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30 September 2016, Volume 20 Issue 40 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Effects of Buyanghuanwu decoction on the protein expression of PI3K, Akt, Bcl-2 and BAX in brain tissue of a rat model of cerebral hemorrhage Wu Xiao-guang, Qiu Zhi-fu, Meng Jie, Zu Bing-xue, Li Meng-meng, Miao Hui 2016, 20 (40):  5933-5938.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.001 Abstract ( 341 )   PDF (2476KB) ( 618 )   Save BACKGROUND:Buyanghuanwu decoction has excellent neuroprotective effect and can efficiently suppress nerve cell apoptosis caused by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect and mechanisms of Buyanghuanwu decoction on neuronal apoptosis around hematoma in cerebral hemorrhage rats. METHODS: Seventy-two adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group, Buyanghuanwu decoction group, and Ginkgo biloba group. Except the sham operation group, rat models of cerebral hemorrhage were established in other three groups. At 2 days after modeling, rats in the Buyanghuanwu group and Ginkgo biloba group were given Buyanghuanwu decoction 26 g/(kg • d)and Ginkgo biloba 3.5 mg/(kg • d) daily by gavage, for 14 consecutive days. Rats in the sham operation group and model group received an equal volume of saline for 14 consecutive days. After the last administration, brain tissue was obtained. TUNEL assay was utilized to detect neuronal apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect PI3K, Akt, Bcl-2, and BAX protein expression. Wet and dry weight method was used to detect brain water content. Evans Blue assay was utilized to determine blood-brain barrier permeability. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the sham operation group, the number of apoptotic neurons, brain water content, Evans blue content and PI3K, Akt, Bcl-2, BAX protein expression increased in the model group (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with the model group, the number of apoptotic neurons, BAX protein expression, brain water content and Evans blue content were significantly reduced in the Buyanghuanwu group and Ginkgo biloba group (P < 0.05), but PI3K, Akt and Bcl-2 protein expression was significantly increased (P < 0.05). (3) Results suggested that Buyanghuanwu decoction inhibited neuronal apoptosis and protected brain tissue by reducing blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebral edema, and by activating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, regulating Bcl-2 and BAX protein expression ratio. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Immunosuppressed rat model of cerebral hemorrhage: construction and assessment Zhang Jian-jun, Shi Huan-chang 2016, 20 (40):  5939-5945.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.002 Abstract ( 288 )   PDF (1192KB) ( 216 )   Save BACKGROUND: Treatment after intracerebral hemorrhage can effectively suppress immune function. The immune suppression after ischemic stroke has been studied in detail. OBJECTIVE: To construct an immunosuppressed rat model after cerebral hemorrhage, and assess its stability.  METHODS: Sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group, sham group, and cerebral hemorrhage group, with 20 rats in each group. Rat models of acute cerebral hemorrhage were established by 50 μL arterial blood injection in the rat basal ganglia. Rats in the sham group were injected with 50 μL of saline, and the operation was identical to cerebral hemorrhage model. Rats in the control group received no treatment. At 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after model establishment, leukocytes, lymphocytes, and lymphocyte percentage were analyzed by blood analyzer. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of serum proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor β in rats. Dissected rat spleen tissue was subjected to histological and histopathological detection. RT-PCR and western blotting were utilized to measure changes in transforming growth factor β, interleukin-6 gene and protein expression in the spleen. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the sham group and control group, leukocyte number was significantly higher, but lymphocyte percentage gradually reduced in the cerebral hemorrhage group at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with the sham group and control group, interleukin-6 levels in the blood and spleen were higher at 24 hours, peaked at 72 hours, and decreased at 96 hours in the cerebral hemorrhage group (P < 0.05). (3) Compared with the sham group and control group, transforming growth factor β expression was lower at 24 hours, gradually increased at 72 hours, and higher at 96 hours in the rat blood and spleen of the cerebral hemorrhage group (P < 0.05). (4) These findings indicate that immune function excitement first appeared after cerebral hemorrhage, and immune suppression appeared at 96 hours, indicating successful model establishment and good stability.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Dynamic changes of brain cavity in rats after traumatic brain injury detected by MRI-based three-dimensional reconstruction Fu Feng, Zhao Ming-liang, Li Xiao-hong, Chen Chong, Wang Li-na, Sun Hong-tao, Tu Yue, Zhang Sai 2016, 20 (40):  5946-5952.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.003 Abstract ( 431 )   PDF (1507KB) ( 348 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, morphological observations of brain cavity after traumatic brain injury (TBI) via cadavers or animal specimen are difficult to obtain dynamic changes. OBJECTIVE: To explore the application effect of MRI-based three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction for evaluating the prognosis of TBI. METHODS: Five male Sprague-Dawley rats were enrolled to establish TBI models by Electronic Cortical Contusion Injury (eCCI), and scanned by 3.0T MRI with Rat-coil to obtain the DICOM date of brain at 1 day, 1, 2 and 3 months after modeling. Brain cavities were 3-dimensionally reconstructed by Mimics16.0 software, and analyzed in the Meshmixer software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The outline of reconstruction model image was clear, and could be observed and measured from different sides and perspectives. (2) The cavity volume and surface area at different time points after TBI showed significant differences between each other except that at 2 and 3 months (P < 0.05). (3) The results of cavity change suggested that the cavity tended to be regular after 3 months of TBI. (4) In conclusion, 3D reconstruction software Mimics combining with model analysis software Meshmixer can conveniently and quickly obtain the cavity model, and provide an intuitive way for evaluating the dynamic variations of the brain cavity after TBI. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of electroacupuncture at points selected by orthogonal experiment on the extracellular signal regulated kinase signal pathway in a rat model of cerebral ischenia-reperfusion injury Feng Yi-hui, Zhu Zhi-hua, Wu Chun-xiao, Zhou Guo-ping 2016, 20 (40):  5953-5958.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.004 Abstract ( 321 )   PDF (1098KB) ( 257 )   Save BACKGROUND: Acupuncture point matching is little reported in the electroacupuncture for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of electroacupuncture acupoints selected by orthogonal experiment on rats with cerebral ischemia reperfusion and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signal pathway. METHODS: 150 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham operation group rats were exposed the middle cerebral artery only; models of cerebral ischemia reperfusion were established in the rats in model and orthogonal groups. Then rats in the orthogonal groups 1 (Baihui (DU 20), Quchi (LI 11), Zusanli (ST 36), and Chize (LU 5)), 2 (Baihui (DU 20), Zusanli (ST 36), Chize (LU 5), and Sanyinjiao (SP 6)) and 3 (Hegu (LI 4), Zusanli (ST 36), Chize (LU 5) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6)) were given electroacupuncture at acupoints selected by orthogonal experiment, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the model group, in all orthogonal groups, the neurological function deficit scores were decreased, infarct volume was smaller, the number of microvessel density in the ischemia region and the p-ERK expression level in the cortex and hippocampal CA1 region of ischemic hemisphere were increased, and significant changes were found in the orthogonal group 3. These findings indicate that electroacupuncture at points of Hegu (LI 4), Zusanli (ST 36), Chize (LU 5) and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) selected by orthogonal experiment can significantly reduce the infarct volume of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats possibly by regulating the ERK signaling pathway.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of acupuncture on cerebral amino acids and neurotransmitters in the immature rat model of cerebral palsy  Shi Hua, Zhang Pu, Guo Xin, Jie Xiao-su 2016, 20 (40):  5959-5965.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.005 Abstract ( 437 )   PDF (5778KB) ( 256 )   Save BACKGROUND: Acupuncture is proved to have therapeutic effect on cerebral palsy of immature rats. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the possible effect on cerebral amino acids and neurotransmitters in immature rats with cerebral palsy by using fire-needle. METHODS: Cerebral palsy models were established in 45 Wistar rats aged 1 week by left common carotid artery ligation and randomly assigned into model, acupuncture and positive groups (n=15 per group). The other five rats were defined as controls, without any management. At 3 days, positive group rats were orally administrated with brain enzyme solution, and acupuncture group given fire-needle treatment at points of Neiguan (P 6), Yongquan (K 1), Quchi (LI 11) and Baihui (Du 20) for 21 days. Hanging test, inclined plane test and Y maze test were performed 1 hour after the last treatment, and the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were extracted and homogenized after execution. Lelves of acethl choline, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, glutamic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid were recruited, and morphology of hippocampus was observed by pathological section.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Within 21-day treatment, positive and acupuncture treatment rats were more active than model group. Compared with the control group, the body mass in the model group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05); compared with the model group, the body mass in the positive and fire-needle groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05), while it showed no significant difference between latter two groups. (2) The hanging time of model group rats was significantly shorter than that of control group (P < 0.05), and significantly lengthened in the positive and fire-needle groups compared with the model group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control rats, the error numbers of model group rats were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and conversely, significantly decreased in the positive and fire-needle groups (P < 0.05). (3) In the model group, the levels of norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and γ-aminobutyric acid were significantly decreased, while glutamic acid significantly increased compared with the control group (P < 0.05); compare with the model group, the positive and fire-needle group rats held significantly increased levels of norepinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and γ-aminobutyric acid and decrease of glutamic acid (P < 0.05). (4) Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that in the mode group, there were abundant neurons damaged, cell volume reduced, nucleus pycnosis and unclear border with nucleus; both positive and fire-needle groups could improve neuron structure induced by cerebral ischemia. (5) In conclusion, fire-needle can treat cerebral palsy effectively.    中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Neuroprotective effects of sufentanil preconditioning on spinal cord injury in mouse models Yu Yu-qin, Hu Nian-chun, Duan Ji-an, Li Da-peng, Liu Chang 2016, 20 (40):  5966-5972.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.006 Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (4567KB) ( 336 )   Save BACKGROUND: Sufentanil exerts protective effects on tissues, but its roles in the repair of nervous system injury and the underlying mechanism are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: To explore the protective effect of sufentanil preconditioning in the repair of spinal cord injuries and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: Mouse models of spinal cord injuries were prepared through clipping spinal cord followed by intraperitoneal injection of 3 and 6 μg/kg sufentanil, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUISON: (1) Western blotting, ELISA and TUNEL assays showed that 6 μg/kg sufentanil significantly down-regulated the protein expression levels of TLR4, nuclear factor-κBp65, cleaved-caspase 3, tumor necrosis factor-α and interlenkin-1β in the spinal cord of mice (P < 0.05); at the same time, the number of apoptotic neurons was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). (2) Furthermore, high-dose sufentanil preconditioning significantly ameliorated the recovery of limb function at 14 days after injury (P < 0.05). (3) These results administrate that the neuroprotection provided by 6 μg/kg sufentanil preconditioning for spinal cord injuries in mice maybe related to the TLR4/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway inactivation.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathological changes in the spinal cord of a model of acute cauda equina compression Wang Zhan, Li Hao-peng, He Xi-jing, Hao Ding-jun, Zhang Kun, Chen Ming-xia, Lei Ting 2016, 20 (40):  5973-5978.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.007 Abstract ( 459 )   PDF (5071KB) ( 263 )   Save BACKGROUND: Animal studies have shown that cauda equina compression can induce apoptosis of lumbosacral spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons. OBJECTIVE: To explore the pathological change in lumbosacral spinal cord after acute cauda equina compression in dogs. METHODS: A total of 27 dogs were randomly divided into nine groups, with three dogs in each group. There were one normal control group, seven experimental groups and one sham surgery group. In the experimental group, an empty water sac was implanted above epidural fat below L6 vertebral plate. Compression was given by injecting water at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 hours. In the sham surgery group, an empty water sac was implanted, but compression was not given. At the time of compression, the spinal cord sent out by cauda equina nerve and adjacent to the head end was subjected to histopathological examination.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Results of light microscope: at 4-48 hours of compression, spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons did not alter. At 72 hours, motor neurons became small, cell membrane shrank and separated from surrounding tissues. Cells were homogenous and darkly stained. At 168 hours, motor neurons disappeared, but spinal cord sections of the adjacent head end did not shown abnormal motor neurons in the spinal cord anterior horn. (2) Results of electron microscope: at 12 hours, spinal cord tissue began to swell, and the swelling aggravated with prolonged time of compression. The swelling of glial cells was apparent. At 168 hours, myelin sheath structure dissolved; axons showed vacuolization; axoplasm spilled, and exhibited inflammatory injury-like changes. (3) Apoptotic results of spinal cord anterior horn motor neurons: apoptosis appeared at 12 hours of compression, became increased, and showed an increased trend at 168 hours. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Caffeic acid phenethyl ester against cellular injuries in the rotenone-induced Parkinson’s disease model Qiu Shi1, Li Jun-guo1, Qiu Qian2, Chen Hui1, Xiang Zi-min3 2016, 20 (40):  5979-5985.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.008 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (1313KB) ( 264 )   Save BACKGROUND: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) can inhibit lipid peroxidation after rat brain injury. However, the trend of 5-lipoxygenaseis (5-LOX) and cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) in model of Parkinson’s disease, and whether CAPE protects against rotenone-induced cellular injuries by inhibiting the levels of 5-LOX and CysLTs still need further research. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of CAPE on the rotenone-induced Parkinson-like injury, and to determine whether 5-LOX involved. METHODS: (1) PC12 cells in good-growth were collected and divided into five groups cultured with different concentrations of rotenone (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 μmol/L). 24 and 48 hours later, changes of cellular morphology and activity were observed to single out the optimum concentration of rotenone; at 24 hours, the levels of 5-LOX and CysLTs were detected by western blotting and ELISA, respectively. (2) PC12 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of CAPE (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 µmol/L) for 30 minutes, and 1 µmol/L rotenone was then added. The other cells received no intervention as blank control group. Subsequently, the cell activity was detected, and the CysLTs production was detected by ELISA at 24 hours. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Rotenone (0.1-10 μmol/L) could induce PC12 cell injury with overt morphological and cell activity changes at 24 hours, especially the 1 µmol/L rotenone. (2) Rotenone also significantly increased the 5-LOX expression and CysLTs production in a concentration-dependant manner. (3) CAPE (1-10 μmo/L) significantly attenuated rotenone-induced CysLTs production and cell viability reduction in a concentration-dependant manner. (4) These results suggest that CAPE protects against PC12 cell injuries in the model rat with Parkinson’s disease induced by rotenone involving 5-Lox. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of short-term high-intensity interval training on ventricular remodeling and mitochondrial content in rats after myocardial infarction He Wei, Li Yu-ming, Zhou Xin, Peng Peng, Qin Yong-sheng, Bo Hai 2016, 20 (40):  5986-5993.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.009 Abstract ( 395 )   PDF (1154KB) ( 285 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether short-term high-intensity interval training (HIT) can be used to protect against myocardium injury after acute myocardial infarction, as well as the underlying mechanism. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of short-term HIT on the ventricular remodeling and mitochondrial content after acute myocardial infarction, and the biological effect of mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy in this process. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were modeled into acute myocardial infarction by ligating coronary artery. One week later, HIT was performed: each interval consisted of 4-minute high-intensity running (80% of maximal oxygen consumption) and 3-minute active recovery (40% of maximal oxygen consumption), for 4 consecutive weeks of 5 days each week, repeated 7 cycles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Four-week HIT after acute myocardial infarction could markedly enhance left ventricular pump function and mitochondrial content, improve mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP synthetic activity, inhibit mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, up-regulate PGC-1α/Tfam induced mitochondrial biogenesis and Bnip3/Beclin-1 induced autophagy. These results indicate that short-term HIT can improve normal mitochondrial content after acute myocardial infarction, which in turn ameliorates myocardial systolic property and energy metabolism. As a cardiac rehabilitation method, HIT exhibits fine timeliness. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of carbonyl sulfide in a rat model of limb ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute lung injury Zhao Yan-rui, Lv Wen-rui, Wang Dong, Zhou Jun-lin 2016, 20 (40):  5994-6000.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.010 Abstract ( 311 )   PDF (5355KB) ( 241 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have found that endogenous gaseous signaling molecules such as NO, CO, H2S and SO2 play an important role in acute lung injury; there also have other gases participation, such as carbonyl sulfide. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of carbonyl sulfide for limb ischemia-reperfusion induced acute lung injury and its mechanism in rats. METHODS: A total of 64 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into eight groups. Control group: without treatment; model group: limb ischemia for 4 hours and then reperfusion for 2 hours. Low-, moderate- and high-dose carbonyl sulfide groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 mL carbonyl sulfide respectively at 20 minutes before ischemia for 4 hours and reperfusion for 2 hours. Low-, moderate- and high-dose air groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0.4, 1.0, 2.0 mL air respectively at 20 minutes before ischemia for 4 hours and reperfusion for 2 hours. 2 hours after reperfusion, the morphological changes of lung tissues and the change of lung coefficient were observed. The expressions of tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 both in lung tissue and serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Cell apoptosis was measured by TUNEL assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the control group, significant damage of lung tissue was seen, and the lung coefficient increased significantly in the model group (P < 0.05). The expressions of tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-l and interleukin-6 both in lung tissue and plasma increased (P < 0.05), and apoptotic rate increased. (2) Compared with the model group, low-, moderate- and high-doses of carbonyl sulfide could mitigate the degree of lung injury, and reduce pulmonary coefficient and apoptotic rate. The low dose showed the most obvious effect. Low- and moderate-dose carbonyl sulfide could significantly decrease expressions of tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 both in lung tissue and plasma (P < 0.05). (3) No significant difference in each index was visible in the low-, moderate- and high-dose air groups compared with the model group. (4) Results suggested that low dose of exogenous carbonyl sulfide through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant effects plays the protective role on limb ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute lung injury in rats.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reactive hyperplasia of glial cells induced by spinal cord injury in a rat model Fan Xu-hui, Yang Bo, Hu Xiang, Guan Fang-xia 2016, 20 (40):  6001-6006.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.011 Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (5462KB) ( 267 )   Save BACKGROUND: The nervous reconstruction and repair after spinal cord injury have become a research hotspot. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the change rule of neurogliocyte reactive hyperplasia after spinal cord injury. METHODS: Forty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and equivalently randomized into seven groups: normal control group (no intervention), sham operation group (lamina decompression) and operation groups (postoperative 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days). After the establishment of spinal cord injury models, the rats were sacrificed at each corresponding time point. The functional recovery of the rat hind limbs was evaluated by Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores, and complete spinal cord tissue was removed to undergo hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry staining and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores showed that rats in the normal control and sham operation groups had normal neurologic function. Rats at 1 day after spinal cord injury paralyzed completely, the neurologic function of hind limbs began to recover gradually at the 7th day, and the recovery became most obvious at the 14th day, which had no significant differences compared with the 21st and 28th days. (2) Hematoxylin-eosin staining found that the diffuse hemorrhage and neuronal necrosis were observed in the injured area at 1 day after operation; inflammatory cell infiltration and some vacuoles appeared at the 7th day, and the hemorrhage was absorbed gradually; the hemorrhage disappeared completely and capsule cavity formed at the 14th day; up to the 28th day, spinal cord structure was completely destroyed and that was replaced by cicatricial tissue accompanying with a large cavity. (3) Immunohistochemistry staining showed that the astrocyte in damaged area proliferated with the cell synapse increasing, which was most overt at the14th day; the axon clearance widened and the structure was in disorder at the 7th day, and the myelin sheath in the damaged area was destroyed at the 21st day. (4) Immunofluorescence staining showed that there were numerous visible glial fibrillary acidic protein+/nestin+ cells in the injured area at 14 days after operation. (5) These results suggest that glial cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy, the up-regulated expressions of glial fibrillary acidic protein and nest protein are advantageous to the early repair of spinal cord injury. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Rat model of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia injury Peng Feng-lin, Huang Li-li, Guo Yan-ju 2016, 20 (40):  6007-6013.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.012 Abstract ( 280 )   PDF (2836KB) ( 268 )   Save BACKGROUND: No uniform standard for constructing the animal model of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia injury results in the incomparability among research results and impedes the development of sport medicine especially in the cardiovascular field; thereby, it is imperative to reach an agreement in constructing criteria. OBJECTIVE: To explore the method of establishing the rat model of myocardial ischemia induced by running. METHODS: Totally 96 female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into rest control group, isoprenaline group and 10 exercise groups (1- and 3-time moderate-intensity exercise groups, 1-, 2- and 3-week moderate-intensity exercise groups, 1- and 3-time high-intensity exercise groups, 1-, 2- and 3-week high-intensity exercise groups). After exhaustive exercise, myocardium was collected for morphological observation by hematoxylin-eosin staining, serum levels of myocardial enzymes and cardiac troponin I were detected, and the expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by real-time PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that the damage degree was more severe with the time of exercise, and the high-intensity exercise groups were more severe than those in the moderate-intensity exercise groups. (2) The activity of serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase was significantly increased after 1-week moderate-intensity exhaustive exercise (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). From the beginning of the 3-time high-intensity exhaustive exercise, the activity of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase was significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (3) Cardiac troponin I content change trend was basically the same as glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase changes, but cardiac troponin I content in the moderate-intensity exhaustive exercise groups was significantly higher than that in the rest control group until 2 weeks. The Bcl-2/Bax ratios in all exercise groups were significantly lower than that in the rest control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); those in the 1- and 3-time high-intensity exercise groups were significantly higher than in the isoprenaline group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); and those in moderate-intensity groups were higher than in the isoprenaline group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (4) In conclusion, 2-week high-intensity and 3-week moderate-intensity exhaustive exercise can induce myocardial ischemia injury, and pathological analysis, serum levels of myocardial enzymes and cardiac troponin I can be used as the evaluation indexes, while apoptosis regulation genes just as the reference index. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a dog model of pyogenic spinal infection Chen Wei-hua, Lv Guo-hua, Zhou Bin, Kang Yi-jun 2016, 20 (40):  6014-6020.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.013 Abstract ( 392 )   PDF (2445KB) ( 218 )   Save BACKGROUND: Spine infection models are rarely reported in the literature. There are fewer reports on the imaging and histological observations of the animal model of spinal infection. OBJECTIVE: To develop a canine model of pyogenic spinal infection. METHODS: Twelve Chinese dogs were adopted in the study. The dogs were in the right arm recumbent. The surgery was conducted by retroperitoneal approach to expose T12/L1 intervertebral space. The intervertebral discs that exposed the intervertebral space were partially removed, and the end plate of the adjacent two vertebrae was deliberately curetted out. Suspension with different concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus and sodium morrhuate were injected into the dog intervertebral space. The aim of removal of partial intervertebral discs and destruction of endplate was to make the vertebral body bone better in contact with the bacteria. The same operation was conducted in L5/6 clearance of the animal spine. At 14 days after surgery, animals were sacrificed. The infected intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebral bodies were taken out. Bacterial contents of specimens were quantitatively determined. During sacrificing, partial liver tissues and blood samples were collected for bacterial culture. The occurrence of systemic infection was observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Spondylodiscitis of the lumbar spinal column was consistently produced in 90% (9/10) the sites challenged with 102 colony-forming units (CFU) Staphylococcus aureus. Liver biopsy and blood culture did not show any signs of systematic infections. (2) Two out of four animals implanted the suspension with a concentration higher than 103 CFUs died within 3 days post-implantation. (3) These results suggested that a new canine model of pyogenic spinal infection was developed. This model could be used to test the efficacy of different anti-infection strategies.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Adenoviral vectors carrying Brahma-related gene 1 attenuates oxidative stress-induced apoptosis of cardiomyocytes Li Su-juan, Yuan Wen-chang, Mai Yun-pei, Hou Ning 2016, 20 (40):  6021-6027.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.014 Abstract ( 510 )   PDF (2922KB) ( 219 )   Save BACKGROUND: Brahma-related gene 1 (Brg1), a catalytic subunit of an important chromatin remodeling complex, has been considered as a key nuclear transcriptional factor, and tends to be decreased in diabetic cardiomyopathy. OBJECTIVE: To construct an adenovirus vector carrying Brg1, and observe its protective role in oxidative stress induced-cardiomyocyte apoptosis. METHODS: The recombinant adenovirus plasmid was linearized and transfected into HEK293 cells using Fugene HD for packaging and amplification. The adenovirus particles were further purified, quantified, and sequentially transfected to cardiomyocytes of neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. The Adeno-EGFP transfected and non-transfected cardiomyocytes were used as control group. 24 hours later, the transfection efficiency was observed by fluorescent microscope, and expressions of Brg1 mRNA and protein were detected by quantified PCR and western blotting. After treatment with 100 µmol/L H2O2 for 12 hours, the expressions of Brg1 protein and cleaved-Caspase 3 were measured by western blotting, and cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The recombinant adenovirus vector of Brg1 had been successfully transfected into cardiomyocytes with higher expressions of Brg1 mRNA and protein, and the transfection efficiency reached more than 90%. (2) After H2O2 treatment, the Brg1 was significantly down-regulated in contrast to the up-regulation of cleaved-Caspase 3; the flow cytometry data showed that the apoptotic cells were increased. But in Adeno-Brg1 transfected cardiomyocytes, the H2O2 induced cell apoptosis was significantly decreased compared with non-transfected cells and empty vector transfected cells. (3) These results suggest that oxidative stress can directly inhibit the Brg1 expression, and overexpression of Brg1 can protect the cardiomyocytes from cell apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Model rats with membranous nephropathy induced by cationic bovine serum albumin: expressions of related proteins in podocytes Liang Jing, Zhang Yuan, Zhao Yu-rong, Meng Xiang-long, Wang Li 2016, 20 (40):  6028-6033.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.015 Abstract ( 510 )   PDF (3929KB) ( 210 )   Save BACKGROUND: Establishing the animal model of membranous nephropathy is of importance to figure out the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of nephrin and podocin in the model of membrane nephropathy in rats, and to investigate their relationships with the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy. METHODS: A total of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats were equivalently randomized into model and control groups. Rats in the model group were in premunity by given subcutaneous and multi-point injection of 1 mg cationic bovine serum albumin firstly dissolved in 0.5 mL normal saline and then fully emulsified with the equal incomplete Freund’s adjuvant for 1 week, and 16 mg/kg cationic bovine serum albumin was injected via vein tails, once every other day for 4 weeks. The same volume of normal saline was injected into the controls. The mRNA expressions of nephrin and podocin in renal tissues were detected using real-time PCR, and biochemical indicators and morphological observation were measured at 2 and 4 weeks after modeling. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In the model group, the total amount of urine and serum albumin levels were significantly decreased accompanying with overt proteinuria, and the serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly increased all in a time-independent manner compared with the control group (P < 0.01), and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). (2) The pathological examination showed that rats in the model group had different degrees of renal tubular dilatation, glomerular basement membrane thickening, mesangial cells and stromal hyperplasia, which was typical of membranous nephritis. (3) Moreover, the mRNA expressions of podocin and nephrin in the model group were lower than those in the control group. (4) In conclusion, the decreased expressions of podocin and nephfin may disturb the integrity of the slit membrane of podocytes giving rise to the damage of glomerular filtration barrier, and proteinuria appears in final. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective effects of piperine on alveolar bone and collagen in a periodontitis model Ge Run, Yang Lan 2016, 20 (40):  6034-6040.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.016 Abstract ( 391 )   PDF (5570KB) ( 584 )   Save BACKGROUND: Piperine in models of pancreatitis, gout, middle cerebral artery infarction has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immune regulatory effects, but its effects on periodontitis model are not clear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the protective effect of piperine on bone absorption and degradation of collagen in experimental rat models of periodontitis. METHODS: Rat models of periodontitis were established by ligaturing the dental cervix of rat mandibular first molar with 3-0 silk. On day 1 before model establishment, rats were intragastrically administered piperine 50 and 100 mg/kg. There were healthy control group and model group. Related detection was performed 8 weeks after model establishment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Results of quantitative CT analysis: compared with the healthy control group, the distance from the first molar enamelo-cemental junction to the alveolar ridge crest was significantly lower in the model group (P < 0.05). The degree of alveolar damage was significantly improved in the 50 and 100 mg/kg piperine groups compared with the model group (P < 0.05). (2) Related factor protein expression: compared with the model group, matrix metalloproteinase-8, -13 and interleukin-1β protein expression was significantly decreased in the 100 mg/kg piperine group (P < 0.05); matrix metalloproteinase-8 protein expression was significantly decreased in the 50 mg/kg piperine group (P < 0.05). (3) Collagen fiber morphology: compared with the model group, collagen fibers arranged orderly and collagen fiber area significantly increased in the 50 and 100 mg/kg piperine groups (P < 0.05). (4) Results confirmed that piperine could reduce the alveolar bone resorption, reduce the degradation of collagen fibers and protect the periodontal tissues in models of periodontitis. Its mechanism is associated with the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-8, -13 and interleukin-1β protein expression.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishing a rat model of type 2 diabetes: its bone metabolism level Zhang Yan, Yang Qiu-ping, Zhao Yan, Zhao Yu-mei, Tan Hong, Du Si-cheng 2016, 20 (40):  6041-6047.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.017 Abstract ( 540 )   PDF (1671KB) ( 300 )   Save BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus can give rise to bone metabolic disorders that may involve long-term hyperglycemia, hypoglycemic agents, diet control, estrogen, insulin-like growth factor, leptin, body mass, sex and age. OBJECTIVE: To establish type 2 diabetic rat models, and to explore the influence of type 2 diabetes on bone metabolism. METHODS: High-fat and high-glucose diets combining with 35 mg/kg streptozotocin were used to induce type 2 diabetic model in seven male Sprague-Dawley rats (diabetic group). Thirteen rats in control group were given intraperitoneal injection of the same amount of citric acid and sodium citrate buffer. At 4 weeks after modeling, the bone density of rats was serum detected by dual-energy X-ray, levels of fasting blood-glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, fasting insulin, osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide-I were measured, and morphology of bone was observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with control group, (1) the rat body mass and fasting blood-glucose kept on an overt rise in the diabetic group (P < 0.05); (2) levels of cholesterol, triacylglycerol, fasting insulin and alkaline phosphatase, as well as insulin resistance index were significantly increased, but insulin sensitivity index was significantly decreased in the diabetic group (P < 0.05). (3) There were no significant differences in the levels of serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide-I between two groups (P > 0.05). (4) In the diabetic group, thinner and sparse bone trabeculae were split presenting more free broken ends; (5) the bone density in lumbar spine, double femoral, pelvic and thoracolumbar spine were all significantly decreased (P < 0.05). (6) In conclusion, the type 2 diabetic rat model can be successfully induced by 5-week feeding high-fat and high-glucose diets combining with intraperitoneal injection of 35 mg/kg streptozotocin; these mode rats hold some characters, such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diminished bone density, and accelerated bone resorption.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment and evaluation of a rhesus monkey model of experimental type 2 diabetes mellitus Song Qiao-qiao, Zhou Hui-liang, Zhen Hai-tao, Wang Na, Deng Jing, Wang Jin-xiang, Pan Xing-hua 2016, 20 (40):  6048-6053.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.018 Abstract ( 397 )   PDF (2193KB) ( 433 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, there are few reports about the non-human primate models of type 2 diabetes mellitus in domestic and abroad, so it lacks of standardized production methods and evaluation criteria. OBJECTIVE: To establish a safe and effective type 2 diabetes mellitus model of rhesus monkey and evaluation method. METHODS: Twelve rhesus monkeys were randomly assigned to experimental group (n=9) and control group (n=3). Rhesus monkeys in the experimental group were fed with high-glucose and high-fat diet for 4 weeks, and intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg streptozotocin to establish models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Rhesus monkeys in the control group were fed with an equal volume of physiological saline. At 12 weeks after injection, peripheral blood serum was collected to measure fasting blood glucose, lipids, insulin, and C-peptide levels. Intravenous glucose tolerance test and C-peptide release test were used to detect pancreatic gland and pancreatic islet function. Histopathological examination was performed in pancreas, kidney and liver. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) 12 weeks after injection, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Insulin and C-peptide levels were significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group  (P < 0.05). (2) The area under the curve for intravenous glucose tolerance test was increased in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The area under the curve for C-peptide response test was significantly reduced in the experimental group than in the control group (P < 0.05). (3) The pathological sections of pancreas, kidney and liver showed typical pathological changes of diabetes in the experimental group. (4) It is confirmed that we got high achievement about rhesus monkey models of type 2 diabetes mellitus made by high-glucose and high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin. It is a feasible, safe and effective method.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of nonalcoholic fatty liver C57BL/6 mouse models Pan Lei, Zhang Jin-biao, Cui Rong-gang, Zhao Bao-hui, Li Hua, Zhang Zhong-yong, Wang Xu-chu 2016, 20 (40):  6054-6059.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.019 Abstract ( 814 )   PDF (1036KB) ( 284 )   Save  BACKGROUND: The establishment of a safe, reliable and easily repeatable mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the prerequisite for the study of the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. OBJECTIVE: To establish a C57BL/6 mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and observe changes of biochemical indicators, which can provide a theoretical basis for its pathogenesis and drug treatment. METHODS: Sixty healthy male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into a control group of 30 cases (normal diet), and a model group of 30 cases (high fat diet). Models of nonalcoholic fatty liver were established. At 8 weeks, body mass, liver index, and homogenate superoxide dismutase activity in the liver were detected. Changes in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglyceride glycerol, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed. Pathological examination was performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Pathological sections showed that large droplets and small lipid droplets in the mouse liver and spread the whole liver. Swelling of the liver cells, visible cytoplasmic vacuoles and obviously inflammatory changes in liver cells were observed in the model group. (2) Body weight and liver index were significantly higher in the model group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly reduced in the liver (P < 0.05). (3) Triglycerides, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly higher, but high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the model group than in the control group (P < 0.05). (4) Nonalcoholic fatty liver mouse model is ideal for high-fat diet-induced animal model. The method is simple, repetitive, and can provide a stable animal model for the study on the mechanism of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and drug treatment.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Constructing the dual luciferase reporter vector containing human DRD1 promoter region Wang Chun-hong, Li Zhe, Wang Ming-han, Deng Li-li, Wang Huan 2016, 20 (40):  6060-6066.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.020 Abstract ( 614 )   PDF (927KB) ( 269 )   Save BACKGROUND: The polymorphisms of dopamine receptor in promoter region will affect the expression of the receptor, thereby affecting the dopaminergic neurotransmitter, finally lead to related diseases. OBJECTIVE: To construct the dual luciferase reporter vector containing human DRD1 promoter region and determine its activity, which could provide the basic tool for studying the transcriptional regulation of DRD1 gene. METHODS: DRD1 promoter sequence was amplified by PCR using the human blood genomic DNA and cloned into pGM-T vector. After sequencing, the correctly constructed vectors were ligated to the firefly luciferase reporter plasmid pGL3-Basic. The cloned pGL3-Basic vectors were transfected into HEK293 using cationic liposome method. In the meanwhile, PGL3-Basic vector with no promoter was co-transfected with pGL3-TK plasmid as negative control group. The relative fluorescence intensity was measured by chemiluminescence. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Recombinant luciferase reporter gene vectors were confirmed by restriction analysis and sequencing. (2) Compared with the negative control group, the HEK293 cells transfected by recombinant vectors presented transcriptional activity. (3) In conclusion, luciferase reporter gene vectors containing DRD1 promoter region are successfully constructed and can provide the basic tool for further study on the transcriptional regulation of DRD1. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment, application and progression of an animal model of cervical spondylosis Wang Shi-jun, Li Yu-ting, Li Chun-de 2016, 20 (40):  6067-6073.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.021 Abstract ( 450 )   PDF (913KB) ( 218 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is a very difficult task to transfer from the animal model of cervical spondylosis to clinical treatment. However, the pathology of cervical spondylosis is not very clear, and the main reason is the lack of an ideal animal model of the experiment. OBJECTIVE: To review the commonly used modeling methods and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different modeling methods through consulting literatures. METHODS: The key words were “cervical spondylosis, cervical spondylotic myelopathy, cervical spondylotic radiculopathy, vertebroarterial type of cervical spondylosis, animal model”. The first author retrieved Medline and CNKI for studies published from 1991 to 2015 concerning animal experiments or clinical studies on the construction of animal model of cervical spondylosis. Finally, 41 studies were included for reviewing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There are many methods for the modeling of cervical spondylosis at the present stage, including implantation method, screw insertion method, balloon compression method, mechanical compression, injection method, spinal suture method and mechanical imbalance method. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. In the study of cervical spondylosis, we should choose the appropriate animal model according to the research purpose. Further research and the establishment of a comprehensive animal model are still the goal of efforts.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of mobile health in the prevention and control of chronic disease Sun Dong-lei, Li Ren-lan 2016, 20 (40):  6074-6080.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.40.022 Abstract ( 335 )   PDF (912KB) ( 296 )   Save BACKGROUND: Nowadays, it has become the focus of people to seek effective and feasible prevention and control methods for chronic disease. With the vigorous development of electronic information, as a new thing in the development of science and technology, mobile health (mHealth) has a great potential in the prevention and management of chronic diseases. However, the current research on mHealth is less. OBJECTIVE: To explain the mode of mHealth in the prevention and control of chronic disease, its application effects, the current status of mHealth App at home and abroad, and to make the prospect of mHealth.  METHODS: We searched for the literatures related to mHealth at home and abroad, and explored its development status. We retrieved Ovid database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure for articles published untill December 2015. The key words were “mHealth, Chronic disease”. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) There were 32 English articles and 19 Chinese articles. Of them, 10 articles were about mHealth. 15 articles were related to chronic disease. 26 articles explored the use of mHealth in prevention and control of chronic disease. (2) Results suggested that mHealth has a certain effect and potential in the prevention and control of chronic diseases.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics