal cells is uncertain, but the cells are easy to be induced by ultrasound, oxygen or bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7). Periosteal cells have been applied in bone tissue engineering; however, icariin effects on the proliferation and differentiation of periosteal cells is little reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of icariin on the proliferation and differentiation of human periosteal cells, thus providing theoretical basis for icariin applied in bone tissue engineering. METHODS: The human periosteum was obtained and the primary cells were isolated in vitro. After culture and expansion, periosteal cells were cultured in 24-well plates, and induced by 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/L icariin and 50 μg/L BMP7, respectively. The corresponding avsorbance values of different groups were detected. The levels of alkaline phosphatase and calcium nodules in periosteal cells were measured at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days, and the mRNA levels of osteocalcin, osteopontin and Runx2 were detected at 3, 5 and 7 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The periosteal cells proliferated well after induction with icariin, and could proliferate well in different concentrations of icariin and the positive control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the periosteal cells induced by icariin were able to produce more alkaline phosphatase and calcium nodules (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin and Runx2 in periosteal cells could be up-regulated by icariin (P < 0.05). These findings imply that icariin can promote proliferation and differentiate of periosteal cells into osteoblasts, and it can be used as an inducer for the preparation of seed cells in bone tissue engineering. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Phenylephrine effects on the morphology of osteoblasts and expression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase under oxidative stress Zhang Ju, Han Li-chi, Wang Yi-fei, Yan Xiao-xu 2018, 22 (8):  1161-1166.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0814 Abstract ( 355 )   PDF (1456KB) ( 156 )   Save BACKGROUND: Phenylephrine has been proved to exert a protective effect on radiant-induced salivary gland and epithelial cell injuries, but its effect on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in osteoblasts are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of phenylephrine on H2O2-induced oxidative stress in osteoblasts, and to explore the mechanism underlying the regulation by the expression level of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt). METHODS: Primary osteoblasts were cultured and randomly divided into four groups: blank control group, H2O2 group, phenylephrine group, and combination group (0.5 hour pretreatment of 1×10-5 mol/L phenylephrine, and then given 300 μmol/L H2O2). The morphology of osteoblasts was observed at different time points. Osteoblasts were collected after 24-hour culture, and total RNA and protein were then extracted to detect the mRNA and protein expression levels of Nampt by RT-PCR and western blot assay, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the blank control group, reduced osteoblasts and evident cell shrinks were observed in the H2O2 group, while the number of osteoblasts significantly increased in the combined group compared with the H2O2 group at 12, 24 and 48 hours of culture. RT-PCR results showed that the mRNA level of Nampt in the H2O2 group was reduced by 31.23% of that in the blank control group, while the mRNA level of Nampt in the combination group was dramatically increased by 206.20% of that in the H2O2 group at 24 hours of culture (both P < 0.05). Furthermore, western blot assay findings revealed that the protein level of Nampt in the H2O2 group was reduced by 67.98% of that in the blank control group, while the protein level of Nampt in the combination group was increased by 152.25% of that in the H2O2 group at 24 hours of culture (both P < 0.05). Our results indicate that phenylephrine can alleviate the shrink and atrophy of osteoblasts caused by H2O2, thereby exerting protective effect by up-regulating the mRNA and protein levels of Nampt that may be a regulatory gene. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epidemiological analysis of femoral neck fractures in 179 patients based on the case data from the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University between 2013 and 2015 Liang Yu-zhu1, Guo Hong-gang2 2018, 22 (8):  1167-1172.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0133 Abstract ( 379 )   PDF (1098KB) ( 161 )   Save BACKGROUND: With an aging population increasing, the incidence of senile femoral intertrochanteric fractures is on a rise because of osteoporosis. Due to the aged usually accompanied with systematic diseases, conservative treatment will lead to high mortality after long-term bedridden. Thereafter, early surgery is recommended.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of femoral intertrochanteric fractures and its epidemiological features. METHODS: The digital radiography data and basic information of 179 patients (over 50 years of age) with femoral intertrochanteric fractures admitted in the General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from 2013 to 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. The data including age, gender, injury causes, fracture types, complications, treatment procedures, and hospitalization time were recorded and compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All the 179 cases of femoral intertrochanteric fractures were enrolled, including 66 (36.9%) males and 113 (63.1%) females. The mean age was (76.98±9.73) years, and the number of patients aged 80-90 years was the most (n=71, 39.7%). With the age increasing, the incidence of fall-induced hip fractures was increased. By AO classification, type 31-A1 was the most common fracture type (46.4%), and type 31-A3 was the least common type (22.9%). By Evans classification, type I was the most common type (50.3%), and type V was the least common type (2.2%). There were 93.3% patients underwent surgical treatment (167/179), and 6.7% received conservative treatment (12/179). In the age group of 51-60 years, the male patients were more than females; in the age group 61-70 years, the male patients were more than females except in 2013; in the age groups of 71-80, and 81-90 years, the female patients were more than males; in the age group of over 90 years, there was no significant difference between female and male patients. These results manifest that the majority of hip fracture patients are the elderly, and slipping and osteoporosis are the leading causes. In spite of accumulating operative risks with aging, surgical treatment remains the predominant management strategy. Besides, the incidence of femoral intertrochanteric fractures shows a trend of increase yearly, with the highest incidence in the age group of 71-90 years, especially in females. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficacy and safety of the Bushen Tiaochong recipe combined with alendronate sodium for the treatment of postmenopausal senile degenerative osteoporosis: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial Qi Mei-ge, Qi Lin, Li Li, Song Jing 2018, 22 (8):  1173-1177.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0134 Abstract ( 333 )   PDF (1008KB) ( 152 )   Save BACKGROUND: Alendronate sodium is a commonly used western medicine for the treatment of osteoporosis, but it has many adverse reactions. The main component of the traditional Chinese medicine, known as the Bushen Tiaochong recipe, is Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. (epimedium). Pharmacological studies have shown that the main active ingredient of Epimedium is icariin. Icariin has an estrogen-like effect, can prevent against bone loss and improve bone strength, and has a definite effect on the treatment of postmenopausal senile degenerative osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To testify the hypothesis that the Bushen Tiaochong recipe combined with alendronate sodium will be more effective, as well as safer and more reliable than alendronate sodium alone for the treatment of postmenopausal senile degenerative osteoporosis. METHODS: Two hundred patients with postmenopausal senile degenerative osteoporosis will be randomly assigned to an observation group and a control group. In the control group, patients will be given alendronate sodium tablets 10 mg/d and calcium carbonate D3 chewable tablets 0.6 g/d. In the observation group, patients will receive the same treatment as the control group and the Bushen Tiaochong recipe, simmering, twice per day (once in the morning and once in the evening). The duration of treatment will be 6 months in both groups. The primary outcome measure is the overall efficacy 6 months after treatment in both groups. The secondary outcome measures are Visual Analogue Scale scores for waist and back pain; lumbar spine (L2–4) bone mineral density; serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, estradiol, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 before and 6 months after treatment; and incidence of adverse reactions 6 months after treatment. This trial has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University of China (approval number: QHY1703F). The study protocol will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, formulated by the World Medical Association. Written informed consent will be obtained from all participants. The recruitment of subjects will begin in January 2018. Samples and data will be collected from January to December 2018. Outcome measures will be analyzed in March 2019. This trial will be completed in April 2019. The results of the trial will be reported in a scientific conference or disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal. This trial was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number: ChiCTR-ONC-17013947). DISCUSSION: We hope to verify that the Bushen Tiaochong recipe combined with alendronate sodium provides better results than alendronate sodium alone for the treatment of postmenopausal senile degenerative osteoporosis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Quantitative peptidomic analysis of the cartilage tissues of different ages Zhou Zhi-wen, Ju Li, Lou Yue 2018, 22 (8):  1178-1183.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0804 Abstract ( 294 )   PDF (847KB) ( 184 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are many studies on the physiological roles of high-molecular-weight protein in cartilage tissue, but low-molecular-weight peptides are rarely investigated. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a quantitative analysis of cartilage tissue peptide in low- and high-age population, and to screen active peptides related to cartilage development from the differential peptides. METHODS: The cartilage tissue samples from six cases of low age (< 3 years old) and eight cases of high age (6-8 years old) population were collected, cartilage peptides analyzed quantitatively by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and the differences in the peptide composition between two groups were analyzed by isotope dimethyl labeling method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We identified 588 differential peptides in the cartilage tissues of two groups, which were originated from 428 proteins. Sixteen peptides were present at higher levels in the high-age group (over 4-fold expression), and 6 were present at higher levels in the low-age group (over 4-fold expression). Through analyzing the molecular mass, isoelectric point and gene ontology of the differential peptides, we preliminarily understand the characteristics of cartilage peptides at molecular level, which provides a new perspective for searching more active cartilage peptides. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Two-dimensional code is a digital way to record the palatal rugae properties in Uygur populations Nazina•Madali, Wei Li-ying, Lu Chao, Jiang Xin, Mi Cong-bo 2018, 22 (8):  1184-1189.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0135 Abstract ( 402 )   PDF (1145KB) ( 177 )   Save BACKGROUND: Palatal rugae have unique properties in each individual, which can be applied in the studies on dental forensics. OBJECTIVE: To measure the parameters of palatal rugae in Uygur populations, so as to provide a new idea for its recognition of dental forensics. METHODS: Palate rugae models from 268 Uygur adults aged 19-25 years were collected. The palatal rugae pattern code units (PRPCU) were obtained according to the morphological parameters of palatal rugae such as shape, length and position distribution, and then the PRPCU was converted into a two-dimensional code using online barcode generator to analyze the specificity of palate rugae. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The palate rugae in 268 palatal rugae models were different, and the most commonly seen shape was straight (2.76±1.69), followed by curve (1.74±1.35), wavy (1.06±0.90) and circular (0.09±0.351). The most common length classification was the primary rugae (6.17±1.75), followed by secondary rugae (0.70±0.97), and fragmentary rugae (0.33±0.682). The distribution of palatal rugae shape and length was significantly different among Uygur individuals (P < 0.001). Only the straight shape showed significant difference between male and female in Uygur populations (P < 0.05). That is to say, different individuals possess different palate rugae, so a digital record of palatal rugae can be used for personal identification. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between nose morphology and craniofacial structures in Luzhou adults Long Yang, Fei Lu, Yuan Xiao-ping 2018, 22 (8):  1190-1195.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0136 Abstract ( 470 )   PDF (956KB) ( 160 )   Save BACKGROUND: Orthodontic treatment can improve facial aesthetics by changing the position of nose and chin. Therefore, fully-understanding of the nasal morphology and craniomaxillofacial structure is critical for the design of orthodontic treatment, so as to avoid the postoperative facial incongruity. OBJECTIVE: To study the correlation of nose morphology index with sex, sagittal skeletal features and vertical skeletal features and its differences in adults of Luzhou, and to explore the relationship between nasal parameters and craniofacial parameters, thereby providing references for the diagnosis and design of orthodontics. METHODS: Totally 240 adult patients in the Department of Orthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University between 2014 and 2016 were enrolled, and X-ray examination of the oral and maxillofacial region was performed to measure the 27 related indexes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results of the three-factor ANOVA showed that sex-related significant factors in certain nasal parameters included nasal length, nasal tip height, alarheight, hump, soft-tissue facial convexity, columella convexity, and nasal bone length (P < 0.05). The sagittal skeletal features significantly influenced four nasal parameters including hump, nasolabialangle, nasomentalangle, soft-tissue facial convexity (P < 0.05). The vertical skeletal features were found to be significant for nasal-bone length, soft-tissue facial convexity (P < 0.05). Sex was found to be a significant correlation in nasal morphology and nasal size and nasal protrusion of the male were larger than those of the female. Sagittal skeletal classification had obvious influence on certain nasal parameters, but there were no significant differences in the nasal size among skeletal patterns. Vertical skeletal classification had obvious influence on certain nasal parameters. To conclude, nasal length, prominence, and form are associated with height, length and anteroposterior/vertical position of the maxilla and mandible. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of autophagy-mediated high-intensity interval training on skeletal muscle mass and aerobic capacity of middle-aged rats Cui Xin-wen, Zhang Yi-min, Wang Zan, Kong Zhen-xing 2018, 22 (8):  1196-1204.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0137 Abstract ( 404 )   PDF (1364KB) ( 194 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether autophagy mediates the long-term exercise adaptation of the skeletal muscle induced by high-intensity interval training (HIIT) . OBJECTIVE: To identify the influence of HIIT on skeletal muscle autophagy of middle-aged rats over time, and to understand the potential regulatory effects of autophagy on maintaining the muscle mass and improving aerobic capacity by HIIT. METHODS: Rats were randomly divided into quiet, moderate training group (50-minute running at the intensity of 60% VO2 max) and HIIT group (6 times of 3-minute running at 80% VO2 max and 3-minute active recovery at 50% VO2 max with a 7-minute warm-up and a 7-minute cool-down at 60% VO2 max). All rats were tested for VO2 max, exhaustive running time and distance at baseline and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks of exercise, respectively. The soleus muscle were collected and weighted, and then the expression levels of autophagy-related protein Beclin 1, LC3 and P62 were detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The soleus muscle mass in the quiet group decreased at the 12th week (P < 0.01), while the moderate training and HIIT groups improved this decline (P < 0.05). The HIIT group dramatically improved the VO2 max from the 4th week when compared with the pre-experiment and the quiet group, until the 12th week. The expression levels of Beclin1 and LC3II in the quiet group declined at the 12th week (P < 0.05, P < 0.001), but the expression level of LC3II and ratio of LC3II/LC3I raised from the 4th and 8th weeks till the 12th week compared with the pre-experiment and the quiet group, and the expression level of LC3II and ratio of LC3II/LC3I point time significantly raised in the moderate training group at the 12th week (P < 0.001, P < 0.01). In the quiet group, the content of P62 significantly increased at the 4th and 8th weeks (P < 0.05), and decreased at the 12th week (P < 0.001), but the content of P62 remained at the low level in the moderate exercise and HIIT groups. These results imply that an equivalent or better effects on improving basic autophagy level, skeletal muscle mass and aerobic capacity of the middle aged rats, by HIIT versus moderate training, providing the theory and empirical data that highlight the role of HIIT in health promotion. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Human dermal fibroblast isolation using two enzyme digestion methods: a comparative study Guo Ji-an, Yu Pi-jun, Wang Lu-ping, Shi Ying-ying, Liu Yi, Chen Wei 2018, 22 (8):  1205-1210.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0138 Abstract ( 542 )   PDF (1229KB) ( 152 )   Save BACKGROUND: Dermal fibroblasts are widely used and demanded, and there are various isolation methods, but no comparative studies on enzyme digestion methods are reported. OBJECTIVE: To compare the cell count, morphology, migration and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts isolated by two enzyme digestion methods. METHODS: Human dermal fibroblasts were isolated using either dispase-collagenase or trypsin, and their cell yield and viability were assessed by morphology, cell count and proliferation curve by cell counting-kit 8 assay. The ability of migration was observed by cell scratch test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The fibroblasts digested with dispase-collagenase were fused at 6-7 days after inoculation, and the cells isolated by trypsin digestion were fused at 8-9 days after inoculation. Fibroblasts could be obtained by both two digestion methods. The production in the dispase-collagenase group was significantly higher than that in the trypsin group. The migration rate in the dispase-collagenase group was significantly faster than that in the trypsin group. The growth cures of the human dermal fibroblasts in the two groups revealed that the cell count was positively correlated with time, and the absorbance values of the dermal fibroblasts in the dispase-collagenase group were significantly higher than those in the trypsin group at 3, 4 and 5 days after incubation. To conclude, the cell yields, migration and proliferation of dermal fibroblasts digested with dispase-collagenase are significantly higher than those of the cells digested by trypsin, indicating that dispase-collagenase digestion results in better isolation and viability of dermal fibroblasts from the dermis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of NOD2 and NLRP3 in the articular cartilage of a rabbit model of osteoarthritis established by arthrorisis using plaster cast Sun Yin-tie, Guo Kai-jin, Cai Hong-xing 2018, 22 (8):  1211-1216.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0139 Abstract ( 351 )   PDF (1284KB) ( 158 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor plays an important role against inflammatory responses caused by pathogens and non-pathogens, as well as in the initial stage of autoimmune response. Meanwhile, NOD2 and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) are the representative proteins of NOD-like receptor family. OBJECTIVE: To detect the expression of NOD2 and NLRP3 in a rabbit model of osteoarthritis. METHODS: Thirty New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into six groups (n=5 per group), including five experimental groups (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks) and one control group. The model of osteoarthritis was established by fixing the left knee joints using plaster cast, and were sacrificed at postoperative 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks. The controls received no intervention, and were killed at 10 weeks postoperatively. The left distal femur articular cartilage was taken for safranin-fast green staining. The pathological changes were evaluated by Mankin’s scores, and the expression levels of NOD2 and NLRP3 were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Mankin’s scores in the experimental groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.01). Moreover, the scores in the experimental groups were significantly increased with time (P < 0.01). The expression levels of NOD2 and NLRP3 in the chondrocytes were also increased with time (P < 0.01). These results indicate that the expresison of NOD2 and NLRP3 in the cartilage cells is positively correlated with the pathological changes of osteoarthritis, which may be through promoting apoptosis in cartilage cells, thus accelerating the development of osteoarthritis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Morroniside improves the neurological function in intracerebral hemorrhage rats by inhibiting inflammatory response Yuan Zhi-jun, He Xiao-ying, Yuan Ping, Zheng Xiao-mei, Li Xiao-gang 2018, 22 (8):  1217-1222.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0140 Abstract ( 291 )   PDF (1224KB) ( 172 )   Save BACKGROUND: Morroniside has been shown to play roles of anti-inflammation, antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, promoting vascular and neural regeneration, anti-platelet aggregation and neuroprotection in the rat model of ischemic brain injury, but whether it can inhibit the inflammatory reaction of cerebral hemorrhage is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of inflammatory factors (interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α) and inflammatory-related proteins (nuclear factor-κB and SUMO2/3) as well as neurologic function in a rat model of cerebral hemorrhage treated with morroniside at different doses. METHODS: Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation, cerebral hemorrhage and low-, medium- and high-dose morroniside groups. The model of cerebral hemorrhage was established in the latter four groups by injecting autologous blood from the tail artery, followed by intragastric injection of 30, 90, 270 mg/kg morroniside in the three morronicide groups, respectively, three times daily for consecutive 7 days; the rats in the sham operation and model groups were given same volume of normal saline. Then, the neurological function was evaluated by Neurological Severity Scores; the brain tissue around the hematoma were removed to observe the morphological changes of neurocytes around the hematoma by hematoxylin-eosin staining; the expression levels of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor α in the brain tissue were detected by ELISA; the expression levels of nuclear factor-κB and SUMO2/3 were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the icerebral hemorrhage group, the low-, medium- and high-dose morroniside groups showed a significnat neurological improvement, especially the high-dose group (P < 0.05). Compared with the sham operation group, the cerebral hemorrhage and morroniside groups exhibited a significant increase in the nerve function damage and expression levels of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor α, nuclear factor-κB and SUMO2/3 (P < 0.05). Compared with the cerebral hemorrhage group, in the low-, medium- and high-dose morroniside groups, the expression levels of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor α were significantly reduced, and expression levels of nuclear factor-κB and SUMO2/3 were significantly increased (P < 0.05). In summary, high-dose morroniside can improve the neurological function in rats with cerebral hemorrhage by down-regulating the levels of inflammatory cytokines. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of an animal model of open tibial fractures with infection in New Zealand rabbits Geng Fang1, Pan Li-cun1, Zhou Zi-hui2 2018, 22 (8):  1223-1228.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0825 Abstract ( 299 )   PDF (6227KB) ( 135 )   Save BACKGROUND: Open facture is easy to induce infection, which is an urgent problem in clinic. Establishing a reliable animal model of open fracture with infection is of great significance for drug and instrument development and application. OBEJCTIVE: To develop an open fracture with infection model in New Zealand white rabbits, and to identify the available number of bacteria that can cause infection. METHODS: The amount of bacteria was determined by establishing open fracture structure and verifying the concentration of bacterial colonies. Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into control group and four experimental groups, and a transverse fracture at the middle part of tibia was established in all rabbits, followed by the injection of 1 mL of normal saline or 1mL of Staphylococcus aureus suspension at the concentrations of 1×105, 1×106, 5×106, and 1×107 CFU/mL. Afterwards, the optimal concentration of 1 mL of bacteria liquid causing infection was determined by gross observation, body temperature analysis and body mass measurement, white blood cell and C-reactive protein detection, bacterial culture and pathological observation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Rabbits in the 5×106 CFU/mL group were all infected and had higher survival rate. In the 1×105 and    1×106 CFU/mL groups, some rabbits showed no infection. One rabbit died due to infection in the 1×107 CFU/mL group. In summary, the reliable infection model of open fracture can be induced by injected with 1 mL of Staphylococcus aureus at the concentration of 5×106 CFU/mL in New Zealand white rabbits, which can be used as an effective model to guide drugs and instruments related anti-infective research. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hydrogen rich water protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats Wang Zan1, Liu Li1, Zhang Zhe1, Sun Xiao-yu1, Li Xiang-zi1, Li Zhi-lin2, Liu Fu-lin3, Zhou Yu-juan1 2018, 22 (8):  1229-1234.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0141 Abstract ( 408 )   PDF (4944KB) ( 217 )   Save BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence has indicated that low-concentration hydrogen or hydrogen rich water or hydrogen saturated saline exerts a protective effect on various diseases, such as myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE: To explore the protective effect of hydrogen rich water on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS: Forty-eight Wistar rats were equally randomized into control and hydrogen-rich groups, and then subdivided into ischemic preconditioning, ischemia, and ischemia/reperfusion groups (n=8 rats in each subgroup). The myocardial ischemia/reperfusion model was established in the heart of each rat by the following procedures: reverse perfusion for 10 minutes, room temperature for 20 minutes, and reperfusion for 20 minutes. The control rats was perfused with pre-oxygenated (95% O2 plus 5% CO2) 37 ℃ K-R solution and the hydrogen-rich group was perfused with pre-oxygen-equilibrated (95% O2 plus 5% CO2) 37 ℃ K-R solution plus hydrogen-rich water      (0.6 mmol/L, pH=7.3). Subsequently, the heart was removed, the pathological changes of the myocardial tissues were observe by hematoxylin-eosin staining, the activities of lactic dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in the myocardial tissues were determined, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were detected by ELISA. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the control group, the activity of lactic dehydrogenase at the ischemic and ischemia/reperfusion stages was significantly higher than that at the ischemic preconditioning stage (P < 0.05), and the activity of creatine kinase at the ischemia/reperfusion stage was significantly higher than that at the ischemic preconditioning and ischemic stages (P < 0.05). In the hydrogen-rich group, there was no significant difference in the activities of lactic dehydrodenase and creatine kinase at each stage, but the activities of at the ischemia/reperfusion stage was significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In the two groups, the order of the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β was as follows: the ischemia/reperfusion stage > ischemic stage > ischemic preconditioning stage (P < 0.05). The levels of above factors in the hydrogen-rich group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Our findings imply that hydrogen rich water has protective effect on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rat hearts in vitro, which may be by reducing the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, and further alleviating the inflammatory response. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Edaravone effects on the expression levels of collagen type I and IV after spinal cord injury in rats Li Ren-bin, Yu Guang-shu, Lin Yan-bin, Zhou Jia-feng, Huang Yi-qi, Zheng Wei 2018, 22 (8):  1235-1240.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0142 Abstract ( 332 )   PDF (5025KB) ( 167 )   Save BACKGROUND: Edaravone, an effective free radical scavenger, has been reported to significantly improve the rehabilitation of limb locomotion after spinal cord injury (SCI), but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism underlying edaravone promoting the recovery of limb locomotion in rats with SCI by observing the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan scores and expression levels of collagen type I and IV. METHODS: Thirty-six rats were randomly allocated into three groups (n=12 per group): sham group (laminectomy plus intraperitoneal injection of normal saline), model group (SCI model by NYU impactor plus intraperitoneal injection of normal saline), and edaravone group (SCI model by NYU impactor plus intraperitoneal injection of edaravone). All rats were given the administration at the 1st day post-SCI for consecutive 7 days. The Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan scores were tested at 1, 3, 5 and 7 days post treatment. On day 7, all rats were sacrificed to remove the spinal cord, and the morphology of neurons in the spinal cord were observed by Nissl staining; the expression levels of collagen type I and IV were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot assays. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the model group, the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan scores in the edaravone group were significantly increased at day 5 post treatment (P < 0.05). Nissl staining showed a clear boundary between grey matter and white matter, and a large nucleolus in the neurocytoplasm in the sham group; there was a complete structure of neurons, slight cellular swelling and small hematoma area in the edaravone group; many and large cavitations and swollen nucleus were found in the neurons, even without nucleolus. Immunohistochemistry and western blot assay results showed that the expression levels of collagen type I and IV in the edaravone group were significantly higher than those in the model group (P < 0.05). These results indicate that edaravone can promote the recovery of limb locomotion of rats with SCI, probably via up-regulating the expression levels of collagen type I and IV. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Origin and trend of the upper eyelid artery in the eyelid region of a skull model after blood reperfusion: an anatomical observation Li Xu-feng1, Liu Yuan-yuan2, Ren Shan-shan2, Wang Ai1, Lu Xiao-sheng2 2018, 22 (8):  1241-1246.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0143 Abstract ( 355 )   PDF (3167KB) ( 194 )   Save BACKGROUND: Upper eyelid flap grafting-related vessels such as superficial temporal artery, supratrochlear artery, supraorbital artery trunk are reported. Upper eyelid artery dissection is becoming more and more important for the surgery on the eyelid, but there is a lack of anatomical analysis of upper eyelid artery. OBJECTIVE: To measure the anatomical position of the upper eyelid artery in the eyelid region, and to provide anatomical basis for adjacent flap grafting. METHODS: Twenty adult skull specimens were dissected, and a reference coordinate system was made based on the inner canthus connection for the X axis, and the center line for the Y axis. The red lactoprene was injected into the skull model via common carotid artery. The locations A-E of the upper eyelid artery in the eyelid area were measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The upper eyelid artery in the eyelid area was mainly from the supratrochlear artery and the supraorbital artery, generally paralleling to the X axis. The upper eyelid branch originated from the supratrochlear artery was located at the projection of the inner canthus, with a total length of 24.50 mm, and a diameter of 0.51 mm, extended to the outer canthus and the diameter of the vessel gradually reduced. The upper eyelid branch originated from the supraorbital artery was located at pupil and inner canthus junction 1/2 projection. The total length of the blood vessels was about 23-24.6 mm, and the diameter of the blood vessels was (0.55±0.05) mm. In the current study, we obtained the surface projecting of upper eyelid artery in the eyelid area by establishing the skull model of blood perfusion, which provides an anatomic basis for upper eyelid flap grafting. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of curcumin against capillarization of hepatic sinusoids and its mechanism Duan Xue-lin, Peng Yue, Zhao Tie-jian, Wei Yan-fei, Li Gui-yu 2018, 22 (8):  1247-1252.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0144 Abstract ( 284 )   PDF (879KB) ( 180 )   Save BACKGROUND: Capillarization of hepatic sinusoids is an inevitable part in liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, and is a characteristic lesion inducing portal hypertension. However, curcumin effects on the capillarization of hepatic sinusoids and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of curcumin (a natural polyphenolic compound derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa) on the microstructure and secretion of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSECs), and to further explore its intervention on sinusoidal capillarization and pharmacological action mechanism of anti-liver fibrosis and target sites. METHODS: The rat HSECs were cultured and divided into seven groups: blank control group received no intervention and cells in the other groups were activated by leptin, followed by treatment with nothing (model group), high-, medium- and low-dose of curcumin, colchicine and salvia miltiorrhiza phenolic acid B, respectively, for 48 hours. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Under scanning and transmission electron microscopes, with the increasing activation of leptin, the number of fenestrae in HSECs was increased and the aperture was decreased. Curcumin could increase and enlarge narrowed or disappeared fenestrae caused by leptin, attenuated the thickness and scope of extracellular basement membrane, and reduced the degree of capillarization of hepatic sinusoids in a dose-dependent manner. Real-time PCR and ELISA results showed that after activation of leptin, mRNA and protein expression levels of endothelin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in HSECs were significantly increased compared with the blank control group (P < 0.05), while the expressions showed a significant decrease after treatment with curcumin in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). There was also a gradient reduction in the protein expression of endothelin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in HSECs treated with curcumin. Moreover, all above mRNA and protein expression levels in the high-dose curcumin group were significantly lower than those in the colchicine and salvia miltiorrhiza phenolic acid B groups. In summary, curcumin can significantly alleviate the sinusoidal capillarization, and thus delay the development of liver fibrosis, probably by down-regulating the expression levels of endothelin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Staging diagnosis and treatment for pulmonary infection after renal transplantation can improve the stability of transplanted renal functions Yang Qi-shun1, Jiang Wei1, Huang Chi-bing2 2018, 22 (8):  1255-1260.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0145 Abstract ( 520 )   PDF (995KB) ( 146 )   Save BACKGROUND: Progress of lung infection after kidney transplantation is rapid, and the adjustment of immunosuppressive drugs is critical, which related to the prognosis of pneumonia and the maintenance of renal function. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis for the pneumonitis post-kidney transplantation is of great significance for choosing the appropriate treatment scheme. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary infection at different periods after kidney transplantation, and then to explore the proper treatment scheme. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 178 cases of pulmonary infection at different periods after kidney transplantation was performed. According to the progress of patients with lung inflammation, the lung infection was divided into three phases: early, advanced, and phases, and then given different immunosuppressive treatments combined with glucocorticoids; for those with unclear pathogens, given broad-spectrum antibiotics, antiviral, anti-fungal and other drugs, and targeted anti-infective treatment was underwent once pathogen was confirmed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) There were 178 patients with pulmonary infection after kidney transplantation, 90 cases occurred at postoperative 1-6 months (78 cases at postoperative 2-4 months), 16 cases occurred at postoperative 6-12 months, 14 cases occurred at postoperative 12-24 months, 12 cases occurred at postoperative 24-36 months, and 46 cases occurred at postoperative more than 36 months. (2) The clinical symptoms of pulmonary infection at the early stage were not obvious, fever was the earliest or primary symptom, and sometimes it was the only symptom. In some cases, the patients appeared with dry cough, expectoration with white mucous sputum, and the amount of sputum increased if infected with mixed bacteria or fungus. But the pulmonary signs are unobvious, and the main imageology feature of lung tissues showed interstitial inflammation. (3) Totally 173 patients were cured, the recovery rate reached to 97.2% and the curative efficacy was satisfactory. (4) Among five patients who dead from pulmonary infection, three were died from acute respiratory failure, and two were for multiple organ failure. Three patients presented with acute rejection to transplant kidney and were cured, and six patients suffered impaired renal function. (5) These results suggest that there is potential risk for pulmonary infection after renal transplantation and it develops rapidly. Based on the situation of pulmonary infection, the physicians can adjust the dose of immunosuppressor and hormone in time, so as to improve the immunosuppressive state and clarify the pathogen for pulmonary infection, then corresponding treatment for anti-infection will be offered, which is beneficial to increase the recovery rate of pulmonary infection and improve the stability of transplanted renal functions. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Choke vessel growth in perforator flaps and the conception of angiosome Li Wen-bo, Zhang Chao, Shi Jie, Huang Qiang, Jia Ding-ding, Gao Qiu-ming 2018, 22 (8):  1261-1266.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0146 Abstract ( 608 )   PDF (1039KB) ( 197 )   Save BACKGROUND: Perforator flaps are used to repair skin and soft tissue defects. As a bridge between adjacent perforator vessels, choke vessels play an important role in the survival of extended perforator flap. OBJECTIVE: To review the research status and progress of the growth of choke vessels in perforator flaps. METHODS: A computer-based search of PubMed, CNKI and SinoMed databases was performed for the relevant literature concerning the research status and progress of the growth of choke vessels in perforator flaps published from 1984 to 2017. The keywords were “perforator flap, perforator vessels, choke vessels, choke zone” in English and Chinese, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 51 articles were included for summary. Perforator flaps are extensively used to repair skin and soft tissue defects caused by various factors. Adjacent perforter vessels are connected by choke vessels, and the extended perforter flap survival is closely related to the dilatation and growth of choke vessels. Similarity may exist between the growth of choke vessel and angiogenesis. Hypoxia and ischemic preconditioning and inflammatory environment may promote the growth of choke vessels. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Skin soft tissue expansion: history, development, technical revolution and application innovation Huang Chang-jin, Song Wei-ming 2018, 22 (8):  1267-1274.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0147 Abstract ( 543 )   PDF (1564KB) ( 212 )   Save BACKGROUND: Skin soft tissue expansion is a common surgical procedure to grow extra skin through controlled mechanical over-stretch, which has been extensively applied in the tissue repair and reconstruction of plastic surgery through more than 30-year development. OBJECTIVE: To review the history, development, technical revolution and application of the skin soft tissue expansion and to give prospects. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in CNKI and PubMed databases using the keywords of “tissue expansion, tissue expander, histology, pre-expanded flap, prefabricated flap, perforator flap, imaging technology, skin transplantation, reconstructive surgical procedures, stem cells transplantation, clinical application” in English and Chinese, respectively. A total of 4 189 articles were retrieved, and finally 105 eligible articles were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Skin soft tissue expansion, combined with prefabricated flap technique, perforator flap technique, imaging technology, and stem cell transplant, can build lager area of expanded flap, allowing us to repair more defected regions. Single prefabricated expanded flap is used in total facial reconstruction, known as “Chinese face shift”, which is better than the traditional allografts, marking a significant medical innovation in plastic surgery. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Complications associated with bone transport: a literature review of nonunion at the docking site Liang Bin, Zhang Kai 2018, 22 (8):  1275-1280.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0148 Abstract ( 427 )   PDF (1230KB) ( 227 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone transport is a powerful tool described by Ilizarov, which is an excellent biological method for the correction of large bone defects. But complications specifically associated with bone transport including delayed union or nonunion at the docking site occur frequently. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the research status and clinical treatments of the delayed union or nonunion at the docking site in bone transport using Ilizarov method. METHODS: A computer-based search of CNKI and PubMed databases was performed for the articles related to the docking site, osteotomy, bone defects and bone transport with the keywords of “docking site, bone transport, bone defects, Ilizarov” in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally, 44 eligible articles were included to review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Docking sites are the result of a classic bone transport technique for dealing with bone loss. Union may prove to be the rate-limiting step of this surgical procedure. About the delayed union or nonunion at the docking site, different clinicians have different foci, some clinicians focus on prevention, some focus on the biological treatment, and some focus on surgical intervention. The emergence of decortications and debridement under arthroscopy provides a new treatment strategy for the delayed union or nonunion at the docking site. How to promote the healing at the docking site and shorten treatment course still needs a further investigation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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DNA vaccines: mechanisms of action Gao Xiao-pei1, Guan Xiao-yan1, 2, Bai Guo-hui 2, Liu Jian-guo1, 2 2018, 22 (8):  1281-1286.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0149 Abstract ( 1102 )   PDF (1006KB) ( 220 )   Save BACKGROUND: In 1990, Wolff et al. reported that DNA was examined as a gene therapy tool, and emerged as a promising therapy after observations that simple injection of naked plasmid DNA and RNA led to profound transgene expression in vivo. DNA vaccines are recognized for harboring several distinguishing characteristics and advantages (including low cost, ease and rapidity of manufacturing, and stability) making them a method for addressing global health threats in the future. OBJECTIVE: To review the status and research progress of DNA vaccines in the view of mechanism of action: innate immune signaling from bacterial DNA, transfecting somatic cell by DNA vaccines, cross-presentation and cross-activation, transfecting antigen presenting cells by DNA vaccines, and apoptosis. METHODS: The first author retrieved the databases of PubMed and CNKI for the articles concerning DNA vaccines published between January 2000 and June 2017 using the keywords of “DNA vaccine, gene vaccine, plasmid DNA, cross-presentation, transfection, apoptosis” in English and Chinese, respectively. A total of 105 literatures were searched, and 47 eligible articles were included in accordance with the inclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in humans has been limited by low expression levels of antigen, in comparison with the conventional protein vaccines in the past two decades. Studies on the mechanism of action of DNA vaccines in terms of antigen-presenting cell types able to cross-present DNA-encoded antigens, the activation of innate immune responses due to DNA itself and induction of cell apoptosis have suggested the opportunities to increase the immunogenicity of these vaccines. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Physical activities promote recovery from spinal cord injury in patients Wang Ji-chao, Zhu Jun-peng, Wu Xue-ping 2018, 22 (8):  1287-1293.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0150 Abstract ( 505 )   PDF (1477KB) ( 138 )   Save BACKGROUND: Benefits of healthy people participating in physical activity are valued by governments, organizations and individuals, but the benefits of spinal cord injury (SCI) to physical activity are neglected. With the increase in the incidence of SCI, participating in physical activity to keep fit is recommended for SCI patients. OBJECTIVE: To review the relevant literatures on physical activity and health promotion of SCI at home and abroad, and systematically summarize the benefits of physical activity to SCI, so as to provide reference for participating in physical activity. METHODS: The first author recruited the Web of Science and the PubMed databases with the keywords of “spinal cord injury, physical activity, sport, exercise, health, fitness” in English and Chinese, respectively.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Physical activity has a positive effect on cardiovascular health, functional independence, quality of life, muscle strength, psychological and social adaptation in SCI patients, and the impact on bone density needs a further investigate. Physical activity holds a positive effect on the health of SCI patients, and it is hoped that SCI patients will actively carry out physical activity to improve or maintain health status. SCI patients exhibit individual differences, so in the use of physical activity to promote health, it is necessary to make individualized sports program to obtain satisfactory effectiveness. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Intervention and mechanism of exercises on primary osteoporosis  Chen Xin-lin 2018, 22 (8):  1294-1299.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0151 Abstract ( 337 )   PDF (997KB) ( 155 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the acceleration of aging population in the world, the prevalence of primary osteoporosis is increasing. Complications induced by primary osteoporosis will be a key public health problem, so its prevention and treatment is an issue of concern in the medical field. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the benign intervention mechanism of exercises on primary osteoporosis, and to analyze the mechanism of exercise effects on primary osteoporosis by literature and logical thinking methods, so as to find out the benign intervention mechanism, thereby providing theoretical reference for the patients and surgeons. METHODS: A computer-based online search was conducted in Elsevier Science-direct, Medline, EM, CNKI, and CJFD databases using the key words of “sports, osteoporosis, nutrition, hormone, depression” in English and Chinese, respectively. The search years ranged from 1990 to 2015. Totally 756 relevant articles were screened, and 52 eligible articles were finally included for analysis and discussion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Primary osteoporosis is affected by hormone, nutrition, exercise, lifestyle and psychological factors. Exercises can mediate the secretion of hormones to regulate bone mass, which is a kind of direct physical stimulation to bone metabolism, further affecting the absorption of nutrients to maintain bone mass. Exercise makes active effect on lifestyle and psychology, thus affecting bone health. Therefore, the scientific and reasonable exercise has a benign intervention action on primary osteoporosis, and can be used to prevent primary osteoporosis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exercise-induced Achilles tendon rupture: etiology, treatment, and evaluation of its mechanical properties and healing degree Wang Wei 2018, 22 (8):  1300-1305.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0152 Abstract ( 599 )   PDF (1185KB) ( 152 )   Save BACKGROUND: Exact etiology and the optimal treatment of exercise-induced Achilles tendon rupture still remain controversial. OBJECTIVE: To review the literature concerning the etiology and treatments of exercise-induced Achilles tendon rupture, to determine the etiolgy and to compare the differences among treatment methods. METHODS: PubMed, CNKI, WanFang databases (from January 1980 to April 2016) were retrieved with the keywords of “Achilles tendon, ruptured Achilles tendon, ruptured Achilles tendon repair” in English and Chinese, respectively. Totally 392 articles were included initially, and 46 eligible articles were included based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Aging and strain are the main causes of the degeneration of Achilles tendon. For degenerated Achilles tendon, the rupture usually occurs during frequent, unexpected, and intense jumping. (2) Conservative therapy and surgery are two primary methods for exercise-induced Achilles tendon rupture. (2) There is less pain for patients undergoing conservative therapy, but with a higher risk of second rupture. Thus, conservative therapy is more applicable for the patients who have no demand of doing intense sports. (4) The surgeries for exercise-induced Achilles tendon rupture include open repair and percutaneous repair, the direct suturing of the broken ends in the former reduces the incidence of secondary rupture, but may cause complications; and the latter obtains few postoperative complications, but its suturing efficacy is under discussion. (5) It is essential to conduct early rehabilitation training after surgery. Further investigation on the biomechanical properties and healing of Achilles tendon is needed. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Stiffness of the lower extremities during landing Xie Hao-dong1, 2, Luo Jiong1, 2 2018, 22 (8):  1306-1312.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.0153 Abstract ( 358 )   PDF (1257KB) ( 185 )   Save BACKGROUND: Downhill running has been found to cause a significant change in the stiffness of the support leg, thus affecting the magnitude and speed of the center of pressure travel. If the stiffness cannot effectively adjust the impact of exercise, sport performance will be weakened and even induce sport injuries. OBJECTIVE: To understand the stiffness to be as the mechanical parameters of human movement, and to assess the mechanisms underlying musculoskeletal system regulating stiffness. METHODS: Medline and CNKI databases were retrieved for relevant articles using the keywords of “landing, spring-mass model, stiffness, human body movement” in English and Chinese, respectively. The stiffness model, stiffness assessment, as well as the role of stiffness during human movement and its influencing factors were reviewed, thereby revealing the significance of stiffness during human movement. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: When the human body interacts with the ground, the visual information is different, and the neuromuscular system generates coordinated control to arrange appropriate muscle activity of the lower extremities, such as stiffness regulation. The movement settings, working condition, and individual factors all make effects on the stiffness during human movement, and the stiffness efficacy can be controlled by changing the dynamic and kinematic parameters during movement. Appropriate adjustment of the stiffness can promote the human movement performance, and avoid or reduce sport injuries. Running and jumping are the indispensable movements, and taking off is the key step during jumping action, and the stiffness control during taking off action combined with sports skills can improve the sport performance. These results indicate that the vertical stiffness and leg stiffness will be changed with the human actions, accompanied with changes in the stiffness of hip, knee, and ankle joints. In addition, the spring-mass model is helpful for understanding the movement performance and preventing exercise injuries. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics