Table of Content

15 January 2013, Volume 17 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Reference Manager ProCite BibTeX RefWorks

Toggle Thumbnails

Select

Osteogenesis detection for beta-tricalcium phosphate/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/isoniazid/levofloxacin slow-release materials Cui Xu, Ma Yuan-zheng, Li Da-wei, Xue Hai-bin 2013, 17 (3):  381-386.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.001 Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (666KB) ( 672 )   Save BACKGROUND: The degradation rate and strength of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) can be regulated by the addition of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TPC). OBJECTIVE: To test the effect of β-TPC/PLGA/isoniazid (INH)/levofloxacin (LVFX) composite on the repair of femoral condyle bone defects in rabbits. METHODS: Thirty New Zealand rabbits were used for preparing a rabbit model of bone defects with the diameter of 5 mm and the depth of 10 mm. The rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: group 1, group 2 and group 3. The former two groups were implanted with β-TPC/PLGA and β-TPC/PLGA/INH/LVFX, respectively. The group 3 was untreated as the blank control group. The repair effects of each group were detected by imaging, gross specimen and histological examination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At week 12 after treatment, bone defects in the two experimental groups were both radiographically repaired, and there was no significant difference between these two groups in the ratio of new bone area to bone defects area (P > 0.05). The blank control group failed to restore bone defects. These results suggest that the PLGA/TCP/INH/LVFX material can effectively repair femoral condyle bone defects in rabbits. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effects of vascular distribution in the thoracolumbar vertebral body and puncture in the safe zone on bone cement leakage Tang Zhi-hong, Zou Guo-yao, Xiao Ying, Gao Xu, Wu Yue 2013, 17 (3):  387-391.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.002 Abstract ( 386 )   PDF (442KB) ( 639 )   Save BACKGROUND: According to the research, bone cement leakage has been mostly connected with vertebral venous return in the vertebroplasty treatment for vertebral compression fractures. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the vascular distribution of the thoracolumbar vertebral body, providing the theoretical basis for the prevention of bone cement leakage during the implementation of vertebroplasty. METHODS: There were 100 vertebral compression fracture patients, 30 of whom with T11 vertebra fracture, 17 with T12 vertebra fracture, 25 with L1 vertebra fracture, and 28 with L2 vertebra fracture. They were examined with CT before operation to detect the distribution of venous grooves, the position of safe zone and venous grooves in the vertebra. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in the distribution of venous grooves of the four groups. The data indicated that the course of venous grooves and the scope of safe zone among the vertebral body remained relatively constant. No statistical difference was noted in the average height of vertebra, vertebral pedicle or venous grooves plane in the vertebra, giving evidence that vertebral pedicle lies in the top 2/3 of the vertebra and venous grooves lies in the top 2/3 of the vertebral pedicle. There were constant safe zones in the thoracolumbar vertebral body. Improving the angle of puncture during the implementation of vertebroplasty contributes to the decrease of bone cement leakage. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoAg-SiO2 polyurethane materials Yang Liu-cheng, Xu Shuai, Li Shi-si, Wu Kai, Wang Jian-jun 2013, 17 (3):  392-399.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.003 Abstract ( 512 )   PDF (633KB) ( 872 )   Save BACKGROUND: We synthesized nanoAg-SiO2 polyurethane during preliminary research for improvement of antibacterial property of polyurethane materials. OBJECTIVE: To compare the in vitro cytotoxicity of seven kinds of polyurethane materials with different content of nanoAg-SiO2. METHODS: We melted nanoAg-SiO2 into polyurethane to prepare polyurethane materials containing 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 5.0% nanoAg-SiO2, respectively. Then we prepared the leaching liquor of high density polyethylene (negative control), 0.1% phenol fluid (positive control) and these nanoAg-SiO2 polyurethane materials to culture L929 cells for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cells cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum served as reagent control group, and blank control group was also set. Then MTT colorimetric method was used to quantitatively detect cell relative growth rate and conduct toxicity reaction grading. Cell morphology was observed under microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cell relative growth rate was greater than 80% and the toxicity reaction ranked level 1 in all polyurethane groups, reagent control group and negative control group. In the above-mentioned groups, cells adhered to the cavity wall with normal appearance, plump soma and cytoplasm under microscope; in vitro cytotoxicity of these polyurethane materials reduced and their biocompatibility improved when the nanoAg-SiO2 content decreased. Cell relative growth rate became lower (P < 0.05) as culture-time prolonged and reduced to 8.7% after 72 hours in the positive control group. Cells cultured in positive control group drifted in the leaching liquor with their trophy and round shape. Seven kinds of polyurethane materials with different contents of nanoAg-SiO2 have good in vitro cellular compatibility and comply with the requirements of in vitro experiments for medical materials with their toxicity reaction ranking level 1. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Repairing distal femur defects in rabbits with beta-calcium phosphate sintered bone Hou Xi-jun, Wang Chun-hua, Li Lin, Lian Hong-xing, Li Yu-qiang, Zhang Lian-qing 2013, 17 (3):  400-406.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.004 Abstract ( 449 )   PDF (633KB) ( 678 )   Save BACKGROUND: Autologus bones possess the bone guided activity and osteoinductive properties, becoming the gold standard for repair of bone defects. However, the limitation of resources in autogenous bone causes the research fellows to look for bone graft substitutes. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effectiveness of repairing distal femur defects in rabbit with β-calcium phosphate sintered bone. METHODS: A rabbit model of distal femur defects at diameter of 5 mm and depth of 12 mm was prepared. β-calcium phosphate sintered bone was implanted into the experimental side of the model, and nothing to the control side. Operation incision was observed and the pathological section was prepared to observe bone growth after implantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The incision healed fine after the operation of implanting the test piece of β-calcium phosphate sintered bone into the defect site in the condyles of femur in rabbits; new boneformation could be observed around bone defects in the rabbits of experimental groups after 4 weeks of the operation, the quantity of the new bone increased gradually with the time prolonging, the center of the β-calcium phosphate sintered bone could be found new bone and the materials could be degraded gradually after 12 weeks of the operation. In the other hand, new bone formation could not be found around bone defects until 12 weeks of the operation in the control group. These findings indicate that β-calcium phosphate has a good osteogenesis capacity, and can serve as an excellent bone graft substitute. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Gelatin combined with chitosan fiber affects the mechanical properties of calcium phosphate cement Pan Zhao-hui, Zhao Yu-xiang, Zhang Jun-guo, Wang Da-wei 2013, 17 (3):  407-411.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.005 Abstract ( 388 )   PDF (417KB) ( 617 )   Save BACKGROUND: A few of fibers have been used to reinforce the strength and fracture resistance of calcium phosphate cement. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of gelatin combined with chitosan fiber on the mechanical properties of calcium phosphate cement and to look for a more appropriate ratio. METHODS: Comparisons and to look of chitosan fibers at volume fractions of 0, 10%, 30% and 50% together with distilled water or gelatin at mass fraction of 5% respectively in their effects on flexural strength of cement were performed. 2×4 factorial design was adopted. Flexural strength of cement composite fractures was detected, and fractured surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope. Energy dispersion analysis was also performed on particles of composites. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A significant difference was found between the flexural strength of different gelatin groups and between the flexural strength of different volume fraction groups (P < 0.001). The maximal flexural strength was obtained when the calcium phosphate cement was reinforced with fiber at volume fraction of 30% and gelatin at mass fraction of 5%, which was 12.31 MPa. With distilled water as the liquid phase, there were irregular particles (mean pore diameter < 5 μm) on the surface of the solidified calcium phosphate cement. After gelatin adding, gelatin and particles seemed to stick together, and the mean pore diameter was similar to the above-mentioned, but the number was less than the former. A great amount of particles were seen at the fractured surface of calcium phosphate cement reinforced with fiber at volume fraction of 30% and gelatin at mass fraction of 5%, and the number of particles was decreased significantly at the fractured surface of calcium phosphate cement reinforced with distilled water and fiber at volume fraction of 30%. The mechanical property of calcium phosphate cement could be enhanced by using gelatin and chitosan fiber as two reinforcement agents, and gelatin at the mass fraction of 5% and chitosan fiber at the volume fraction of 30% might be a better ratio for this reinforcement mode. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Paclitaxel poly lactide-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles inhibit human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 Pang Li-yun, Wang Hai, Chen Yong-xia, Liu Shuai, Yang Jing, Sun Hong-fan 2013, 17 (3):  412-418.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.006 Abstract ( 468 )   PDF (602KB) ( 805 )   Save BACKGROUND: The conventional paclitaxel injection is toxic and easy to cause allergic reactions. OBJECTIVE: To prepare paclitaxel poly lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles and to investigate its inhibitory and apoptotic effects on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2. METHODS: The MTT method was used to determine the inhibitory effects of 0, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 mg/L paclitaxel PLGA nanoparticles or paclitaxel on hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2. After 25 mg/L paclitaxel PLGA nanoparticle and paclitaxel action, the morphological changes were observed; while after 0, 12.5, 25, 50 mg/L paclitaxel PLGA nanoparticle action, the apoptosis of cells was measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The MTT assay indicated that 3.125-100 mg/L paclitaxel PLGA nanoparticles could significantly inhibit the growth of HepG-2 cells and sustain their own release. Its inhibitory rate increased with time and after 72 hours arrived the peak, but paclitaxel alone had no inhibitory influence on HepG-2 cells. After paclitaxel PLGA nanoparticle and paclitaxel action, the typical morphologies of apoptotic cells were visible, and this phenomenon showed a time-dependent effect. Paclitaxel PLGA nanoparticle (12.5, 25, 50 mg/L) could significantly induce apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The higher the concentration and the longer the time, the more obvious the effect was. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

New-type nano-scaffolds and neural stem cell apoptosis Zhou Ji-hui, Yao Meng, Wang Yan-song, Liu Yu-gang, Sui Fu-ge, Zhao Cong-ran, Tian Fei-peng, He Xiao-feng 2013, 17 (3):  419-426.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.007 Abstract ( 346 )   PDF (538KB) ( 573 )   Save BACKGROUND: As a good material for spinal cord tissue engineering scaffold, collagen is conducive to adhesion and growth of nerve cells and nerve fibers. But it needs to be improved in the preparation process because of its poor mechanical properties, not only to improve its basic performance, but also to have a positive impact on the biological behavior of the seed cells. OBJECTIVE: To observe the properties of new nano-scaffolds for tissue engineering and to detect the changes of neural stem cell apoptosis and related gene expression affected by the nano-scaffold. METHODS: Aligned and randomly oriented nanofibrous scaffolds were made of collagen by using electrospinning technology. Superficial morphous, porosity, mechanical property, swelling coefficient, degradation disposition were tested. Spinal cord derived neural progenitor cells were cultured and identified, and then the cells were cultured on aligned and randomly oriented collagen nanofibrous scaffolds. Cells cultured under normal conditions served as control group. The changes of neural stem cell apoptosis and related gene expression were tested. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Superficial morphous of electrospun aligned and randomly oriented collagen nanofibrous scaffolds were in accordance with contrivable requisition, their porosities were supernal, mechanical properties were fine, swelling coefficients were satisfactory. Compared with the control group, apoptosis rate of cells cultured on aligned and randomly oriented collagen nanofibrous scaffolds decreased significantly (P < 0.05), expression level of apoptosis-related gene bcl-2 significantly increased, bax and Caspase-3 significantly decreased. There was no significant difference between the cells on aligned and randomly oriented collagen nanofibrous scaffolds. These findings indicate that properties and histocompatibility of new nano-scaffolds for tissue engineering are satisfactory, which can inhibit and regulate cell apoptosis from the level of gene expression. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effect of silk fibroin on the regulation of nano-hydroxyapatite crystal growth Xu Ning, Chen Yu-yun, Zhong Jian, Xu Guo-hua, Ye Xiao-jian 2013, 17 (3):  427-432.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.008 Abstract ( 593 )   PDF (626KB) ( 569 )   Save BACKGROUND: Silk fibroin (SF) content has been reported to have great influences on the properties and structure of SF/nano-hydroxyapatite (SF/n-HA) complex in previous studies. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of SF content on the crystal growth of n-HA. METHODS: SF/n-HA complex was prepared using the method of physical chemistry. The effect of SF content (0, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) on the crystal growth of n-HA was studied using thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray powder diffractometer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results show that SF affected the crystal nucleation and growth of n-HA obviously. SF induced n-HA crystals to preferentially grow along the c axis, the n-HA aspect ratio increased, and n-HA morphology changed from rod-like to needle-like. When SF content was 10% and 20%, n-HA crystals radically dispersed in SF matrix orderly; when SF content was 30% and 40 %, the n-HA crystals were disordered in SF matrix. These findings indicate that 30% SF is the critical binding percent in the SF/n-HA preparation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Constructing a vascular endothelial growth factor sustained-released multi-wall carbon nanotube composite scaffold Feng Xue-yi, Liu Zheng-ni, Tang Rui, Hu Heng-yao 2013, 17 (3):  433-439.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.009 Abstract ( 416 )   PDF (532KB) ( 652 )   Save BACKGROUND: The implantation of porcine small intestinal submucosa (PSIS) for abdominal wall defects has deficiency in early vascularization, which can result in the failure of abdominal wall reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: To construct a multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-PSIS composite scaffold which can sustained-release vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and to evaluate the VEGF sustained-release performance, mechanical property and cytotoxicity of the composite scaffold in vitro. METHODS: The VEGF-loaded MWCNT was integrated with two-layer PSIS by dip dyeing to construct the composite scaffold. According the different weight percents of MWCNT, five groups were divided: PSIS (0%), 1%, 3%, 5%, 10% MWCNT-PSIS. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The VEGF sustained-release property of the composite scaffolds: The accumulation concentration of each group increased with the extension of time, meanwhile the released concentration increased gradually with the increasing quality of the MWCNT. (2) The mechanical property of the composite scaffolds: The maximum load and elastic modulus of 1%, 3%, 5%, 10% MWCNT-PSIS groups were superior to original PSIS scaffold (control group) (P < 0.05). The maximum load increased gradually along with the increasing quality of the MWCNT. (3) The fibroblast cytotoxicity of the composite scaffolds: The composite scaffolds that contained ≤ 5% MWCNT were proved to have no significant influence on the fibroblast proliferation. The above results in vitro confirmed the composite scaffold we constructed possesses excellent VEGF sustained-released performance, improves mechanical property and promotes the endothelial cell proliferation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

High mobility group box 1 protein level in peri-implant crevicular fluid Liu Jin-pan, Wang Ming-guo, Li Jing, Yang Shi-mao 2013, 17 (3):  440-444.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.010 Abstract ( 314 )   PDF (394KB) ( 539 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recent studies have found that high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB-1) as an important inflammatory factor plays a significant role in various inflammations. OBJECTIVE: To determine the HMGB-1 level in the peri-implant gingival crevicular fluid and to investiage the correlation of HMGB-1 and peri-implant mucositis. METHODS: Patients with healthy implant (n=39), with mild peri-implant mucositis (n=24) and moderate peri-implant mucositis (n=16) were enrolled. The amount of peri-implant gingival crevicular fluid, total amount of HMGB-1 and levels of HMGB-1 were detected. Clinical parameters were measured to investigate their relationships, including gingival index, mobility, plaque index, probing depth. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The amount of peri-implant gingival crevicular fluid, total amount of HMGB-1 and levels of HMGB-1 were significantly higher in the patients with mild peri-implant mucositis than in the healthy implant patients (P < 0.01), but lower than the moderate peri-implant mucositis patients (P < 0.01). Gingival crevicular fluid volume was positively correlated with gingival index and plaque index (P < 0.01). The total amount of HMGB-1 was positively correlated with gingival index and probing depth (P < 0.01). No significant difference was found between probing depth and mobility and the level and total amount of HMGB-1. This investigation show that HMGB-1 level in the gingival crevicular fluid may be as a diagnostic marker for peri-implant mucositis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Biocompatibility of a hydrogel skirt scaffold in artificial cornea Qiu Gang-feng, Shi Chun-zhi, Zhou Jin-sheng, Mai Wei-xin, Ouyang Jun-jun, Wu San-qiang, Qiu Wei-yao 2013, 17 (3):  445-451.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.011 Abstract ( 490 )   PDF (496KB) ( 722 )   Save BACKGROUND: Beta-tricalcium phosphate/poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel (β-TCP/PVA-H) composite is a material with high water content, good softness, which is beneficial to the fibroblasts growth and collagen deposition. OBJECTIVE: To study the biocompatibility of β-TCP/PVA-H composite as an artificial cornea skirt material. METHODS: Delayed-type hypersensitivity: Both sides of the spinal skin of the guinea pig from beginning to end were injected with A solution (the mixture of complete Freund’s adjuvant and normal saline), B solution (extraction of β-TCP/PVA-H composite or normal saline or 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole), C solution (mixture of A and B solutions at equal volume), followed by local induction and inspire. The acute systemic toxicity test: Kunming mouse tail vein was injected with normal saline and β-TCP/PVA-H composite extraction. In vitro cytotoxicity assays: MRC-5 cells were cultured by β-TCP/PVA-H composite extraction, cell culture medium and phenol-containing cell culture medium. Intradermal reaction: The extracts of β-TCP/PVA-H composite, normal saline was injected intradermally into the rabbit spine by normal saline (or sesame oil), normal saline and sesame oil. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The biocompatibility experiments of β-TCP/PVA-H composite showed that delayed-type hypersensitivity was graded 0-1, acute systemic toxicity test showed no symptoms, in vitro cytotoxicity was graded 0 or 1, and skin irritations were very slight. The experiments are agreed with the relative national standards, and β-TCP/PVA-H composite skirt as artificial cornea scaffold is a qualified medical material. Key Words: biomaterials; material biocompatibility; beta-tricalcium phosphate; poly (vinyl alcohol); hydrogel; artificial cornea; in vitro cytotoxicity; acute systemic toxicity; intradermal reaction; delayed-type hypersensitivity; other grants-supported paper Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Biocompatibility of deer deproteinized cancellous bone Liu Hai-peng, Li Chun, Zhang Duo, Wu Dan-kai 2013, 17 (3):  452-456.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.012 Abstract ( 354 )   PDF (364KB) ( 538 )   Save BACKGROUND: Antigen-extracted xenogeneic cancellous bone as a kind of bone implant material has a natural porous structure, plasticity, and certain mechanical strength. OBJECTIVE: To study the biocompatibility of the deer deproteinized cancellous bone. METHODS: Pyrogen test and acute toxicity test: Fresh deer bone, deproteinized cancellous bone, andfree-dried deproteinized cancellous bone extracts were injected into the ear vein of rabbits and the abdominal cavity of mice. Hemolysis test: Rabbit mixed blood was added into the fresh deer bone, deproteinized cancellous bone, and free-dried deproteinized cancellous bone extracts, sodium carbonate (positive control), and normal saline (negative control). Coagulation test: Fresh deer bone, deproteinized cancellous bone, and free-dried deproteinized cancellous bone were placed into normal rabbit mixed blood. Long-term muscle test: Fresh deer bone, deproteinized cancellous bone, and free-dried deproteinized cancellous bone were implanted into the thigh muscle pouches of mice. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Deer deproteinized cancellous bone and free-dried deproteinized cancellous bone had no pyrogen reaction, toxicity, hemolysis and hemopexis reactions, and did not result in rejection reaction after implantation to the thigh muscle pouches of mice. There was a mild abnormality for the fresh deer bone in pyrogen, coagulation, hemolysis and long-term muscle tests without death. These findings indicate that deer deproteinized cancellous bone and free-dried deproteinized cancellous bone have good biocompatibility. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Combination of Schwann cells, small intestinal submucosa and growth factor sustained-release microspheres for repair of peripheral nerve defects Zhang Kai-wei, Duan Hong, Xiang Zhou, Xiao Rui, Chen Jiu-yi 2013, 17 (3):  457-464.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.013 Abstract ( 342 )   PDF (1012KB) ( 517 )   Save BACKGROUND: To combine Schwann cells (SCs) and small intestinal submucosa (SIS) with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a feasible way to construct artificial nerve that possesses nerve activity and chemotaxis in vitro. OBJECTIVE: To observe the recanalization of neural pathways after repairing peripheral defects with bFGF controlled release microspheres combined with SCs and SIS. METHODS: Models of sciatic nerve defects were established in Sprague-Dawley rats, and then randomized into: experimental group repaired with bFGF controlled release microspheres combined with SCs and SIS, positive control group with SCs and SIS combined with free bFGF, negative control group with SCs and SIS, and blank control group with autologous nerve. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The number of regenerated nerve fibers, number of DiI tracer-positive neurons, positive expression rate of S-100 and neurofilament protein, ultrastructure of regenerated myelin and axons, nerve conduction velocity and composite action potential in the experimental group were superior to those in the positive and negative control groups at 16 weeks after operation (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that bFGF controlled release microspheres combined with SCs and SIS can reconstruct the neural pathways following sciatic nerve injury. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Construction of acellular muscle bioscaffolds using three approaches: Histological and biomechanical comparison Wei Xiang-ke, Wen Yi-min, Zhang Tao, Li Han 2013, 17 (3):  465-471.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.014 Abstract ( 345 )   PDF (654KB) ( 539 )   Save BACKGROUND: The methods of constructing acellular muscle bioscaffolds include chemical method, frozen/thawing method and freezing method.OBJECTIVE: To study the histological and biomechanical differences among the acellular muscle bioscaffolds prepared using chemical method, frozen/thawing method and reformed chemical method. METHODS: Totally 36 segments of the erector spinae from six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into three groups by different preparation methods (n=12): chemical method group (group A), frozen/thawing group (group B) and reformed chemical method group (group C). After sterilization and seeding of bone mesenchymal stem cells, the scaffolds from three groups were compared on histology and biomechanics. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed the internal structure was in parallel rows in the three group, but the continuity of scaffold structure in group A was less than groups B and C. Masson staining confirmed essential component of scaffolds was collagen fibers in the three group and some residual muscle fibers in group B with asymmetry clearance. The number of living seed cells labeled by fluorescence in group B was significantly less than that in groups A and C at 7 days (P < 0.01) and less than that in group C at 14 days (P < 0.05). Lots of cells attaching to each group scaffolds were flourished confirmed by scanning electron microscope. Group B exceeded group A in the maximum load of scaffold (P < 0.05) but not group C. There was no difference among three groups in modulus of elasticity. Porosity of group B was lower than that of groups A and C (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the reformed chemical method is more ideal, which can balance the histology and biomechanics of acellular muscle bioscaffolds, remove muscle cells more thoroughly and maintain more extracellular matrix. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Application of Fastin bone anchor material in the repair of Achilles tendon rupture Xu Hai-dong, Chen Yong, Lu Jun-hao, Zhao Jian-ning 2013, 17 (3):  472-476.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.015 Abstract ( 1662 )   PDF (416KB) ( 1273 )   Save BACKGROUND: Fastin bone anchor material is better than traditional absorbable suture weaving method in operation, reliable fixation and biomechanical strength in the repair of Achilles tendon rupture. OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical effects of the Fastin bone anchor material in the repair of Achilles tendon rupture. METHODS: Totally 30 patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture voluntarily underwent surgery to repair the tendon using Fastin bone anchor material or absorbable suture. Functional recovery of patients was followed up for 1 year. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The patients treated with Fastin bone anchor material in the repair of Achilles tendon rupture had better clinical curative effects than those treated with absorbable suture (P <0.05). It is indicated that Fastin bone anchor material is better for the repair of Achilles tendon rupture toprotect the ankle function. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Biomechanical property and tracheal remodeling during tracheal anastomotic healing after tracheal suture with three different materials You Yong, Liang Ren-ji, Mo Liang 2013, 17 (3):  477-482.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.016 Abstract ( 333 )   PDF (540KB) ( 655 )   Save BACKGROUND: Researches have showed that the selection of trachea and bronchi anastomotic materials has different effects in the healing quality. OBJECTIVE: To establish the rabbit tracheal reconstruction model with three different suture materials and to detect the relationship between biomechanical property and tracheal remodeling during the different phases of the rabbit wound healing. METHODS: Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups randomly, and the silk thread, dacron thread and synthetic absorption suture were used to establish tracheal reconstruction model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Tensile strength of anastomosis trachea: The tracheas anastomosed by three sutures were fractured close to the anastomotie stoma under external forces after 2 weeks; otherwise, the sutures were not torn. After 4 and 8 weeks, the tracheas were fractured in the part far away from anastomotie stoma, and no trachea was fractured on the anastomotie stoma. Bursting strength of anastomosis trachea: After 2, 4 and 8 weeks, three anastomotie stomas were burst from tracheal membranous. Collagen Ⅰ concentration: the collagen Ⅰconcentration in dacron thread group was lower than that in the other two groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference of collagen Ⅰ concentration after 4 and 8 weeks among three groups. It shows that the stability of the tracheal anastomosis will not be influenced by the suture material, but tracheal stenosis has certain differences after suture with different suture materials at various periods. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Mechanical evaluation of fracture resistance of different length quartz fiber-reinforced composite posts Lu Jie1, Nie Er-min, Liu Ke-jin, Zhang Chun-yuan, Jiang Rui, Xia Yin-hua 2013, 17 (3):  483-488.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.017 Abstract ( 486 )   PDF (457KB) ( 635 )   Save BACKGROUND: Post length is the main influential factor in post retention. Scholars have different opinions about the mechanical effect on the prostheses with different post length. OBJECTIVE: Under the situation of the resin adhesive, to compare the fracture strength of prostheses with different length quartz fiber-reinforced composite posts. METHODS: Thirty extracted human maxillary central incisors were selected and divided into three groups of 10 samples in each group. One group was control group, and the other two groups in which crowns sectioned were treated with post way of 5 mm and 8 mm, respectively. Both of them were restored by quartz fiber posts with composite resin core and cast stainless steel crown. The control group was endodontically treated with teeth which were restored with stainless steel crown. All posts were bonded with resin adhesive. The boosting rod of mechanical test machine was put in the junction of cut 1/3 and middle 1/3. All posts were set in the palatal side with loading at angle of 130° to the long axis of root at 1 mm/min speed. The maximum load and failure mode were recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: 5 mm length quartz fiber post resulted in no significantly difference in fracture strength with 8 mm length quartz fiber post. The fracture strength of control group was higher than that of quartz fiber post groups (P < 0.01). But in theory, all groups could endure masticator force. Both two groups with quartz fiber post mainly underwent post fracture, and the control group mainly underwent cervical oblique fracture. The shorter posts could make it possible to restore the shorter roots under the compensation function of resin adhesive. Quartz fiber posts and composite cores had lower possibility of root fracture and better aesthetic capability; they could become the effective choices for aesthetic restoration. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using Endo-Button versus absorbable interference screw fixation systems Zhang Li-xuan, Zhang Ying, Guo Han-ming 2013, 17 (3):  489-495.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.018 Abstract ( 954 )   PDF (471KB) ( 859 )   Save BACKGROUND: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction by using hamstring tendon autografts faces a lot of controversy and unknown factors. OBJECTIVE: To explore the difference between the Endo-Button and the absorbable interference screw system in the ACL reconstruction. METHODS: The experiment group (n=25) were reconstructed arthroscopically with semitendionosus and gracilis tendons by Endo-Button. The control group (n=20) were reconstructed by the absorbable interference screw. Same rehabilitation training was conducted in the two groups after reconstruction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The patients were followed up from 6 to 21 months. Range of motion of the knee was normal in the two groups. In the Lachman test, there were two cases of positive Ⅰ in the experimental group and three cases of positive Ⅰ in the control group. However, all the patients showed negative results in the pivot shift test. The statistical difference in the Lysholm knee score was significant before and after the reconstruction, but there was no difference between the two groups. After analyzing the incidence rates of the tunnel enlargement, there was no statistical difference between the experiment group and the control. But the tunnel enlargement of the control group was bigger than that of the experimental group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that the early clinical effects of Endo-Button and absorbable interference screw fixation systems are similar. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Medical ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene modification and tribological characteristics Si Qing-zong, An Xiao-li, An Ying-fei, Liu Bin 2013, 17 (3):  496-500.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.019 Abstract ( 384 )   PDF (561KB) ( 685 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene has been used widely for the artificial joint prosthetics due to its excellent physical and chemical properties, which includes the hip and knee joint in the medicine field. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the progress in the modification and tribological studies of medical ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in recent years. METHODS: The literatures, regarding to the modification and tribological studies of medical ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, were searched by a computer in ISI and PubMed databases from 1970 to 2012 as well as in CNKI, Wanfang and VIP database from 1979 to 2012, respectively. The keywords were “ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, UHMWPE, artificial joint prosthetics, mechanism of friction and wear, wear debris” in English and Chinese, respectively. The repetitive researches were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results prove that the abrasive wear, adhesion wear and fatigue wear are the main mechanisms of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Because of its low wear resistance, many methods have been used to enhance its tribological properties, including inorganic filling (such as hydroxyapatite, zirconium oxide, carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes), and the crosslinking (such as organic silane coupling and variety of ionizing radiations). Moreover, the results demonstrate that the wear resistance of the modified materials was improved to different extents in all kinds of joint simulator environment. This paper also expounds the friction mechanism and some wear means of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, such as joint simulator, lubrication system, the measurement and evaluation of wear and wear debris. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Synthetic polymer scaffolds for spinal cord injury Kan Rui, Sheng Wei-bin 2013, 17 (3):  501-508.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.020 Abstract ( 356 )   PDF (679KB) ( 653 )   Save BACKGROUND: Synthetic polymer scaffolds for treatment of spinal cord injury are currently a focus of research. OBJECTIVE: To summarize domestic and foreign researches on synthetic polymer scaffolds for the treatment of spinal cord injury. METHODS: Articles on synthetic polymer scaffolds for treatment of spinal cord injury were searched on WanfangMed, CNKI, PubMed and EBSCO databases from 2000-01 to 2012-01, using “spinal cord injury, tissue engineering, synthetic polymer material” appearing in title/abstract as key words. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Many kinds of synthetic polymer materials are developed for the treatmentof spinal cord injury, including polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, poly-β hydroxybutyric acid, synthetic hydrogel, and polyethylene glycol. Each material has its pros and cons, but none has complete tissue compatibility and biodegradability. These materials cannot completely mimic the three-dimensional porous structure of the spinal cord. After implantation, the materials are located freely to the spinal cord, which cannot be anatomized with the gray and white matters of the spinal cord, and fatherly cannot correspond to the main fibers in the white matter. Therefore, these materials have not been implemented in clinical trial. Further study on synthetic polymer scaffolds for the treatment of spinal cord injury is required. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Materials and methods for preparation of tissue-engineered cartilage scaffolds Gui Hao-ran, Li Peng, Zhang Wei-guo 2013, 17 (3):  509-516.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.021 Abstract ( 567 )   PDF (641KB) ( 819 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cartilage tissue engineering provides new ideas and approaches for repair of cartilage defects, and how to obtain the ideal scaffolds for tissue engineering is the core and difficulty. OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyze the material choice and preparation methods of tissue-engineered cartilage scaffolds. METHODS: The first author searched PubMed, ELSEVIER SCIENCEDIRECT, Wanfang and CNKI databases (2000/2012) to retrieve relevant articles about materials and methods to prepare tissue-engineered cartilage scaffolds. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cartilage scaffold materials consist of natural biological material, synthetic polymer material and composite material. The following methods can be used to prepare scaffolds materials such as phase separation, solvent casting/particulate leaching, gas foaming technology, rapid prototyping technology and electrospinning. The collagen, agarose, alginate as hydrogel natural materials can provide adequate biocompatibility, proliferation, adhesion and hydrophilicity. Meanwhile, synthetic polymer composite scaffolds prepared by electrospinning can guarantee the mechanical strength, shaping requirements, porosity, and biodegradation of the scaffolds. Therefore, it will be more conducive to display the performance of the scaffolds if the natural materials are combined with synthetic polymer composite scaffolds using the embedded technology and surface modification technology. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Application of self-expanding stents in the cerebrovascular intervention Chen Ni-ka, Jiang Xiao-hong, Li Xun-jun, Lang Ying, Ma Guo-zhong, Liu Ya-zhen 2013, 17 (3):  517-524.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.022 Abstract ( 1065 )   PDF (736KB) ( 731 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the development of coronary vascular stents and peripheral vascular stent implantation technology, the coronary vascular stents and peripheral vascular stent technology, the self-expanding stent is becoming the key and hot product dedicated to the development by the domestic and international medical equipment manufacturers. As the brain vessel is quite tortuous and small, and the risk of placement is much higher than other parts, the development of self-expanding stent is very difficult.The primary task is the appropriate choice of biomedical materials, while, how to improve the security of cerebrovascular disease scaffold materials and reduce the complications is the main point and difficulty. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the literatures on the application of different self-expanding stents in cerebrovascular intervention, and to compare the advantages of self-expanding stent implantation and traditional treatment methods of cerebrovascular diseases, as well as to analyze the security and complications. METHODS: The literatures on the treatment of different cerebrovascular diseases with different self-expanding stents were collected. The physical properties, chemical properties and biocompatibility of various types of self-expanding stents were comparatively analyzed which were clinically used and in development. The disadvantages and advantages of different treatment methods were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There still lacks of a unified standard of endovascular treatment program. Each treatment method has their own advantages and disadvantages, the safety and efficacy of various treatment programs still require large-scale, prospective, randomized controlled trials to be confirmed. With the update and development of self-expanding stent materials, the application of self-expanding stent has become the important treatment method for cerebrovascular diseases. Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Chitosan application in neural regeneration after spinal cord injury Wang Lei, Lu Ming 2013, 17 (3):  525-530.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.023 Abstract ( 323 )   PDF (576KB) ( 733 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nerve conduit/scaffolds of chitosan materials can be used as the carrier of seed cells and cytokines, maintaining the normal anatomic structure and preventing glial scar extrusion in the injury site. Chitosan materials have the promoting effects on neural regeneration and functional recovery. OBJECTIVE: To introduce the research status of chitosan nerve conduit/scaffolds in neural regeneration. METHODS: The first author retrieved PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang databases (1990/2012) to search the articles related to chitosan properties and chitosan nerve conduits for spinal cord injury. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Chitosan has excellent physical and chemical properties, moreover, it alsohas special biomedical characteristics, such as good biocompatibility and biodegradability, low immunogenicity and non-toxicity. Chitosan has a good affinity for olfactory ensheathing cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and neural stem cells. Nerve conduit/scaffolds of chitosan materials can bridge nerve stump, maintain the normal anatomic structure following neural regeneration, provide seed cells and cytokine carriers, and create a healthy micro-environment for neural regeneration after spinal cord injury. Up to now, chitosan conduit research is still not comprehensive, and there are many problems to be solved. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Theoretical research and clinical application of Vitallium casting alloy Jia Shuang, Ye Rong-rong 2013, 17 (3):  531-535.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.024 Abstract ( 427 )   PDF (667KB) ( 668 )   Save BACKGROUND: Vitallium is the breakthrough in the materials of casting removable partial denture. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the alloying constituent, performance superiority and clinical application of Vitallium in medicine and other fields. METHODS: A computer search of Medline, CNKI and Wanfang databases was performed for relevant articles published from January 1970 to January 2012 using the keywords of “alloying constituent, performance superiority, interdisciplinary application” in English and Chinese, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Vitallium has been widely recognized in oral medicine and clinical medicine because of its particular alloying constituent and excellent material performances. Compared with CoCr alloy, Vitallium has higher extension modulus and Vickers hardness. Therefore, the denture bracketsmade of Vitallium have higher rigidity and little transformation, meanwhile they are beautiful, comfortable, and easy to change but difficult to break off in the clinical practice, which expands the use and prolong the service life of the denture. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Ulcer treatment with membrane materials and drug loading membrane materials: Detection indexes Zheng Jian-hong, Lin Yan-yue 2013, 17 (3):  536-543.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.025 Abstract ( 550 )   PDF (854KB) ( 625 )   Save BACKGROUND: Oral ulcer is a common disease in the oral mucosa caused by a variety of reasons, which is often treated with local administration. The application of oral ulcer film can apply the drugs directly on the ulcer wounds, and the sustained-release design of the ulcer films can prolong the action duration of the drugs and significantly increase the local drugconcentration, which is conducive to playing the drug’s efficacy. OBJECTIVE: To explore the preparation method and detection index of membrane materials and drug loading membrane materials used for the treatment of oral ulcers. METHODS: Membranes for mouth ulcers can be continuously adhered onto the ulcer wounds and then block the erosion of saliva and oral flora to ulcer wounds, which play a role in preventing the bacteria against the wound. The drug loading membrane materials can be divided into synthetic polymer materials and natural polymer materials. Materials commonly used in the preparation of mouth ulcer membranes include polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Chitosan membranes for mouth ulcers have the advantages of anti-bacteria, anti-oxidation, bleeding, and anti-inflammation, thereby promoting healing of ulcer tissue. The chitosan and Chinese herb loading membrane materials can significantly reduce the ulcer area, and the effect of chitosan membrane is better than that of antibiotics membrane. During the preparation of drug loading membranes for mouth ulcers, high-performance liquid chromatographic method is the commonly used method to detect the drug concentration. The local drug concentration, action time and adhesion are analyzed through the detection of linear relationship, recovery test, adhesion and adhesion time. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Antibacterial properties of oral nano-silver inorganic antibacterial materials Zhang Yan-jun, Liu Ke-li 2013, 17 (3):  544-551.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.026 Abstract ( 362 )   PDF (726KB) ( 556 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nano-silver inorganic antimicrobial agent has the characteristics of broad spectrum antimicrobial and antibacterial ability which is one of the hotspots of oral inorganic antibacterial materials research. OBJECTIVE: To study the antibacterial properties and antibacterial mechanism of nano-silver inorganic antimicrobial materials in order to provide reference information for the basic experimental research and the clinical application. METHODS: The antibacterial properties of various oral nano-silver inorganic antimicrobial materials to the common pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans and Actinomyces viscosus wereanalyzed, the antibacterial properties included the minimum bactericidal concentration and antibacterial rate, and the comparative analysis of them was performed. The antibacterial mechanism of nano-silver inorganic antimicrobial materials was researched to clear its advantages and disadvantages. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The oral nano-silver inorganic antimicrobial materials had a broad antibacterial spectrum, and had strong antibacterial properties to Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, Actinomyces viscosus, Candida albicans, Porphyromonas gingivalis Aeromonas, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. It had the lower minimum bactericidal concentration and the higher antibiotic rate. However, the antibacterial properties of the same nano-silver inorganic antibacterial material for different pathogens were different, showing the different minimum bactericidal concentrations and the different antibacterial rates. On the other hand, different nano-silver inorganic antibacterial materials for the same pathogen had different minimum bactericidal concentrations and different antibacterial rates. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effect of super fiber on the periodontal index after fixation of dental traumatic dislocation Qu Zhi, Wang Zhi-ying, Lin Jing-guang, Jin Ding 2013, 17 (3):  552-559.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.027 Abstract ( 360 )   PDF (501KB) ( 498 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recently, the clinical application of super fiber in the repairing and fixation of dentaltraumatic dislocation is rare, while the existing research mainly focuses on the short-term efficacy, and the reports on the effect in periodontal is rare. OBJECTIVE: To comparative study the change of periodontal index of dislocated permanent anterior teeth fixed by super fiber, arch splint and edgewise bracket and to understand the domestic research on the super fiber in the oral field. METHODS: Sixty patients with dislocated permanent anterior teeth were randomly divided into three groups: super fiber group, arch splint group and edgewise bracket group. The changes of periodontal index of the traumatic tooth were comparatively observed after fixed with the three methods; the plaque index and gingival index were obtained for the statistical analysis and comparison. The related literatures were searched in CNKI database, and the publish situation and the research situation of the literatures were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were significant differences of the plaque index and gingival index between super fiber group, arch splint group and edgewise bracket group (P < 0.05). The plaque index and gingival index in the super fiber group were significantly better than those in the arch splint group and edgewise bracket group. The super fiber fixation method is an effective method for the fixation of dislocated teeth with the advantages of smaller periodontium irritation, easy for clean and reliable performance. However, the domestic literatures on the dental traumatic dislocation fixed with super fiber are rare. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Medium- and long-term efficacy and safety of domestic and imported rapamycin-eluting stents Hao Ya-rong, Liu Si-ling, Zhang Li-jun, Li Fang-fang 2013, 17 (3):  560-564.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.028 Abstract ( 458 )   PDF (444KB) ( 556 )   Save BACKGROUND: The use of drug-eluting stents in the treatment of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease is effective in decreasing restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty and major adverse cardiac events in medium- and long-term. OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of domestic and imported rapamycin-eluting stents for the treatment of coronary heart disease. METHODS: The literatures about domestic and imported rapamycin-eluting stents in the treatment of coronary heart disease are comprehensively searched in accordance with the demands of the evidence-based medicine in the last 5 years. Meta-analysis was conducted on the literatures enrolled. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 16 controlled clinical trials were enrolled, including 2 603 casesundergoing domestic rapamycin-eluting stents and 2 646 cases undergoing imported rapamycin-eluting stents. Meta-analysis results suggested no statistical difference in major adverse cardiac events, target vessel revascularization, cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and stent thrombosis incidence between the domestic and imported rapamycin-eluting stents. It is indicated that from the present clinical trials, domestic rapamycin-eluting stents are not secondary to imported rapamycin-eluting stents in safety and efficacy. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Same versus different types of drug-eluting stents in the treatment of in-stent restenosis: A meta analysis Li Ying, Li Lang, Su Qiang, Kyaw Aung Naing 2013, 17 (3):  565-570.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.03.029 Abstract ( 437 )   PDF (391KB) ( 2297 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is still unknown when drug-eluting stent in-stent restenosis happens, which type of drug-eluting stents should be implanted during percutaneous coronary intervention. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the same versus different types of drug-eluting stents in treating coronary artery disease patients suffering from in-stent restenosis after first percutaneous coronary intervention using drug-eluting stents. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar Research, Cochrane Library and Chinese BioMedical Literature Database on disc were searched for clinical trials about the same and different types of drug-eluting stents in treating coronary artery disease patients suffering from in-stent restenosis after first percutaneous coronary intervention using drug-eluting stents. Then, a meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Six articles were enrolled in the meta-analysis, including 983 cases of in-stent restenosis who received sirolimus-eluting stents or paclitaxel-eluting stents re-implantation following first drug-eluting stent implantation. There were no significant differences between the same and different type of re-implanted drug-eluting stents in all-cause mortality (P=0.31, I2=14%, odd ratio (OR)=0.92, 95% confidence index (CI) [0.40,2.08]), secondary myocardial infarction (P=0.64, I²=0, OR=2.68, 95% CI[1.00,7.24]), the incidence of in-stent thrombosis (P=0.82, I²=0, OR=2.02, 95% CI[0.37,11.08]), and target lesion revascularization (P=0.63, I²=0, OR=1.15, 95% CI[0.75,1.76]). Based on the obtained statistical results, there was no difference between the efficacy and safety of the same and different types of drug-eluting stents for treatment of in-stent restenosis following the first percutaneous coronary intervention using drug-eluting stents. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics