中国组织工程研究 ›› 2025, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (36): 7889-7897.doi: 10.12307/2025.542

• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇    下一篇

星形胶质细胞调节中枢神经系统的髓鞘再生

水  晶1,何  宇1,江  楠1,徐  坤2,宋丽娟2,3,丁智斌1,2,马存根2,李新毅1,3   

  1. 1山西医科大学第三医院(山西白求恩医院,山西医学科学院,同济山西医院)神经内科,山西省太原市   030032;2 山西中医药大学国家中医药管理局多发性硬化益气活血重点研究室/第一临床学院脑病科,山西省晋中市   030619;3 山西医科大学细胞生理学教育部重点实验室,山西省太原市   030001
  • 收稿日期:2024-07-13 接受日期:2024-08-24 出版日期:2025-12-28 发布日期:2025-03-25
  • 通讯作者: 李新毅,主任医师,山西医科大学第三医院(山西白求恩医院,山西医学科学院,同济山西医院)神经内科,山西省太原市 030032;山西医科大学细胞生理学教育部重点实验室,山西省太原市 030001; 并列通讯作者:马存根,二级教授,山西中医药大学国家中医药管理局多发性硬化益气活血重点研究室,山西省晋中市 030619
  • 作者简介:水晶,女,1997年生,山西省人,汉族,山西医科大学在读硕士,医师,主要从事胶质细胞与髓鞘再生研究。 并列第一作者:何宇,女,1999年生,山西省人,汉族,山西医科大学在读硕士,医师,主要从事胶质细胞与髓鞘再生研究。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82301579),项目负责人:丁智斌;山西医科大学第三医院人才引进科研启动金项目(2021RC033),项目负责人:丁智斌;2022年山西省科技创新青年人才团队(202204051001028),项目负责人:宋丽娟

Astrocytes regulate remyelination in central nervous system

Shui Jing1, He Yu1, Jiang Nan1, Xu Kun2, Song Lijuan2, 3, Ding Zhibin1, 2, Ma Cungen2, Li Xinyi1, 3   

  1. 1Department of Neurology, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital), Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi Province, China; 2Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Department of Encephalopathy, First Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi Province, China; 3Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China
  • Received:2024-07-13 Accepted:2024-08-24 Online:2025-12-28 Published:2025-03-25
  • Contact: Li Xinyi, Chief physician, Department of Neurology, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital), Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi Province, China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology of Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi Province, China; Co-corresponding author: Ma Cungen, Junior professor, Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Department of Encephalopathy, First Clinical College, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi Province, China
  • About author:Shui Jing, Master candidate, Physician, Department of Neurology, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital), Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi Province, China. He Yu, Master candidate, Physician, Department of Neurology, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University (Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital), Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi Province, China. Shui Jing and He Yu contributed equally to this article.
  • Supported by:
    Youth Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82301579 (to DZB); Talent Introduction Program of Scientific Research Foundation of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 2021RC033 (to DZB); Grant of Innovative Young Talent Team of Shanxi Science and Technology in 2022, No. 202204051001028 (to SLJ)

摘要:

文题释义:

星形胶质细胞:是中枢神经系统中数量丰富且功能复杂的胶质细胞,具有维持谷氨酸平衡和离子稳态、消除氧化应激、储存糖原能量、修复受损组织、释放神经递质、调节突触活动及参与突触形成等功能。在脱髓鞘病变中,星形胶质细胞可发挥吞噬髓鞘碎片、募集免疫细胞、分泌神经生长因子及神经毒性介质、向少突胶质细胞谱系细胞转分化、调节胆固醇和鞘脂代谢等作用,从而影响髓鞘再生过程。
髓鞘再生:髓鞘再生是由少突胶质细胞谱系细胞参与的多阶段修复过程,主要通过少突胶质细胞前体细胞增殖、迁移、分化、成熟为少突胶质细胞,即髓鞘形成细胞,以修复受损的髓鞘。髓鞘再生是由脱髓鞘病变触发的一种神经保护性反应,通过再生中枢神经系统轴突周围的髓鞘,恢复神经传导和功能、维持轴突健康。

摘要
背景:中枢神经系统髓鞘再生是由脱髓鞘事件触发的基本修复过程,主要通过少突胶质细胞前体细胞增殖、迁移并向少突胶质细胞分化进而再生髓鞘。髓鞘再生过程受到多种因素如星形胶质细胞、髓鞘碎片、小胶质细胞、巨噬细胞、内皮细胞、周细胞、T细胞以及年龄等的影响。
目的:星形胶质细胞在中枢神经系统发挥着调节突触活动、营养支持及组织修复等重要作用。文章通过综述星形胶质细胞在髓鞘再生过程中的作用,旨在为中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病提供潜在的治疗靶点。
方法:检索2014-2024年在中国知网、PubMed和Web of Science数据库收录的文献,中文检索词:“星形胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞前体细胞,髓鞘再生”,英文检索词:“Astrocyte OR Astroglia*,Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell*,Remyelination”,经筛选后提取66篇文献进行综述。
结果与结论:①以多发性硬化为代表的脱髓鞘疾病的治疗主要是疾病修饰疗法,尚无可用的促进髓鞘再生的方法,因此,探索髓鞘再生相关靶点以促进髓鞘再生是十分必要的。②髓鞘再生是由少突胶质细胞前体细胞增殖、迁移、分化、成熟为少突胶质细胞,后者产生髓磷脂包裹轴突以形成髓鞘的过程。③星形胶质细胞通过吞噬髓鞘碎片、参与炎性反应、向少突胶质细胞谱系细胞转分化、为少突胶质细胞谱系细胞供能、释放神经营养因子、分泌细胞外基质成分等调节髓鞘再生。④文章所归纳的药物是以星形胶质细胞及其衍生因子作为干预靶点调控髓鞘再生,部分药物效果尚可,但其有效性及安全性仍需更多的基础研究及临床试验来验证。⑤星形胶质细胞在髓鞘再生过程中的作用机制尚未完全阐明,相关的分子靶点及信号通路有待进一步研究。

关键词: 星形胶质细胞, 中枢神经系统, 少突胶质细胞前体细胞, 少突胶质细胞, 髓鞘再生, 髓鞘碎片, 神经营养因子, 细胞外基质, 胆固醇, 机制

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Remyelination in the central nervous system is a basic repair process triggered by demyelinating events, mainly through the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into oligodendrocytes. The process of remyelination is affected by many factors such as astrocytes, myelin debris, microglia, macrophages, endothelial cells, pericytes, T cells, and age.
OBJECTIVE: Astrocytes play an important role in regulating synaptic activity, nutritional support, and tissue repair in the central nervous system. This review aims to provide potential therapeutic targets for demyelinating diseases of central nervous system by reviewing the role of astrocytes in remyelination.
METHODS: A search was conducted on relevant literature collected from CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science from 2014 to 2024. The search terms were “astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, remyelination” in both Chinese and English. Finally, 66 articles were included after screening and summarized.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The treatment of demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, is limited to disease-modifying therapies, and there is no available method to overcome the failure of remyelination. Therefore, it is necessary to explore targets related to remyelination to promote myelin repair. (2) Remyelination is a process in which oligodendrocyte precursor cells proliferate, migrate, differentiate, and mature into oligodendrocytes, and the latter produce myelin to wrap axons to form myelin sheath. (3) Astrocytes regulate remyelination by phagocytosis of myelin debris, participating in inflammatory response, transforming into oligodendrocyte lineage cells, providing energy supply for oligodendrocyte lineage cells, releasing neurotrophic factors, and secreting extracellular matrix components. (4) The drugs screened in this paper use astrocytes and their derived factors as intervention targets to regulate the remyelination. Some drugs have satisfactory effects, but their effectiveness and safety still need more basic research and clinical trials to verify. (5) The mechanism of action of astrocytes in remyelination has not been fully elucidated, and the related molecular targets and signaling pathways can be further studied.

Key words: astrocyte, central nervous system, oligodendrocyte precursor cell, oligodendrocyte, remyelination, myelin debris, neurotrophic factor, extracellular matrix, cholesterol, mechanism

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