Table of Content

08 March 2026, Volume 30 Issue 7 Previous Issue    Next Issue

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Reference Manager ProCite BibTeX RefWorks

Toggle Thumbnails

Select

Shikonin intervention with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells improves microstructure of femur in aged mice Hu Xiongke, Liu Shaohua, Tan Qian, Liu Kun, Zhu Guanghui 2026, 30 (7):  1609-1615.  doi: 10.12307/2025.577 Abstract ( 458 )   PDF (1964KB) ( 2 )   Save BACKGROUND: Shikonin, a purple naphthoquinone pigment extracted from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, exhibits diverse biological activities. Additionally, shikonin has been demonstrated to possess bone-protective effects. However, its action mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which shikonin promotes osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and its potential application in the treatment of osteoporosis. METHODS: (1) Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were treated with varying concentrations (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 µmol/L) of shikonin, and their proliferation was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. (2) Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were co-treated with different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 µmol/L) of shikonin and osteogenic induction medium. After osteogenesis induction for 7 and 14 days, alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining were performed. (3) Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were treated with different concentrations (0.2 and 0.4 µmol/L) of shikonin for 48 hours. RNA was extracted for real-time PCR analysis. (4) Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were treated with 0.2 µmol/L shikonin for 30, 60, and 120 minutes. Expression levels of p-P38, p-ERK, and p-JNK in the MAPK signaling pathway were detected by western blot assay. (5) Eighteen-month-old C57BL/6 mice were treated with shikonin for two months, followed by micro-CT scanning of rat femurs. The tibiae of mice were taken for osteocalcin immunofluorescence detection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) CCK-8 assay indicated that shikonin promoted the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (2) Alkaline phosphatase staining and alizarin red staining suggested that shikonin enhanced osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (3) RT-PCR results showed increased mRNA levels of osteogenic gene markers osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and Runt-related transcription factor 2. (4) Western blot assay revealed that shikonin induced phosphorylation of P38, ERK, and JNK in the MAPK signaling pathway of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (5) Animal experiment findings indicate that shikonin can improve the bone microstructure of the femur of aged mice and increase the expression of osteocalcin in the tibia. The results show that shikonin promotes the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells through the MAPK signaling pathway and improves the bone microstructure of osteoporotic mice. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes combined with transforming growth factor beta 1 on macrophages Song Puzhen, Ma Hebin, Chen Hongguang, Zhang Yadong 2026, 30 (7):  1616-1623.  doi: 10.12307/2026.520 Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (1380KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease caused by multiple factors. Studies have found that macrophage polarization plays an important role in osteoarthritis. M1 macrophages release pro-inflammatory factors to promote the development of osteoarthritis, while M2 macrophages produce anti-inflammatory factors to inhibit the development of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes combined with transforming growth factor β1 on the polarization of macrophages, and explore a new method for the treatment of osteoarthritis. METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes were extracted by differential centrifugal method and identified by transmission electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and western blot assay. Macrophages were treated with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, transforming growth factor β1, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes + transforming growth factor β1 for 24 hours. The macrophages without intervention were used as the control group. The distribution of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in macrophages was observed by confocal microscopy. The effect of macrophage polarization was evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blot assay.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes were crescent-shaped, with average particle size of about 115 nm. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes expressed the specific protein CD63. (2) Compared with the control group, the expressions of anti-inflammatory factors interleukin-10 and CD163 increased in the other three groups, and the expressions of pro-inflammatory factors interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β decreased, and the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes + transforming growth factor β1 group were the most significant (P < 0.001). The results show that the combination of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes and transforming growth factor β1 more effectively promotes the polarization of M1-type macrophages to M2-type macrophages. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Heme oxygenase-1 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells Cai Ziming, Yu Qinghe, Ma Pengfei, Zhang Xin, Zhou Longqian, Zhang Chongyang, Lin Wenping 2026, 30 (7):  1624-1631.  doi: 10.12307/2026.589 Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (1966KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that heme oxygenase-1 has anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects. However, its potential to exert anti-inflammatory protective effects in nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the protective effects and mechanisms of heme oxygenase-1 on nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells under an inflammatory microenvironment.  METHODS: (1) Primary nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from the intervertebral disc of SD rat tails and identified by flow cytometry and trilineage differentiation. (2) Nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells were infected with heme oxygenase-1 overexpression lentivirus, and green fluorescent protein expression was observed under a fluorescence microscope. Western blot assay was used to assess the heme oxygenase-1 protein expression levels and infection efficiency. (3) Nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells were divided into four groups: the control group cells were cultured with DMEM/F-12 complete medium for 24 hours. The model group, empty vector group, and heme oxygenase 1 overexpression group were uninfected cells, LV-Ctrl cells infected, and LV-HO-1 cells infected, respectively, and cultured with DMEM/F-12 complete medium supplemented with 5 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours. Western blot assay and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of inflammation-related proteins. The expression levels of proteins related to the nuclear factor κB signaling pathway were assessed using western blot assay.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Rat nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells exhibited adherent growth, dense arrangement, vigorous proliferation, and spindle-shaped morphology. Flow cytometry results showed high purity of the cultured nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells, and trilineage differentiation assay indicated the nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells had good potential to differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. (2) The nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells infected with heme oxygenase 1 overexpression lentivirus expressed green fluorescent protein, and heme oxygenase 1 was highly expressed. (3) Compared with the model group, the expression levels of NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3), matrix metalloproteinase 13, matrix metalloproteinase 3, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were significantly reduced in the heme oxygenase-1 overexpression group (P < 0.05). (4) Compared with the model group, the ratio of phosphorylated nuclear factor κB/nuclear factor κB was significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and phosphorylated nuclear factor κB inhibitor protein/nuclear factor κB inhibitor protein also decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in the heme oxygenase-1 overexpression group. The above results indicate that heme oxygenase 1 effectively reduces the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response of nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells by inhibiting the activation of the nuclear factor κB signaling pathway.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effect of conditioned medium of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells on proliferation and apoptosis of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells  Yuan Xiaoshuang, Yang Xu, Yang Bo, Chen Xiaoxu, Tian Ting, Wang Feiqing, Li Yanju, Liu Yang, Yang Wenxiu 2026, 30 (7):  1632-1640.  doi: 10.12307/2026.524 Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (2892KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: The relationship between bone marrow microenvironment with growth, survival, and drug resistance of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma has become a hot topic of research, but the effect of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell conditioned medium on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of cell conditioned medium of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma on proliferation and apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were extracted from bone marrow blood of healthy donors by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation method and purified by adhesion method. Meanwhile, two kinds of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cell supernatant (SU-DHL-2 and OCI-LY3) were used to prepare conditional culture medium. The cells were grouped according to different media: human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the control group were cultured with L-DMEM only. The human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the CM-SU-DHL-2 and CM-OCI-LY3 groups were cultured with 20% SU-DHL-2 cell conditioned culture medium or 20% OCI-LY3 cell conditioned culture medium and 80% L-DMEM complete culture medium. The proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was observed by CCK-8, EDU and crystal violet staining. The migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was evaluated by scratch method. The cell cycle and apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were detected by flow cytometry. The expression levels of P21, P16, Bcl-2, and BTK mRNA and protein were detected by real-time PCR and western blot assay.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the control group, the conditioned medium of SU-DHL-2 and OCI-LY3 cells could significantly promote the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (P < 0.05), which might be closely related to the low expression of P21 and P16 proteins (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with the control group, the conditioned medium of SU-DHL-2 and OCI-LY3 cells significantly promoted the migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (P < 0.05). (3) Compared with the control group, the conditioned medium of SU-DHL-2 and OCI-LY3 cells inhibited the apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (P < 0.05), which might be closely related to the high expression of Bcl-2 and BTK mRNA and protein (P < 0.05). The results showed that the conditioned medium of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells could promote the proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Osthole improves osteogenic differentiation function of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under high-glucose conditions Li Zhenyu, Zhang Siming, Bai Jiaxiang, Zhu Chen 2026, 30 (7):  1641-1648.  doi: 10.12307/2026.581 Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (1350KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: High-glucose conditions in diabetic patients impair the function of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, leading to complications such as impaired bone healing. Osthole, a natural coumarin compound, has potential effects on promoting osteogenic differentiation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of osthole on the osteogenic differentiation function of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under high-glucose conditions.  METHODS: CCK-8 assay was used to determine the optimal high-glucose concentration and exposure time for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, as well as the best osthole concentration and action time. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were divided into four groups: the blank group was cultured with basal medium only; the control group was cultured with osteogenic induction medium; the high glucose group was cultured with 25 mmol/L glucose on the basis of osteogenic induction medium; the osthole group was cultured with 80 μg/mL osthole on the basis of the high glucose group. Alkaline phosphatase activity detection and Alizarin Red staining were used to evaluate the osteogenic phenotype of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence techniques were employed to detect changes in osteogenic-related factor expression.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) CCK-8 assay confirmed using 25 mmol/L high-glucose medium for 3 days to construct an in vitro high-glucose environment model, with 80 μg/mL as the optimal osthole concentration and 3 days as the optimal action time. (2) Under high-glucose conditions, osthole significantly enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization nodule formation ability. (3) Compared with the high-glucose group, the osthole group showed significantly increased expression of Runx2, alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, and osteocalcin genes (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001). (4) Compared with the high-glucose group, the osthole group showed significantly increased Runx2 and osteocalcin protein expression (P < 0.000 1). The results indicate that osthole can improve the osteogenic differentiation function of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in high-glucose environments. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Programmed cell death receptor-1 suppresses osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a high-glucose microenvironment  Han Nianrong, Huang Yifei, Akram · Osman, Liu Yanlu, Hu Wei 2026, 30 (7):  1649-1657.  doi: 10.12307/2026.086 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (2001KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: Programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) and neural precursor cell expressed developmentally downregulated 4 (NEDD4) are involved in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation, but the specific interaction between the two and the underlying regulatory mechanism still need to be further studied.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of the effect of PD-1 regulation of NEDD4 on osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in high-glucose environment. METHODS: (1) Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry was used to detect the interaction protein of PD-1. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to verify the interaction between PD-1 and NEDD4, and immunofluorescence was used to detect the localization of PD-1 and NEDD4. (2) Passage 3 rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were randomly divided into normal glucose group (5.6 mmol/L), high glucose group (30 mmol/L), PD-1 knockdown empty group, PD-1 knockdown group, PD-1 overexpression empty group, and PD-1 overexpression group. Western blot assay was used to detect the protein expression of NEDD4. (3) Passage 3 rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were randomly divided into normal glucose group (5.6 mmol/L), high glucose group (30 mmol/L), and NEDD4 knockdown group. qRT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of NEDD4, zinc finger transcription factor Sp7 (OSX) and Runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in each group. Alizarin Red S staining and alkaline phosphatase staining were used to evaluate their osteogenic differentiation ability. Western blot assay was used to detect the protein expression levels of Runx2, OSX, AKT, PI3K, p-PI3K, and p-AKT. (4) Subsequently, while PD-1 was overexpressed, NEDD4 knockdown treatment was performed to conduct a recovery experiment and observe changes in cell osteogenic differentiation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments showed that NEDD4 was the interactive protein of PD-1, and PD-1 and NEDD4 were co-localized. (2) The mRNA and protein expression levels of PD-1 in NEDD4 knockdown group were decreased in high glucose group (P < 0.05). (3) NEDD4 knockdown group promoted osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and activated PI3K/AKT pathway. (4) Osteoblast differentiation in the PD-1 overexpression + NEDD4 knockdown group was higher than that in the PD-1 overexpression + NEDD4 knockdown empty group, and the PI3K/AKT pathway was activated. It is concluded that PD-1 can regulate with NEDD4, affecting the activity of PI3K/AKT pathway and suppressing the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effects of icariin-loaded microsphere-three-dimensional scaffold on osteogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells Jin Dongsheng, Zhao Zhanghong, Zhu Ziyin, Zhang Sen, Sun Zuyan, Deng Jiang 2026, 30 (7):  1658-1668.  doi: 10.12307/2026.591 Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (3751KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that icariin has good potential in promoting osteoblastic differentiation; however, it has drawbacks such as easy drug loss, degradation, and difficulty in sustaining its effects. OBJECTIVE: To prepare a three-dimensional scaffold loaded with icariin microspheres and further explore the optimal drug concentration. METHODS: Rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were isolated and cultured, and identified by detecting cell phenotype and multidirectional differentiation ability. Icariin-loaded microspheres were prepared by double emulsion solvent evaporation method, added into silk fibroin/chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite mixed solution. Vacuum freeze-drying chemical cross-linking method was used to prepare drug-loaded scaffolds containing different concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 10, 50, and 100 μmol/L) of icariin. The effects of sustained-release microsphere three-dimensional scaffolds containing different concentrations of icariin on the proliferation activity, migration, and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were detected by CCK-8 assay, live/dead cell staining, scratch wound assay, Alizarin red staining, alkaline phosphatase staining, and western blot analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The CCK-8 assay and live/dead cell staining experiments indicated that the icariin-loaded sustained-release three-dimensional scaffold promoted the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and enhanced cell viability, with the 10 μmol/L group showing the strongest effect  (P < 0.05). (2) Alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase staining results suggested that the 10 μmol/L group exhibited higher in vitro osteogenic mineralization compared to the control group (P < 0.05). (3) Western blot analysis demonstrated that icariin promoted the expression of type I collagen, osteocalcin, Runt-related transcription factor 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor protein, with the 10 μmol/L group showing significantly upregulated osteogenesis-related gene expression (P < 0.05). These findings confirm that the optimal drug-loading sustained-release concentration of icariin is determined to be 10 μmol/L. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Resveratrol promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in an inflammatory microenvironment Zou Yulian, Chen Chaopei, Huang Haixia, Lan Yuyan, Liu Min, Huang Ting 2026, 30 (7):  1669-1678.  doi: 10.12307/2026.057 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (1625KB) ( 1 )   Save BACKGROUND: The incidence of peri-implantitis is increasing in China, which greatly affects restorative results of implants. To explore whether resveratrol can improve the biological activity and mechanism of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in inflammatory microenvironment can provide some theoretical support for the development of therapeutic drugs related to peri-implantitis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of resveratrol on osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in an inflammatory microenvironment. METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were extracted and purified from SD rats by whole bone marrow apposition method. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were divided into three groups as follows: normal control group, lipopolysaccharide group (1 μg/mL), lipopolysaccharide + resveratrol (1 μmol/L) group, and received the intervention for 24 hours. DCFH-DA reactive oxygen species fluorescent probe was used to detect reactive oxygen species levels. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes interleukin-1β, interleukin-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Alkaline phosphatase staining was performed 7 days after osteogenic induction. Alizarin red staining was performed 21 days after osteogenic induction. RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression of osteogenic genes Runx2 and Osx 7 days after osteogenic induction. Western blot assay was used to detect the protein expression of FoxO1 and NLRP3 7 days after osteogenic induction.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Resveratrol alleviated the inhibitory effect of the inflammatory microenvironment on alkaline phosphatase activity and calcified nodule formation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. (2) Resveratrol inhibited mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory genes interleukin-1β, interleukin-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α and up-regulated mRNA expression of osteogenic genes Runx2 and Osx in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the inflammatory microenvironment. (3) Resveratrol downregulated reactive oxygen species levels in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the inflammatory microenvironment. (4) Resveratrol promoted FoxO1 protein expression and inhibited NLRP3 protein expression. (5) The results confirm that resveratrol (1 μmol/L) activates the FoxO1 signaling pathway and inhibits the expression of NLRP3 inflammatory vesicles, which reduces the release of inflammatory factors, removes excessive reactive oxygen species, and ultimately promotes the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the inflammatory microenvironment.   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Repair of segmental bone defect of rabbit radius by decalcified bone matrix loaded with adipose-derived stem cells Ding Yifan, Yin Wenjie, Zhang Li, Yuan Shuya, Sun Guoju, Zhang Naili, Zhao Dongmei, Ma Lina 2026, 30 (7):  1679-1686.  doi: 10.12307/2026.521 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (2335KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: Decalcified bone matrix is a commonly used bone repair material in clinical practice, but it has been found to have the problem of insufficient osteogenic ability in clinical application. Combining with cells with osteogenic potential can effectively improve the osteogenic ability of scaffolds. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility of decalcified bone matrix combined with adipose-derived stem cells to improve the repair ability of radial segmental bone defects.  METHODS: Decalcified bone matrix was prepared using porcine bone as raw material. Adipose-derived stem cells of New Zealand white rabbits were isolated and cultured in vitro by enzymatic hydrolysis and adherence method. Cell phenotypes were detected by flow cytometry, and osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation was performed. Then adipose-derived stem cells were seeded into decalcified bone matrix. Three days later, the growth of adipose-derived stem cells on decalcified bone matrix was observed by inverted microscope and scanning electron microscope. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were used to establish bilateral radial segmental defects (12 mm), which were randomly divided into blank control group, decalcified bone matrix group, adipose-derived stem cells-decalcified bone matrix group, and autologous bone group. The corresponding materials were implanted according to the groups. X-ray examination and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used to evaluate bone repair at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The cultured cells adhered to the wall and grew together in a long spindle shape, with high expression of CD44 and CD71 and low expression of CD34, CD45 and CD106. In cultured cells induced by osteogenic differentiation, alizarin red staining showed mineralized nodules stained orange-red. Lipid induced differentiation cultured cells were stained with oil red O, and bright red lipid droplets could be seen in the cells. (2) Adipose-derived stem cells were tightly compounded on the surface of decalcified bone matrix, with good growth status, and grew into the pores. (3) X-ray examination and histological observation showed that the repair of bone defects in adipose-derived stem cells-decalcified bone matrix group was better than that in the blank control group and decalcified bone matrix group. The results confirm that loading with adipose-derived stem cells can effectively compensate for the lack of osteogenic ability of decalcified bone matrix.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Differences in metabolism, proliferation, differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cells between male and female rats  Wang Qiuhua, Du Ziwei, Wang Wenshuang, Zhao Dongmei, Zhang Xiaoqing 2026, 30 (7):  1687-1698.  doi: 10.12307/2026.060 Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (2681KB) ( 2 )   Save BACKGROUND: In the structure of the vascular wall, vascular smooth muscle cells maintain pressure stability by regulating vascular tension, ensuring blood supply to tissues. Vascular smooth muscle cells exhibit high plasticity and are a critical cell type for vascular regeneration. However, mature vascular smooth muscle cells are difficult to obtain and have limited expansion capacity in vitro. In contrast, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells are easily accessible, possess strong expansion capabilities, and have the potential to differentiate into vascular smooth muscle cells. Currently, whether there are differences in biological characteristics such as metabolic activity, proliferation, colony formation, and the ability to differentiate into vascular smooth muscle cells between adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived from females and males remains to be thoroughly investigated.  OBJECTIVE: To compare the differences in biological characteristics of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from female and male rats in metabolic activity, proliferation, differentiation ability, and differentiation potential into vascular smooth muscle cells. METHODS: (1) Adipose tissue was harvested from the inguinal region of both female and male rats, and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were isolated using collagenase digestion. Surface markers (CD90, CD29, and CD45) were detected by flow cytometry. The biological characteristics of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from both sexes were compared using WST-1 assay, cell doubling assay, colony formation assay, and adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation assays. (2) Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from female and male rats were induced to differentiate into vascular smooth muscle cells using 5 ng/mL transforming growth factor-β. The expression of α-SMA, SM22α, Calponin, Caldesmon, SMMHC, and Smoothelin mRNAs was detected by qRT-PCR, while the expression of α-SMA, Caldesmon, Smoothelin proteins was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. The contractile function of vascular smooth muscle cells was evaluated using a collagen gel contraction assay.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) After 3 days of primary culture, microscopic observation revealed that adipose-derived stem cells from both female and male rats exhibited a uniform, spindle-shaped morphology. (2) Flow cytometry analysis showed that rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells highly expressed CD90 and CD29, while CD45 expression was low. (3) Compared to adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from male rats, female rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated significantly higher metabolic activity (P < 0.05). (4) Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from both sexes showed similar doubling time, colony formation ability, and adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation potential. (5) After induction of differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cell, at the gene level, female rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells exhibited significantly higher expression of α-SMA, Caldesmon, and SMMHC compared to male rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (P < 0.05). At the protein level, female rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells showed significantly higher expression of α-SMA (P < 0.05). However, in terms of contractile function, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from both sexes displayed similar performance. In conclusion, female rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated superior metabolic activity and a greater potential for differentiation into vascular smooth muscle cells compared to male rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Acellular dermal matrix combined with adipose-derived stem cell exosomes promotes burn wound healing  He Jiale, Huang Xi, Dong Hongfei, Chen Lang, Zhong Fangyu, Li Xianhui 2026, 30 (7):  1699-1710.  doi: 10.12307/2026.582 Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (2931KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: Both acellular dermal matrix and adipose mesenchymal stem cell exosomes can promote wound repair, but whether the combination of the two has therapeutic effect on burn wounds is still lacking. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the promoting effect of acellular dermal matrix combined with adipose mesenchymal stem cell exosomes on wound healing of deep second-degree burn. METHODS: 40 SD rats were selected to make deep second-degree burn wounds and randomly divided into control group, acellular dermal matrix group, adipose mesenchymal stem cell exosome group, and acellular dermal matrix + adipose mesenchymal stem cell exosome group (hereinafter referred to as the combined group), with 10 rats in each group. After treatment, the wound healing was observed. Histopathological observation and immunohistochemical staining were performed on the wound tissue at 2, 8, and 14 days after treatment. Apoptosis was observed by immunofluorescence staining and TUNEL staining at 2 days after treatment.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) After 14 days of treatment, the wound healing rate and healing area of combined group were higher than those of other three groups (P < 0.05). (2) Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that compared with the other three groups, the wound epithelization was more complete and the collagen fibers were arranged more neatly in the combined group. Masson staining showed that compared with the other three groups, the collagen fiber content in the combined group was increased (P < 0.01). (3) Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of pro-inflammatory factors in the combined group was lower than that in the other three groups (P < 0.01). The expression of anti-inflammatory factor was higher than that of the other three groups  (P < 0.01). The number of new blood vessels in the combined group was higher than that in the other three groups (P < 0.01). (4) Immunofluorescence showed that the average fluorescence intensity of BAX and Caspase-3 in the combined group was lower than that in the other three groups (P < 0.01). The average fluorescence intensity of BCL-2 was higher than that of the other three groups (P < 0.01). (5) TUNEL staining showed that the apoptosis index of the combined group was lower than that of the other three groups (P < 0.01). The results showed that combined therapy could promote the regeneration of collagen fibers, inhibit inflammation and apoptosis, and accelerate the healing of burn wounds. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes alleviate blood-brain barrier damage in mice with septic encephalopathy Xia Linfeng, Wang Lu, Long Qianfa, Tang Rongwu, Luo Haodong, Tang Yi, Zhong Jun, Liu Yang 2026, 30 (7):  1711-1719.  doi: 10.12307/2026.047 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (2119KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, as intercellular communication mediators, have been shown to inhibit neuroinflammation and promote angiogenesis. However, there are few studies on the mechanism of action of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in alleviating the damage of the blood-brain barrier in septic encephalopathy. OBJECTIVE: To explore the protective effect and mechanism of exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on the blood-brain barrier of mice with septic encephalopathy METHODS: Exosomes were isolated from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell culture medium by ultracentrifugation. Fifty-one C57/BL6 mice were randomly divided into sham operation group (n=17), model group (n=17), and treatment group (n=17). The latter two groups were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide to establish the sepsis encephalopathy model. The treatment group was injected with 50 μg exosomes 0.5 hours after modeling. After 24 hours, the water content of brain tissue and the permeability of blood-brain barrier in mice were detected by mouse dry wet gravity method and Evans blue method. The neuronal damage in the mouse hippocampus was detected by Nissl staining. The fluorescence intensity of zonula occludens protein 1 and occludin protein in cerebral cortex was observed by immunofluorescence staining. The expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, zonula occludens protein 1, occludin protein, high mobility group protein B1, toll like receptor 4, nuclear factor κB, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in cerebral cortex were detected by western blot assay.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the sham operation group, the brain water content and Evans blue content in the model group were significantly increased (P < 0.05), while compared with the model group, the brain water content and Evans blue content in the treatment group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). (2) Nissl staining results showed that compared with the sham operation group, the morphology and arrangement of neurons in hippocampal CA1 area of the model group were irregular, and the number of neurons was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the morphology and arrangement of neurons in hippocampal CA1 area of the treatment group were regular, and the number of neurons was significantly increased (P < 0.05). (3) Immunofluorescence staining results showed that compared with the sham operation group, the fluorescence intensity of zonula occludens protein 1 and occludin protein in the cerebral cortex of the model group was significantly decreased, and compared with the model group, the fluorescence intensity of zonula occludens protein 1 and occludin protein in the cerebral cortex of the treatment group was significantly increased. (4) Western blot assay results showed that compared with the sham operation group, the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, high mobility group protein B1, toll like receptor 4, nuclear factor κB, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were significantly increased in the cerebral cortex of the model group (P < 0.05), while the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, high mobility group protein B1, toll like receptor 4, nuclear factor kappa B, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were significantly decreased in the cerebral cortex of the treatment group (P < 0.05). (5) The results showed that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes could reduce the damage of blood-brain barrier and the permeability of blood-brain barrier in mice with sepsis encephalopathy, and its mechanism was related to the inhibition of high mobility group protein B1/toll like receptor 4/matrix metalloproteinase 9 related inflammatory pathway by exosomes.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effects of highly active umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on structure and function of thymus in elderly tree shrews Ye Qianqian, Pan Hang, Tian Chuan, Zhu Xiangqing, Ye Li, Zhao Xiaojuan, Shu Liping, Pan Xinghua 2026, 30 (7):  1720-1729.  doi: 10.12307/2026.089 Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (2730KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: As the central organ of the immune system, the thymus serves as the primary site for T lymphocyte differentiation, development and maturation. Thymic involution initiates during adolescence, making it the first organ to undergo age-related degeneration in humans. There is still few current research on therapeutic interventions for thymic aging, and there are no studies in China addressing the potential of highly active umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells to modulate thymic aging in the tree shrew.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of highly active umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on the structure and function of thymus of aging tree shrews. METHODS: The umbilical cord tissues from newborn tree shrews were obtained via cesarean section, and highly active umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were isolated and cultured using the tissue adherence method. Fourth-passage highly active umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were transfected using green fluorescent protein from GeneChip under conditions of a multiplicity of infection of 140 for 72 hours. Twenty female tree shrews with an average age of 7 years were randomly divided into elderly model group and elderly treatment group (10 per group). Ten 3-year-old female tree shrews were designated as the young control group. The aged treatment group received tail vein infusions of fourth-passage highly active umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells at a dose of 1×10⁷ cells/kg, once daily for three consecutive days. The young control group and aged model group received no special treatment. After 4 months of routine feeding, thymus tissues were collected. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to examine thymic structure. Masson staining was utilized to assess thymic fibrosis. Immunohistochemical staining was applied to detect the expression of senescence markers p21 and p53. Immunofluorescence staining was employed to evaluate the expression of proliferative proteins Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Reactive oxygen species fluorescence staining was used to measure reactive oxygen species levels in thymic tissues. Immunohistochemical staining was utilized to quantify CD3+ total T lymphocyte counts in the thymus. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to determine serum thymosin β4 levels in tree shrews. DAPI counterstaining of thymic nuclei was performed to observe the distribution of highly active umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in thymic tissues.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Green fluorescent protein from GeneChip transfected tree shrew highly active umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells were observed in the tree shrew thymus of the elderly treatment group. (2) Compared with the elderly model group, the thymus of the elderly treatment group exhibited significantly improved histoarchitecture, including increased thymic parenchyma (P < 0.05), reduced adipose infiltration, distinct corticomedullary demarcation, decreased collagen fiber proportion, and a trend toward rejuvenation. (3) Senescence markers p21 and p53 expression levels were downregulated in the elderly treatment group compared with the elderly model group (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05). (4) Compared with the elderly model group, the elderly treatment group showed a non-significant increasing trend in Ki67 expression (P > 0.05), elevated proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression (P < 0.05), and significantly reduced reactive oxygen species levels (P < 0.01). (5) Compared with the elderly model group, the proportion of CD3+ T lymphocytes displayed an increasing trend in the elderly treatment group, though the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). (6) Serum thymosin β4 levels were significantly increased in the elderly treatment group compared with the elderly model group (P < 0.01). (7) These findings demonstrate that highly active umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate age-related thymic structural degeneration, suppress senescence marker expression, enhance thymocyte proliferative activity and thymic function in aged tree shrews. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effect of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium on tissue repair after traumatic craniocerebral injury in miniature pigs  Cui Lianxu, Li Haomin, Xu Junrong, Tan Baodong, Lu Dahong, Peng Siwei, Wang Jinhui 2026, 30 (7):  1730-1735.  doi: 10.12307/2025.981 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (1474KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury is a common condition with a high incidence rate, high disability rate, and high mortality rate. Currently, there is a lack of effective treatment methods. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells provide a new research direction for the treatment of traumatic brain injury through paracrine pathways. OBJECTIVE: To explore the therapeutic effect of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium on traumatic brain injury caused by external force in miniature pigs. METHODS: Twelve healthy miniature pigs were selected and randomly divided into a model group and an experimental group, with six pigs in each group. A traumatic brain injury model was established through external force. In the experimental group, after modeling, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium was injected into four points around the brain injury site using a micro-injection pump for treatment. From postoperative day 1 to day 14, the spatial memory ability of the miniature pigs was evaluated. On postoperative day 5, magnetic resonance imaging scans were used to assess brain tissue injury/edema. On postoperative day 14, the brain tissue at the injury site of miniature pigs was examined for hematoxylin-eosin staining, glial fibrillary acid protein and Iba1 immunohistochemical staining, and TUNEL staining to evaluate the injury and repair of the brain tissue of of miniature pigs.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) There was no statistically significant difference in spatial memory ability scores between the experimental group and the model group (P > 0.05). (2) On postoperative day 5, both the model group and the experimental group showed significant brain tissue edema signals, but the range of edema in the experimental group was reduced compared with the model group. (3) On postoperative day 14, the brain tissue at the injury site in the model group showed edema, congestion, and necrosis, with necrotic brain tissue visible under hematoxylin-eosin staining. The brain tissue edema at the injury site in the experimental group was less severe than that in the model group. (4) Both model and experimental groups showed positive expression of glial fibrillary acid protein and Iba1 at the injury site, but the positive expression levels of glial fibrillary acid protein and Iba1 in the experimental group were lower than those in the model group. (5) TUNEL staining showed positive expression of apoptotic cells at the injury site, with a lower expression level of apoptotic cells in the experimental group compared with the model group. These findings indicate that umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium exerts a therapeutic effect on traumatic brain injury in miniature pigs by reducing brain tissue edema, lowering brain tissue inflammation, and alleviating cell apoptosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Resistance exercise activates skeletal muscle satellite cells in aged rats: role of adiponectin receptor 1 pathway Pan Dong, Yang Jialing, Tian Wei, Wang Dongji, Zhu Zheng, Ma Wenchao, Liu Na, Fu Changxi 2026, 30 (7):  1736-1746.  doi: 10.12307/2026.061 Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (2061KB) ( 2 )   Save BACKGROUND: Muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) and muscle weakness caused by aging are becoming increasingly serious health problems, and there is currently a lack of effective drug treatments. Exercise training, especially resistance exercise, plays an important role in preventing muscle atrophy; however, its molecular mechanism is not yet fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of regular resistance exercise on skeletal muscle satellite cells in aging rats and the possible mechanism. METHODS: Forty-five 20-month-old male SD rats were randomly divided into old sedentary, old exercise, or old exercise inhibitor groups, and ten 6-month-old male SD rats were selected as young sedentary group. Rats in young sedentary and old sedentary groups were kept quietly in mouse cage, while those of old exercise group performed weight-bearing ladder training and old exercise inhibitor group was given administration with adiponectin receptor 1 inhibitor while exercising, in which the intervention period was lasting for 12 weeks. After the intervention, the endurance and strength levels were determined by grated treadmill exercise test and progressive tail-loaded ladder exercise test, respectively. The gastrocnemius was isolated, and the adiponectin content was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The cell cross-sectional area was measured by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The mitochondrial DNA copy number was examined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Cell proliferation was detected by proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemical staining. The number of activated skeletal muscle satellite cells was measured by paired box gene 7/myogenic differentiation antigen immunofluorescence staining. Immunoblotting was used to detect the expression of related proteins in skeletal muscle. Adiponectin receptor 1 agonist AdiopRon was co-incubated with satellite cells cultured in vitro for 24 hours. Paired box gene 7/myogenic differentiation antigen immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the number of activated satellite cells. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase protein in satellite cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with old sedentary group, endurance and strength level, gastrocnemius mass index, adiponectin content, cell cross-sectional area, mitochondrial DNA copy number, cell proliferation by proliferating cell nuclear antigen+ cell counts, and paired box gene 7+/myogenic differentiation antigen+ cell counts were increased (P < 0.05); total protein content and protein expression of adiponectin receptor 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-alpha, nuclear respiratory factor 1, mitochondrial transcription factor A, protein kinase B, mammalian target of rapamycin, P70 Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, paired box gene 7, myogenic differentiation antigen, myogenin, and myogenic factor 5 were upregulated (P < 0.05) in the old exercise group. (2) The above benefits of exercise on aging skeletal muscle were diminished after administration with adiponectin receptor 1 inhibitor (P < 0.05). (3) Cell culture experiments found that AdiopRon could increase the number of paired box gene 7+/myogenic differentiation antigen + cells and the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase protein in satellite cells. These findings indicate that regular resistance exercise activates satellite cells through adiponectin receptor 1 pathway, thereby promoting muscle cell proliferation and restoring skeletal muscle quality and function in aged rats. Adiponectin receptor 1 is a key target for regular exercise to protect against muscle mass loss and strength decline during aging. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Ideas and methods of anti-melanogenesis of Angelica dahurica extracellular vesicles Zhou Sirui, Xu Yukun, Zhao Kewei 2026, 30 (7):  1747-1754.  doi: 10.12307/2026.310 Abstract ( 19 )   PDF (3896KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: Excessive melanin production is a primary cause of skin pigmentation and the formation of age spots. This process is intricately regulated by various enzymes and cellular signaling pathways. Angelica dahurica, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has long been recognized for its potential benefits in skin whitening and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the role of its extracellular vesicles in inhibiting melanogenesis remains largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Angelica dahurica extracellular vesicles on melanin production and their underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Extracellular vesicles were first isolated and purified from Angelica dahurica using ultracentrifugation. The morphology and size distribution of these vesicles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Through network pharmacology analysis, we identified nine active components in Angelica dahurica and predicted their interactions with genes involved in melanogenesis. Finally, different concentrations of Angelica dahurica extracellular vesicles were applied to a wild-type AB zebrafish model to assess their anti-melanogenesis effects by observing changes in surface pigmentation and measuring tyrosinase activity.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Angelica dahurica extracellular vesicles exhibited typical vesicular morphology with a size distribution ranging from 30 to 150 nm. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that several active components in Angelica dahurica, such as ethyl linoleate and byakangelicin, may interact with melanogenesis-related genes like GSK3β and MITF. In the zebrafish model, treatment with Angelica dahurica extracellular vesicles significantly reduced surface pigmentation. Moreover, these Angelica dahurica extracellular vesicles notably decreased tyrosinase activity in zebrafish, with a reduction of approximately 30% at a concentration of 1×108 particles/mL. These findings indicate that Angelica dahurica extracellular vesicles possess significant anti-melanogenesis effects, likely through the regulation of melanogenesis-related genes and enzymes. Therefore, Angelica dahurica extracellular vesicles hold great potential as active ingredients in whitening cosmetics, offering new insights and approaches for addressing skin pigmentation issues.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Oral squamous cell carcinoma-derived exosomal delivery of angiopoietin-2 is involved in tumor angiogenesis  Han Teng, Ma Hong, Yang Ruoyi, Luo Yi, Li Chao 2026, 30 (7):  1755-1767.  doi: 10.12307/2026.640 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (3206KB) ( 1 )   Save BACKGROUND: Exosomes can release RNA, proteins and other signaling molecules to the surrounding environment to influence tumor development. Angiopoietin-2 expression is significantly increased in oral squamous carcinoma tissues and angiopoietin-2 overexpression is closely associated with tumor lymphangiogenesis, increased microvessel density, and poor prognosis of the patients. However, it is not clear whether exosomes of oral squamous cell carcinoma origin contain angiopoietin-2 and influence tumor development and angiogenesis.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential mechanism of exosomes regulating angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: (1) The effects of Cal-27 and Scc-25 cell supernatants on the proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were observed by CCK8 and Transwell assays. (2) The exosomes in the supernatants of Cal-27 and Scc-25 cells were extracted and identified using an exosome extraction kit. (3) Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect whether human umbilical vein endothelial cells could take up Cal-27 and Scc-25 exosomes. (4) Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of angiopoietin-2 in Cal-27 and Scc-25 cells and exosomes. (5) Cal-27 and Scc-25 cell exosomes at different mass concentrations (25 and 50 µg/mL) were used to intervene in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Western blot assay, CCK-8 assay, Transwell, and tube formation experiments were used to detect the expression of angiopoietin-2 and CD34 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and their effects on the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. (6) Lentivirus transfection was used to construct Cal-27 and Scc-25 cells and exosomes with overexpression and knockdown of angiopoietin-2. qRT-PCR and western blot assay were used to detect the transfection efficiency. Western blot assay, CCK-8 assay, Transwell, and tube formation experiments were used to detect the regulatory effects of Cal-27 and Scc-25 exosomes with overexpression and knockdown of angiopoietin-2 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. (7) Twenty 5-week-old BALB/cA female mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group, Cal-27 exosome group, Cal-27 exosome group with angiopoietin-2 overexpression, and Cal-27 exosome group with angiopoietin-2 knockdown, with five mice in each group. Mice were subcutaneously implanted with Cal-27 cells. When the tumor volume grew to 50 mm3, exosomes were injected peritumorally on day 10 after tumor implantation according to the group assignment. The control group was injected with an equal amount of PBS every 2 days. On day 30, tumor tissues were collected for hematoxylin-eosin staining, Ki67 and CD31 immunohistochemical staining.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the control group, the supernatants of Cal-27 and Scc-25 cells promoted the proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (P < 0.05). (2) Human umbilical vein endothelial cells could take up Cal-27 and Scc-25 exosomes. (3) Angiopoietin-2 was contained in Cal-27 and Scc-25 cells and exosomes. With the increase of exosome concentration, the expression levels of angiopoietin-2 and CD34 proteins in human umbilical vein endothelial cells increased, and the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were enhanced (P < 0.05). (4) Cal-27 and Scc-25 exosomes overexpressing angiopoietin-2 further promoted the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (P < 0.05). Cal-27 and Scc-25 exosomes with knockdown of angiopoietin-2 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (P < 0.05). (5) Animal experiments showed that compared with the control group, the tumor volume of the Cal-27 exosome group did not increase significantly, but the expression levels of Ki67 and CD31 increased. The tumor volume of the Cal-27 exosome group with angiopoietin-2 overexpression increased significantly, and the expression levels of Ki67 and CD31 increased significantly. The tumor volume and the expression levels of Ki67 and CD31 in the Cal-27 exosome group with angiopoietin-2 knockdown decreased (P < 0.05). These results indicate that oral squamous cell carcinoma-derived exosomes participate in tumor angiogenesis by delivering angiopoietin-2 and affect tumor development.   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effect and mechanism of exosome-like vesicles derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. in preventing and treating atherosclerosis Chen Yulin, He Yingying, Hu Kai, Chen Zhifan, Nie Sha Meng Yanhui, Li Runzhen, Zhang Xiaoduo , Li Yuxi, Tang Yaoping 2026, 30 (7):  1768-1781.  doi: 10.12307/2026.118 Abstract ( 15 )   PDF (3441KB) ( 3 )   Save BACKGROUND: Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and is commonly used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the therapeutic efficacy of Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. is often limited by its complex composition and low bioavailability. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biological mechanisms underlying the effects of exosome-like vesicles derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. METHODS: (1) Extracellular vesicles were extracted from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. using density gradient centrifugation. These vesicles were identified by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle size analyzer, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to observe the uptake of exosome-like vesicles derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. by THP-1 cells. (2) THP-1 derived macrophages were randomly divided into the blank group, model group, and low-, medium-, and high-dose exosome-like vesicles derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. groups. The blank group was cultured under normal conditions; the model group was treated with 50 mg/L oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and the exosome-like vesicles derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. groups were treated with 50 mg/L oxidized low-density lipoprotein and 5, 10, or 20 mg/L of exosome-like vesicles derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. After 24 hours of intervention, the expression levels of NLRP3 and Cleaved-Caspase-1 in the cells were assessed by western blot assay. (3) Thirty-three Apoe-/- mice were randomly divided into the blank group, model group, and exosome-like vesicles derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. group. The blank group was fed a standard diet, while the other two groups were fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks. Afterward,  the exosome-like vesicles derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. group received intraperitoneal injections of exosome-like vesicles derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. The blank and model groups received intraperitoneal injections of physiological saline, every other day for 4 weeks. Oil Red O staining was used to assess aortic plaque area. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to observe aortic tissue pathological changes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure serum interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 levels. A reagent kit was used to assess blood lipid levels. Immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the expression of NLRP3 and Cleaved-Caspase-1 in the aorta. (4) High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and network pharmacology were used to predict the potential therapeutic targets of exosome-like vesicles derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. in the treatment of coronary heart disease. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The exosome-like vesicles derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. exhibited a tea-tray-like shape, with a size range of 50–150 nm, and were effectively internalized by THP-1 derived macrophages. (2) Cell experiments showed that compared to the model group, the expression levels of NLRP3 and Cleaved-Caspase-1 in the low-, medium-, and high-dose exosomes derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. groups were reduced in a dose-dependent manner. (3) Mouse experiments revealed that compared to the model group, the exosome-like vesicles derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. group showed reduced aortic plaque area, less inflammatory cell infiltration, decreased triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and reduced expression of NLRP3 and Cleaved-Caspase-1 proteins. Additionally, serum interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 levels were decreased. (4) Key pathways identified and enriched included the HIF-1 signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, metabolic pathways, lipid metabolism, and atherosclerosis pathways. These results suggest that exosome-like vesicles derived from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. can effectively alleviate atherosclerosis in mice, and their mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory responses. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Sequence analysis and identification of novel human leukocyte antigen alleles DQB1*06:436 and DQB1*02:108 Wang Manni, Wang Xiaofang, Wang Tianju, Shang Lixia, Chen Le, Li Yuhui, Zhang Yuan, Qi Jun 2026, 30 (7):  1782-1789.  doi: 10.12307/2025.574 Abstract ( 12 )   PDF (1590KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is highly genetically polymorphic and plays an important role in antigen presentation and immune recognition. It is mainly used in the fields of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and organ transplantation donor selection, population genetics, and transfusion medicine OBJECTIVE: To confirm the new alleles HLA-DQB1*06:436 and HLA-DQB1*02:108 and analyze the nucleotide sequences.  METHODS: DNA sequence-based typing was performed for HLA testing on Chinese hematopoietic stem cell donors in 2019. It was found that there was no completely matching allele at the DQB1 locus of the two samples. The second-generation sequencing method was used to sequence the DQB1 loci of the two samples and analyze the nucleotide differences.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the HLA-DQB1*06:79:01 with the highest homology, the DQB1 locus of sample 1 replaced the base T with G at position 205 of exon 2, resulting in the change of amino acid 37 from tyrosine (Tyr) to aspartic acid (Asp). Compared with the HLA-DQB1*02:01:01:01 with the highest homology, the DQB1 locus of sample 2 underwent a G>A mutation at position 485 of exon 3, and the amino acid 130 changed from arginine (Arg) to glutamine (Gln). The experiment verified that both alleles were new HLA-DQB1 alleles, which were named HLA-DQ B1*06:436 and HLA-DQB1*02:108 by the World Health Organization HLA Factor Nomenclature Committee. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Construction and identification of stable PC12 cell lines with high/low expression of miR-122-5p Tao Daiju, Su Haiyu, Wang Yuqi, Shen Zhiqiang, He Bo 2026, 30 (7):  1790-1799.  doi: 10.12307/2026.082 Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (2625KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: MicroRNA-122-5p (miR-122-5p), as a key member of the microRNA (miRNA) family, plays an important role in regulating gene expression and the occurrence and development of various diseases. However, its precise mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The construction of stable miR-122-5p-overexpressing or miR-122-5p-knockdown PC12 cell models may provide a powerful experimental tool for in-depth studies of the exact mechanism of action of miR-122-5p in neurological diseases and the discovery of potential therapeutic targets. OBJECTIVE: To construct a lentiviral vector for high/low expression of rat miR-122-5p and use it to establish a PC12 cell line with stable overexpression of high/low expression of miR-122-5p, which would lay the foundation for further research on the role of miR-122-5p in neurological diseases. METHODS: Synthetic primers were designed according to the miR-122-5p gene sequence, and the resulting gene fragment was amplified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A recombinant lentiviral plasmid was constructed via the directional insertion of the target gene into the vector plasmid GV369 digested by AgeI/NheI. Positive clones were screened and sequenced to compare the results. The plasmid vector was cocultured and transfected with the target plasmid vector in 293T cells, and the lentiviral stock solution was obtained for packaging and titer assays. The working concentration of puromycin was determined by culturing PC12 cells in vitro. Lentiviruses were cocultured with PC12 cells separately to determine the transfection efficiency. Stably transfected cells were selected with puromycin, and miR-122-5p expression in the stably transfected cell lines was detected via real-time quantitative PCR.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The sequencing sequence was consistent with the target sequence, suggesting that the recombinant lentiviral vector was constructed successfully. The lentiviral titer of high expression was 4×108 TU/mL, and the lentiviral titer of low expression of miR-122-5p was 1×109 TU/mL. (2) The working concentration of puromycin in PC12 cells was 3.5 μg/mL. (3) The optimal conditions for the lentiviral transfection of PC12 cells with high expression of miR-122-5p were HiTransG P transfection enhancement solution and an infection complex value equal to 10; the highest efficiency of low expression of miR-122-5p was achieved at an infection complex value of 50. (4) qRT-PCR revealed a significant increase in miR-122-5p expression in stably transfected cell lines and a significant decrease in miR-122-5p expression in stably transfected cell lines. (5) In this study, a miR-122-5p lentiviral vector was successfully constructed, and a stably transformed PC12 cell line was generated, which provides an experimental basis for further study of the role of miR-122-5p in neurological diseases. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by platelet lysate inhibits cadmium-induced neuronal apoptosis  Liu Anting, Lu Jiangtao, Zhang Wenjie, He Ling, Tang Zongsheng, Chen Xiaoling 2026, 30 (7):  1800-1807.  doi: 10.12307/2026.537 Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (1981KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: Human platelet lysate has been shown to have potential effects in the treatment of diseases such as wound healing, nerve repair, and tissue regeneration. However, the role of platelet lysate in the process of neuronal apoptosis induced by the heavy metal cadmium remains unclear.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of human platelet lysate on cadmium-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: SH-SY5Y neural cells were divided into blank control group, human platelet lysate (5% volume fraction) group, cadmium 10 μmol/L group, human platelet lysate + cadmium 10 μmol/L group, cadmium 20 μmol/L group, and human platelet lysate + cadmium 20 μmol/L group. Platelet lysate was used for pretreatment for 24 hours, followed by cadmium treatment for 24 hours. CCK-8 assay was utilized to detect cell viability. Flow cytometry was employed to detect apoptosis. JC-1 staining was used to measure the mitochondrial membrane potential of SH-SY5Y cells. DCFH-DA fluorescent probe staining was utilized to detect intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. The expression levels of p-AMPKα (Thr172), cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-PARP, Bax, and Bcl-2 proteins were analyzed using western blotting. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Human platelet lysate significantly enhanced the viability of neurocytes compared with the cadmium treatment group (P < 0.05). (2) Intracellular mitochondrial membrane potential in the cadmium treatment group was significantly reduced compared with the blank control group (P < 0.05). However, the mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly increased after platelet lysate pretreatment (P < 0.05). (3) Compared with the blank control group, the intracellular reactive oxygen level in the cadmium treatment group was significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the reactive oxygen level was significantly decreased after platelet lysate pretreatment (P < 0.05). (4) Compared with the blank control group, the apoptosis rate of the cells in the cadmium treatment group was significantly increased (P < 0.05), while the apoptosis rate of the cells after platelet lysate pretreatment was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). (5) Compared with the cadmium treatment group, the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins Bax, cleaved-caspase-3, and cleaved-PARP in SH-SY5Y cells were significantly decreased after platelet lysate pretreatment (P < 0.05), the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the expression of p-AMPKα (Thr172) was significantly increased (P < 0.05). The above results indicate that human platelet lysate plays an anti-apoptotic protective role in cadmium-induced neuronal injury by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway, alleviating mitochondrial damage and reducing cellular oxidative stress. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Interactions between cytokines and satellite cells in muscle regeneration  Cao Yong, Teng Hongliang, Tai Pengfei, Li Junda, Zhu Tengqi, Li Zhaojin 2026, 30 (7):  1808-1817.  doi: 10.12307/2025.685 Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (1426KB) ( 2 )   Save BACKGROUND: Satellite cells are closely related to skeletal muscle regeneration. Satellite cells are crucial cellular sources for muscle regeneration, rapidly activated upon injury or stimulation to participate in muscle repair processes, regulated by cytokines. Moreover, studies have demonstrated that exercise promotes satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, yet it remains unclear whether exercise synergizes with cytokines to regulate satellite cell functions in skeletal muscle regeneration. OBJECTIVE: To review the regulatory roles of cytokines and exercise on satellite cells, offering new insights and potential intervention targets for treating and rehabilitating muscle diseases. METHODS: The first author and corresponding author conducted a literature search from December 1, 2023 to February 1, 2024, using databases including Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP. The retrieval period was from the inception of each database to February 2024. Search terms included “skeletal muscle regeneration, satellite cells, cytokines in muscle repair, exercise, muscle stem cells, inflammation and repair” in English and “skeletal muscle, satellite cells, cytokines, exercise, muscle regeneration, muscle stem cells, inflammation and repair” in Chinese. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly applied, resulting in the inclusion of 76 articles.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Role of cytokines in satellite cell activation: Satellite cells were rapidly activated after skeletal muscle injury. Interleukin-6 promotes satellite cell proliferation and migration, thereby accelerating muscle repair. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates apoptosis and proliferation pathways, influencing satellite cell differentiation and function. Interferon-gamma plays a crucial role in immune responses during inflammation, regulating satellite cell involvement in muscle injury repair. (2) Exercise modulation of cytokine expression: Endurance exercise and resistance training significantly increase circulating levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, facilitating satellite cell activation and participation in muscle regeneration. Moreover, exercise enhances skeletal muscle secretion of muscle-specific proteins such as myostatin, irisin, and insulin-like growth factor 1, which critically regulate satellite cell proliferation and muscle regeneration. (3) Future directions and prospects: Despite revealing key roles of multiple cytokines in satellite cell regulation, further mechanistic investigations are warranted. Future research integrating multi-omics and bioinformatics approaches could elucidate the interactive networks of different cytokines during exercise-mediated muscle repair, optimizing intervention strategies and enhancing the efficiency and quality of muscle regeneration. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Development and application of human amniotic membrane in tissue engineering Zhu Jing, Zhai Xiguo, Wu Qizhen, Wang Yupei, Lyu Ling, Hou Qinzheng 2026, 30 (7):  1818-1827.  doi: 10.12307/2026.065 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (1339KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: The human amniotic membrane, as a natural biomaterial, exhibits excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and abundant bioactive substance, making it highly promising for applications in tissue engineering. In recent years, research on the storage, preparation, and application mechanisms of human amniotic membrane in tissue repair and regenerative medicine has advanced significantly, facilitating its translation into various biomedical fields and clinical applications. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the progress in the storage, preparation, and modification of human amniotic membrane, as well as its applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, providing theoretical insights for its further development and clinical application. METHODS: Articles were retrieved from CNKI, SinoMed, WanFang Data, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Elsevier databases using Chinese keywords “human amniotic membrane, storage of human amniotic membrane, modification of human amniotic membrane, application of human amniotic membrane, tissue engineering” and English keywords “human amniotic membrane, modification of human amniotic membrane, amniotic membrane modification, tissue engineering, stem cells, bioactive factors, scaffold, regenerative medicine.” Initially retrieved articles were screened by reviewing titles and abstracts to exclude irrelevant studies. Full-text articles were subsequently assessed based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in the final inclusion of 72 eligible studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Human amniotic membrane has exceptional biocompatibility and contains abundant bioactive factors. Continuous advancements in storage and modification techniques have expanded its applications, notably as scaffolds and patches, enhancing mechanical properties, degradation rates, and cellular adhesion capabilities, thus providing effective support for soft tissue repair and regeneration. Future research on human amniotic membrane should focus on composite applications with multifunctional materials and thoroughly investigate its mechanisms as tissue scaffolds, patches, and bioactive factor carriers to further enhance its value in regenerative medicine. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Plant-derived vesicles and malignant tumor therapy: cross-species communication and modulation of host cell responses Huang Jiawen, Pan Zhiyi, Xue Wenjun, Lian Yuanpei, Xu Jianda 2026, 30 (7):  1828-1838.  doi: 10.12307/2026.066 Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (2299KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: Treatments for malignant tumors often involve surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, but the adverse reactions associated with these methods severely affect clinical prognosis. Developing more effective therapeutic strategies for malignant tumors remains a hot topic in basic and clinical research.  OBJECTIVE: To summarize the biosynthesis and preparation method of plant-derived vesicles, the advantages of using them as drug delivery vehicles and their application in malignant tumors. METHODS: The relevant articles were searched in CNKI, WanFang, PubMed, and Web of Science databases with Chinese and English keywords “plant-derived vesicles, plant-derived extracellular vesicles, plant-derived vesicle-like nanovesicles, malignant tumors, cancer, drug delivery vehicles.” Finally, 73 articles were included for review analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Plant-derived vesicles, composed of a lipid bilayer containing various proteins and nucleic acids, can facilitate cross-species communication and modulate host cell responses. Modern research has found that plant-derived vesicles possess good biocompatibility, tissue-specific targeting, and the potential for large-scale production. They can directly act as anticancer agents to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, promote cancer cell apoptosis, regulate cancer cell cycles, and modulate the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, they can serve as drug delivery vehicles, carrying small molecule drugs and nucleic acids to tumor sites, enhancing drug antitumor effects, and overcoming drug resistance.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Exosome-delivered CRISPR/Cas system enables gene editing in target cells  Wang Baiyan, Yang Shu, Wang Yiming, Wu Mengqing, Xiao Yu, Guo Zixuan, Zhang Boyi, Feng Shuying 2026, 30 (7):  1839-1849.  doi: 10.12307/2026.633 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (1811KB) ( 0 )   Save BACKGROUND: CRISPR/Cas gene editing system has been widely used in scientific research and related clinical therapy due to its characteristics of precise gene editing, simple targeted design, low cost and high efficiency. However, how to deliver CRISPR/Cas system to target cells more safely, efficiently and accurately is still an urgent problem. OBJECTIVE: To review all aspects from the sources and engineering strategies of exosomes for delivering CRISPR/Cas systems, the loading methods of exosomes for CRISPR/Cas systems, the biological forms of CRISPR/Cas systems and their action pathways in cells, providing a more intuitive and systematic perspective for researchers in this field. METHODS: “Exosome, drug delivery systems, delivery, CRISPR/Cas, gene editing, engineered exosomes, targeting” were used as English search terms and “exosomes, drug delivery, CRISPR/Cas, engineering” were used as Chinese search terms to search PubMed and CNKI databases, respectively. The search time range was from 2014 to 2024. Through careful reading of the title and abstract of the literature, the preliminary screening was carried out, and the literature with poor correlation and repeated content was excluded. Finally, 78 articles were included for in-depth analysis and discussion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Exosomes are lipid vesicles with a diameter of 30-150 nm. They have the advantages of long circulation half-life, intrinsic ability to target tissues, good biocompatibility, and low inherent toxicity, showing strong targeted delivery ability. (2) Although CRISPR/Cas system is a powerful gene editing tool, the existing CRISPR/Cas system delivery vectors have their own advantages and disadvantages and cannot fully meet the needs. (3) Exosomes used for delivering the CRISPR/Cas system mainly originate from cells or tissues with high exosome production. However, researchers still need to select or further engineer them according to the requirements of their studies. (4) The exosomes delivering CRISPR/Cas system are mainly engineered by genetic engineering modification, chemical modification, exosome-liposome hybridization and other strategies. (5) Methods for loading the CRISPR/Cas system into exosomes include electroporation, incubation, transfection, and active loading approaches, with the choice of method depending on the physicochemical properties of the CRISPR/Cas system. (6) The biological forms of the CRISPR/Cas system delivered by exosomes include plasmids and ribonucleoprotein complexes, each with its own characteristics. CRISPR/Cas system successfully delivered by exosomes enable gene editing within target cells.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Role and mechanism of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth in tissue regeneration and disease treatment  Fan Yongjing, Jin Wulong, Bai Haoyu, Ma Ping, Wang Shu 2026, 30 (7):  1850-1857.  doi: 10.12307/2026.527 Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (1013KB) ( 1 )   Save BACKGROUND: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth originate from naturally replaced deciduous dental pulp. They have the advantages of non-invasive sampling, self-renewal ability, multidirectional differentiation potential, low immunogenicity, closer to embryonic characteristics and no violation of ethical requirements, and are a more ideal source of seed cells.  OBJECTIVE: To review the ability of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth in promoting the regeneration of teeth, periodontal and jawbone tissues, as well as their research progress in the treatment of oral and non-oral diseases.  METHODS: Computers were used to search PubMed, CNKI, and WanFang databases. The Chinese and English search terms were “human deciduous tooth pulp stem cells, regeneration.” A total of 96 articles were searched, and the articles were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 52 articles were included for review.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth have advantages over dental pulp stem cells, dental follicle stem cells, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the regeneration of teeth, periodontal and jawbone tissues. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth have significant therapeutic effects on oral diseases including periodontitis, temporomandibular arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth have shown good therapeutic effects on non-oral diseases, including neurological, digestive, cardiovascular, urinary, immune, endocrine, respiratory, and psychiatric disorders.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Secretome of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth: a new hotspot in tissue engineering and stem cell therapy Liu Xingyu, Li Lijie 2026, 30 (7):  1858-1868.  doi: 10.12307/2026.117 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (1561KB) ( 1 )   Save BACKGROUND: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth have strong proliferation and differentiation potential, which have the advantages of less ethical controversy and immune rejection, so they have gradually become a current research focus in the field of stem cells. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the research progress of the secretome of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth in recent years, explore the molecular mechanism of its therapeutic effect, analyze the present issue and look forward to the future development direction. METHODS: CNKI and PubMed databases were selected to search for the keywords of “stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, mesenchymal stem cells, secretome, exosome, conditioned medium” in Chinese and English. 642 articles were obtained in the initial examination, and the latest articles in the past 5 years and those with an impact factor of more than 5 points in the past 10 years were selected. All the authors jointly evaluated the retrieved articles and excluded 569 articles with duplicate content and obsolete content with poor correlation, and finally included 73 articles for review. RESULTS CONCLUSION: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth have emerged as a crucial research object in the domain of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in recent years, attributed to their distinctive biological characteristics. These stem cells originate from the dental pulp tissue of children's physiologically shed deciduous teeth and boast remarkable advantages such as multi-lineage differentiation potential (e.g., osteogenic, neurogenic, and angiogenic), extensive sources, and negligible ethical disputes. Researches indicate that stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth not only demonstrate stronger proliferative capacity than bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells but also exhibit immunomodulatory properties and low immunogenicity, which enables them to showcase unique clinical application values in areas such as bone tissue repair, nerve regeneration, and periodontal tissue reconstruction. Alongside the transformation of the research paradigm in regenerative medicine, the advent of cell-free therapy strategies has paved new avenues for the application of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. This strategy involves extracting the secretome of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth – a functional component encompassing various bioactive substances such as exosomes, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors – circumventing the risks that might exist in traditional live cell transplantation, including low cell survival rate, immune rejection, and potential tumorigenicity. Findings reveal that the secretome from stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth can mediate multiple biological effects such as angiogenesis, immunomodulation, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis through paracrine mechanisms and has manifested remarkable therapeutic efficacy in animal models of liver injury repair, myocardial ischemia treatment, and bone defect regeneration. The current research hotspots center on analyzing the molecular composition of the secretome from stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth through engineering techniques and constructing a cell-free therapy system with spatiotemporal controllability. The secretome from stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth is anticipated to achieve standardized production and quality control within the framework of precision medicine, offering innovative solutions for the treatment of degenerative diseases and trauma repair.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Mesenchymal stem cells in treatment of arteriosclerosis obliterans of lower extremities: systematic review and meta-analysis  Wang Zhenze, Liu Fende, Zhang Rui, Li Wujun 2026, 30 (7):  1869-1876.  doi: 10.12307/2026.597 Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (1281KB) ( 0 )   Save OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for the treatment of arteriosclerosis obliterans of lower extremities.  METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Google Scholar, CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP, and CBM for randomized controlled trials on the use of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of arteriosclerosis obliterans of lower extremities. The search covered the period from the inception of each database until July 2024. Relevant studies were screened and data were extracted based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software, including amputation rate, amputation-free survival rate, ulcer healing rate, ankle-brachial index, transcutaneous oxygen pressure, and pain-free walking distance. RESULTS: A total of nine randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis results showed that compared with the control group, patients in the mesenchymal stem cell treatment group had significant improvements in amputation-free survival rate [RR=1.23, 95%CI(1.07, 1.42), P=0.004], amputation rate [RR=0.55, 95%CI(0.35, 0.85), P=0.007], ulcer healing rate [RR=1.95, 95%CI(1.51, 2.52), P < 0.001], ankle-brachial index [MD=0.16, 95%CI(0.13, 0.19), P < 0.001], transcutaneous oxygen pressure [SMD=1.62, 95%CI(0.87, 2.37), P < 0.001], and pain-free walking distance [MD=131.81, 95%CI(3.56, 260.06), P=0.04]. However, there was no significant difference in mortality [RR=1.13, 95%CI(0.62, 2.06), P=0.68].  CONCLUSION: Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for lower extremity atherosclerotic occlusive disease shows a trend of improvement in some clinical indicators. However, due to the limitations of the included literature, more high-quality, multicenter, and large-sample randomized controlled trials are needed in the future.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics