中国组织工程研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (1): 184-193.doi: 10.12307/2025.573

• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇    下一篇

外泌体分泌调控机制及在生物医学中的应用前景

吕茹月,顾路路,刘  茜,周思仪,李贝贝,薛乐天,孙  鹏   

  1. 华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院急诊科,湖北省武汉市   430022
  • 收稿日期:2024-11-30 接受日期:2025-01-24 出版日期:2026-01-08 发布日期:2025-07-02
  • 通讯作者: 孙鹏,博士,主任医师,华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院急诊科,湖北省武汉市 430022
  • 作者简介:吕茹月,女,1993年生,河南省开封市人,汉族,华中科技大学同济医学院在读硕士,医师,主要从事心肺复苏后脑损伤研究。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金面上项目(82072137),项目负责人:孙鹏

Regulatory mechanisms of exosome secretion and its application prospects in biomedicine

Lyu Ruyue, Gu Lulu, Liu Qian, Zhou Siyi, Li Beibei, Xue Letian, Sun Peng   

  1. Department of Emergency Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
  • Received:2024-11-30 Accepted:2025-01-24 Online:2026-01-08 Published:2025-07-02
  • Contact: Sun Peng, PhD, Chief physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
  • About author:Lyu Ruyue, Master candidate, Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, Hubei Province, China
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82072137 (to SP)

摘要:

文题释义:

外泌体:是由细胞分泌到细胞外的膜性结构,具有脂质双分子层包裹,包含来自原始细胞的复杂内容物,如细胞因子、蛋白质、RNA、miRNA和脂质等生物活性分子,通常直径在30-150 nm之间,是最小的细胞外囊泡类型。外泌体在多种生物体液和组织中广泛存在,包括血液、尿液、唾液、乳汁、羊水、滑液和脑脊液等。
TAT-5:是一种特定的P4-ATP酶家族成员,P4-ATP酶指的是一类具有ATP水解酶活性的膜蛋白。TAT-5具有磷脂翻转酶活性,主要负责将磷脂酰乙醇胺从细胞膜的外侧转运到内侧,以维持磷脂酰乙醇胺在细胞膜上的不对称分布。当TAT-5的功能受到抑制或缺失时,磷脂酰乙醇胺会暴露在细胞膜的外侧,这可能会触发一系列生物学反应,如细胞外囊泡的出芽和形成等过程。因此,TAT-5在细胞膜磷脂的翻转和细胞外囊泡的调控中发挥着关键作用。

摘要
背景:外泌体作为细胞外囊泡的一种,以纳米级尺寸和富含多种生物活性物质而成为细胞间通讯的关键媒介。外泌体分泌调控研究不仅具有重要的科学价值,而且在临床具有广泛的应用前景,对于推动医学进步和改善人类健康具有重要意义。
目的:综述外泌体的生物特性、生物学功能、生物发生过程以及分泌的生化调控机制,并探讨外泌体在疾病诊断、治疗和疫苗开发等领域的应用前景,为外泌体的基础研究和临床转化提供理论依据和参考。
方法:第一作者于2024年10月检索PubMed及中国知网数据库2010年1月至2024年10月发表的相关文献,以“exosomes,biological functions,biogenesis,secretion or release,regulatory mechanisms,application prospects”等为英文检索词,以“外泌体,生物学功能,生发过程,分泌释放,调控机制,应用前景”等为中文检索词,最终纳入92篇文献进行分析。
结果与结论:外泌体的分泌水平可以通过物理或生化手段进行调控。外泌体在疾病诊断、治疗以及疫苗开发等领域展现出广泛的应用前景,特别是在心脑血管疾病和癌症治疗中可能发挥关键作用。此综述为外泌体的临床转化和应用研究提供了有价值的信息,有助于推动未来在外泌体研究和应用方面的进展。

关键词: 外泌体, 生物学功能, 生发过程, 分泌释放, 调控机制, 工程化外泌体

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Exosomes, as a type of extracellular vesicle, have become a key medium for cell-to-cell communication due to their nanoscale size and enrichment of various bioactive substances. The study of exosome secretion regulation not only has important scientific value, but also has broad application prospects in clinical practice, and is of great significance for promoting medical progress and improving human health. 
OBJECTIVE: To review the biological characteristics, biological functions, biogenesis process and biochemical regulation mechanism of exosomes, and to explore the application prospects of exosomes in disease diagnosis, treatment and vaccine development, so as to provide theoretical basis and reference for basic research and clinical transformation of exosomes.
METHODS: The first author searched PubMed and CNKI databases in October 2024 for relevant literature published from January 2010 to October 2024. Key words were “exosomes, biological functions, biogenesis, secretion or release, regulatory mechanisms, application prospects” in Chinese and English. Finally, 92 articles were included for analysis. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The secretion level of exosomes can be regulated through physical or biochemical means. Exosomes show broad application prospects in the fields of disease diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development, and may play a key role in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases as well as cancer. This review provides valuable information for the clinical translation and application research of exosomes, helping to promote future progress in exosome research and application.


Key words: ">exosome, biological function, biogenesis, secretion or release, regulatory mechanism, engineered exosome

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