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30 August 2014, Volume 18 Issue 36 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Single-center experience of perioperative treatment of liver transplantation for acute hepatic failure Pei Li-juan, Xu Hong-bin, Jin Xin, Shi Xian-jie 2014, 18 (36):  5741-5746.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.001 Abstract ( 389 )   PDF (593KB) ( 664 )   Save BACKGROUND: Perioperative treatment of emergency liver transplantation for acute hepatic failure is extremely different from common liver transplantation, due to complex conditions, high risk, several complications, and high mortality. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the experience of emergency liver transplantation for acute hepatic failure during the perioperative period, and to increase the success rate in treatment of acute hepatic failure. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was undertaken on the clinical data of 38 cases undergone emergency liver transplantation for acute hepatic failure. There were 21 male and 17 female, who aged 15-69 years. Among them, 23 cases had hepatitis B virus (including 2 cases with hepatitis B and C virus), 7 cases had Wilsons disease, 3 cases had mushroom poisoning, 2 cases had unknown liver damage, 1 case had Tripterygium wilfordii poisoning, 1 case had decompensation after partial liver resection due to trauma, and 1 case had liver transplantation from corpse. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The survival time of the involve patients was 13-1 740 days, and the median survival time was 634 days. Perioperative survival rate was 76%, 1-year survival rate was 63%, and 2-year survival rate was 58%. During the perioperation nine cases died of brain edema and intracranial hypertension, renal failure, severe pulmonary infection, multiple organ failure, coagulation disorders (intracranial hemorrhage, upper digestive tract hemorrhage), acute respiratory distress syndrome and primary graft non-function. At present, emergency liver transplantation is still the most effective way for acute liver failure. Hemorrhage, infection and rejection are the leading causes of the death. Each perioperative treatment is of great significance for the success of liver transplantation and long-term survival. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exendin-4 effect on pancreatic islet function of donor rats with cardiac death at different heat ischemia time Che Yan-peng, Liu Yong-feng, Song Wen-qing, Liang Shi-bo 2014, 18 (36):  5747-5751.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.002 Abstract ( 434 )   PDF (690KB) ( 534 )   Save BACKGROUND: The use of donor rat of cardiac death inevitably experiences warm ischemia injury, so the length of warm ischemia time plays a significant role on the number and function of pancreatic islet obtained. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Exendin-4 on pancreatic islet function of donor rats with cardiac death at different heat ischemia time. METHODS: Islet cells from Wistar rats were cultured in vitro and randomly divided into three groups according to the experimental conditions: 0, 30, 45 min heat ischemia groups. Each group was further assigned into two subgroups, control group was cultured for 24 hours while experimental group wad cultured with 10 nmol/L Exendin-4 for 24 hours. The number of isolated pancreatic islets was calculated with diphenylthiocarbazone staining, and the purity of the extracted islets was adjusted. The viability of the islets was examined by AO/EB staining, and insulin secretion index assay was used to detect the function of the islets. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: With the time of heat ischemia increasing, the number, purity, viability and function of islet cells obtained were decreased. After the cells in heat ischemia 0, 30, 45 min groups were cultured with 10 nmol/L Exendin-4 for 24 hours, the number, purity and viability of isolated and purified islets were increased compared to the group without added Exendin-4. There was significant difference between experimental group and control group in 30-minute and 45-minute ischemia groups (P < 0.05). Exendin-4 can protect pancreatic islet cells in donor rats with cardiac death at different heat ischemia times, reduce the apoptosis, and improve islet survival and functions. The use of Exendin-4 can be an effective pretreatment method at early ischemia phase of islet transplantation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Variation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha during acute rejection after liver transplantation in a rhesus monkey Zhang Xi-bing, Ran Jiang-hua, Liu Jing, Zhang Sheng-ning, Li Lai-bang, Chen Yi-ming, Gao Yang, Li Wang, Li Li 2014, 18 (36):  5752-5757.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.003 Abstract ( 442 )   PDF (2486KB) ( 406 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor-α is an inflammatory cytokine involved in the immune response and increasing graft antigen expression. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between tumor necrosis factor-α in the liver tissue and acute rejection after liver transplantation in a rhesus monkey. METHODS: Liver transplant models in rhesus monkey were constructed by the improved vascular dual cuff, supporting tube of biliary tract and artery anastomosis method. The successful models were randomly divided into experimental group (no immunosuppressant treatment in perioperative period) and control group (treated by immunosuppressant in perioperative period). Then the blood samples and liver tissue were collected at 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours after surgery. Allograft rejections of liver transplantation were monitored by liver function tests, hematoxylin-eosin staining and Banff score. Finally, the expression level of tumor necrosis factor-α was detected by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry technique. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in the experimental group and control group began to increase at 6 hours, reached the peak at 12 hours, and then decreased at 24-72 hours. The changes of expression level were the most obvious in the experimental group. At 6, 12, 24 and 72 hours, the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group  (P < 0.05). This change appeared earlier than pathological changes in the liver and liver function. Variations in the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α after liver transplantation have important implications for early diagnosis of acute rejection after liver transplantation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interleukin-6 expression in rhesus monkey models with acute rejection after liver transplantation Ran Jiang-hua, Zhang Xi-bing, Liu Jing, Zhang Sheng-ning, Li Lai-bang, Gao Yang, Chen Yi-ming, Li Wang, Li Li 2014, 18 (36):  5758-5763.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.004 Abstract ( 354 )   PDF (2322KB) ( 502 )   Save BACKGROUND: Interleukin-6 is an important cytokine in the immune inflammatory response, strongly links with graft rejection reaction, and plays an important role in diagnosis of graft rejection and evaluation of anti-rejection. OBJECTIVE: To measure the expression of interleukin-6 in acute rejection of the liver transplantation in the rhesus monkey, and to evaluate the value as an early diagnosis of acute rejection after liver transplantation. METHODS: A total of 16 rhesus monkeys were used as the object and randomly divided into experimental group (no treated by immunosuppressant in perioperative period), and control group (treated by immunosuppressant in perioperative period). The allograft orthotopic liver transplantation models were established in those monkeys. Then serum and liver tissue were collected at 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours after surgery. Allograft rejection was monitored by liver function tests, and hematoxylin-eosin staining of liver and Banff score. Finally, the expression levels of interleukin-6 were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Acute graft rejection reaction appeared at 12, 24 and 72 hours after liver transplantation in the experimental group. The expressions of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group at 24 and 72 hours (P < 0.05). Histological manifestations were severer and Banff score was higher in the experimental group at 72 hours than in the control group (P < 0.05). Interleukin-6 levels were significantly higher in the serum and liver tissue of experimental group than in the control group at 12, 24 and 72 hours after liver transplantation (P < 0.05), especially at 72 hours. Results suggested that interleukin-6 possibly participated in rejection after liver transplantation. The expression of interleukin-6 was probably of significance in the early diagnosis of acute rejection after orthotopic liver transplantation in rhesus monkeys. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Trifluoperazine decreases scar thickness in a rabbit model of hypertrophic scar ear Guan Jian, Wang Ye 2014, 18 (36):  5764-5769.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.005 Abstract ( 371 )   PDF (2220KB) ( 640 )   Save BACKGROUND: Conventional treatments for hypertrophic scars include excision, steroid hormones, anti-metabolite drugs, immunosuppressive agents and radiation therapy. Easy to relapse or serious reaction limits their clinical use. In recent years, application of calcium channel blockers in treatment of hypertrophic scars has made more good progresses, but little adverse reactions are obtained. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of calcium channel blocker trifluoperazine on hypertrophic scar of rabbit ears. METHODS: A total of 24 rabbits were enrolled in this study. After 1 week of accommodation, models of rabbit ear scar were established in accordance with the method of Morris and Li et al. Rabbit models were randomly assigned to three group (n=8). At 30 days after model induction, when scar formed, trifluoperazine and triamcinolone acetonide groups received trifluoperazine and triamcinolone acetonide injection. Blank control group was left intact. Changes in hyperplastic scar, hypertrophic index, levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2, transforming growth factor β1, α-smooth muscle actin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen were compared and observed in each group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 10 and 20 days after treatment, in the three groups, skin bulge was visible in rabbit ears and no rabbit hair grew. Rabbit ears had obvious softening in the trifluoperazine group compared with the triamcinolone acetonide group, showing dark red. In the blank control group, rabbit ear scar was evident and showed red color. At 20 days after treatment, scar thickness and scar index were lower in the trifluoperazine and triamcinolone acetonide groups than in the blank control group. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression was significantly higher, but tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 and transforming growth factor β1 levels were lower in the trifluoperazine and triamcinolone acetonide groups than in the blank control group. Results indicated that trifluoperazine obtained good proliferative effects on rabbit ear scar, and could decrease scar thickness. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Removal of glucocordicoids influences the occurrence of microalbuminuria in recipients receiving renal transplantation Zuo Fu-jie, Wang Li-ming, Feng Xiao-fang, Min Min, Han Shu 2014, 18 (36):  5770-5775.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.006 Abstract ( 415 )   PDF (626KB) ( 446 )   Save BACKGROUND: Long-term use of corticosteroids (hereinafter referred to as hormone) after renal transplantation could obviously lead to adverse reactions. Immunosuppressive regimen with less and no hormone has been a hot focus in the study of renal transplantation all over the world. However, reduction or withdrawal of hormones has a certain risk. At present, there is no unified scheme. Because urine protein can be immediately detected after tubular injury, to monitor urine protein can find the renal dysfunction after transplantation in recipients undergoing renal transplantation, which can gain time for clinical therapy. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the influence of hormone (prednisone) removal on the occurrence of urine protein in recipients undergoing renal transplantation. METHODS: A total of 35 recipients undergoing renal transplantation after removal of prednisone received immunosuppressive regimen of cyclosporine A or tacrolimus + mycophenolate mofetil bivalent. Initial dose of prednisone was 30 mg/d, and then gradually reduced by 5 mg per week, and withdrawn at 1 month after renal transplantation. There were 16 cases in cyclosporine A group and 19 cases in tacrolimus group. Urine protein was measured and quantified at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after renal transplantation and 3, 6 and 12 months after addition of prednisone in both groups. Simultaneously, serum creatinine, fasting glucose, body mass increases, the rate of acute rejection, infection, patient/graft survival at 2 years after renal transplantation and urine protein at 24 hours before and after adding hormone were recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: For the two groups, urine α1-microglobulin started to rise after 6 months of removal of prednisone. Urinary microalbumin, urinary α1-microglobulin, and urinary transferrin ascended obviously at 12 months. Urinary protein was positive in five cases of cyclosporine A group and in three cases of tacrolimus group. At 24 months, urinary microalbumin, urinary α1-microglobulin, urinary transferrin and urinary IgG ascended obviously. Urinary protein was positive in cyclosporine A group with 11 cases and in tacrolimus group with 10 cases. 24-hour urinary protein quantity was more than 1 g in every case. On this base, we made the patients to take more prednisone for 6 months, so urine α1-microglobulin and urinary microalbumin began to descend. Each group had one case of positive urinary protein turning to negative. Twelve months after the adjustment of the prednisone, urinary microalbumin, urinary α1-microglobulin, and urinary transferrin descended respectively. Positive urinary protein turned into negative: in cyclosporine A group with two cases and in tacrolimus group with three cases. 24-hour urinary protein quantity was around 0.7 g. Two years after renal transplantation, serum creatinine and acute rejection rates were higher in the cyclosporine A group than in the tacrolimus group (P < 0.05). No significant difference in fasting glucose, body mass increase, infections, and patient/graft survival was detectable between both groups. Results suggested that removal of prednisone greatly affected urine protein in recipients undergoing renal transplantation. In particular, at 2 years after renal transplantation, urinary microalbumin, urinary α1-microglobulin, urinary transferrin and urinary IgG ascended obviously, and the security needs further research. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Immunologic induction therapy affects immune status of recipients after kidney transplantation Li Jian, Xu Ya-hong, Guo Yu, Ma Xiao-ping, Lu Yi, Li Yang-bo, Jia Zhi-gang, Zhao Qi-hua, Luo Shun-wen, Chen Ping 2014, 18 (36):  5776-5780.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.007 Abstract ( 260 )   PDF (672KB) ( 513 )   Save BACKGROUND: At present, biological agent-involved immunologic induction therapy gradually became a key component in immunosuppression therapy of kidney transplantation. It can effectively prevent acute rejection and avoid the appearance of complications. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of different biological agents on immune state and functional status of transplanted kidney in immunologic induction therapy. METHODS: Clinical data of 110 recipients with kidney transplantation were retrospectively analyzed. In accordance with the conditions of immunologic induction therapy, recipients in the monoclonal antibody group (n=35) received basiliximab. Recipients in the polyclonal antibody group (n=43) underwent rabbit anti-human antithymocyteglobulin. Recipients in the control group (n=32) did not receive immunologic induction therapy. Absolute value of lymphocytes and the number of CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood were comparatively analyzed among three groups at 1, 4 and 12 weeks after kidney transplantation. Functional status of the transplanted kidney and complications of infection were evaluated at 12 weeks after transplantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The incidence of acute rejection was lower in the monoclonal antibody group and polyclonal antibody group than in the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of infectious complications was higher in the polyclonal antibody group than in the monoclonal antibody group and control group (P < 0.05). The absolute value of lymphocytes was lower in the monoclonal antibody group and polyclonal antibody group at 1, 4 and 12 weeks after transplantation than in the control group (P < 0.05). The number of CD4+ T lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood was lower in the polyclonal antibody group than in the monoclonal antibody group and control group at 1, 4 and 12 weeks after transplantation (P < 0.05). These results suggested that biological agents participate in immunologic induction therapy of kidney transplantation, can effectively suppress the functional status of activated T lymphocytes, and decrease the occurrence of early acute rejection of the transplanted kidney. However, the incidence of infectious complications was higher after the use of rabbit anti-human antithymocyteglobulin. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Constructing a rat model of traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head with articular surface collapse and prevention mechanism of alendronate Xin Da-sen, Fan Meng, Jiang Wen-xue 2014, 18 (36):  5781-5787.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.008 Abstract ( 386 )   PDF (823KB) ( 596 )   Save BACKGROUND: Clinical follow-up studies have shown that alendronate is effective to prevent femoral head collapse following traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head, but its mechanism remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects and mechanisms of alendronate on prevention of collapse in traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. METHODS: Totally 45 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, with 15 rats in each group. Placebo group received physiological saline after establishing models of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Alendronate group received treatment of alendronate after model induction. Sham surgery group received an equal volume of physiological saline. At 5 weeks after model establishment, the rats were sacrificed. Femoral samples at the modeling side were collected for general observation, X-ray irradiation, Micro-CT and histological detection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: General observation revealed that the femoral head was obviously deformed in the placebo group, but mild deformity was visible in the alendronate group. The ratio of height to width of the femoral head ranked as follows: sham surgery group > alendronate group > placebo group, showing significant differences. Micro-CT scanning results demonstrated that the mean number of bone trabecula was more in the alendronate group than in the placebo group, but less than sham surgery group, showing significant differences. The mean thickness of bone trabecula was less in the alendronate group than in the placebo group, but no significant difference was detectable as compared with the sham surgery group. The mean spacing of bone trabecula was less in the alendronate group than in the placebo group, but larger than in the sham surgery group, showing significant differences. Bone volume, bone surface area and bone mineral density were larger in the alendronate group than in the placebo group, but less than sham surgery group, showing significant differences. Histological detection results demonstrated that apparent sequestrum existed and osteoclasts were obviously inhibited in the alendronate group. The number of osteoclasts was noticeably less in the alendronate group than in the placebo group. Osteoblasts and new vessels were suppressed to some degrees. Results suggested that alendronate can inhibit curing reaction through inhibiting osteoclast and osteoblast activity and vessel formation, which can finally slow down the absorption of necrotic bone and preserve femoral head mass and shape. Thus, alendronate can be used as a preventive against femoral head collapse in rats with traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional visualization models of maxillofacial region based on CT and MRI images using a personal computer Wang Jiao, Liu Yang, Li Xu, Wang Yan, Liu Wen-fang, Ren Guo-shan 2014, 18 (36):  5788-5792.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.009 Abstract ( 419 )   PDF (692KB) ( 1473 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recently, scholars all over the world have made numerous studies on three-dimensional visualization model of reconstructing maxillofacial bone tissue, skin, and muscle in the ordinary PC. However, few studies concerned the three-dimensional visualization model of constructing maxillofacial bone tissue, skin, muscle and blood vessels. OBJECTIVE: To establish a three-dimensional visualization model of the complete maxillofacial region using an ordinary PC based on spiral CT, MRI data, and three-dimensional reconstruction software. METHODS: One healthy male adult was chosen as the object in this study. CT and MRI were performed respectively to acquire the DICOM standardized image of the sample. All CT and MRI images were imported to Mimics to construct three-dimensional visualization models of the bones in the maxillofacial region, some masseter muscles, trigeminal cistern, internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein. Three-dimensional model of the bones in the maxillofacial region was chosen as the reference. Models of muscles, blood vessels and trigeminal cistern established by MRI images were imported, and registration in space of three-dimensional model was performed. At last, three-dimensional visualization model of the complete maxillofacial region was acquired. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The integrated three-dimensional models of the bones, muscles, skin, trigeminal cistern and blood vessels in the maxillofacial region established accurately reflected the complex anatomic structure of maxillofacial region, provided reliable anatomic data for clinical diagnosis and laid a good foundation for sham operations in the future. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes in glomerular filtration barrier in rat models of acute exhaustive exercise after intervention with sodium houttuyfonate Lin Xi-xiu, Qiu Ji-wang, Luo Zi-qiang, Qu Shu-lin, Zhao Yong-qiang 2014, 18 (36):  5793-5798.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.010 Abstract ( 329 )   PDF (1068KB) ( 353 )   Save BACKGROUND: In high-intensity exhaustive exercise process, the body must bear the exercise intensity decreasing splanchnic blood flow “ischemia”, at the same time, along with the movement of energy and material consumption, metabolite accumulation and oxidative stress in the body cause pathological damage, leading to a decline in exercise capacity. Thus, what is the impact on kidney filtration barrier? How to adapt to the change of renal tissue? Houttuynia cordata has the functions of heat clearing and detoxifying, dieresis for treating strangurtia, hemostatic, expelling phlegm to arrest coughing and analgesia, if it has a protective effect on the renal injury caused by acute exhaustive exercise and its mechanism has not been reported in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of acute exhaustive exercise on kidney filtration barrier in rats and the intervention effect of Houttuynia cordata. METHODS: After resting and watching for 3 days, Sprague-Dawley rats received adaptive running for 15 minutes at a speed of 10 m/min on a 0° treadmill. A total of 24 rats, which can finish the running, were selected. They were divided into normal control group, exhaustive exercise group and dosed exhaustive exercise group according to the weight of layer (n=8). Rats in the exhaustive exercise group and dosed exhaustive exercise group on the 10° treadmill received once exhaustive exercise. Dosed exhaustive exercise group received intraperitoneal injection of sodium houttuyfonate 10 mL/kg at 30 minutes before exercises. The normal control group did not do any exercise. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the normal control group, serum urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, urine protein content, malondialdehyde concentration, renal cell apoptosis and apoptosis index were significantly increased, but nitric oxide content and nitric oxide synthase activity in the renal tissue were significantly deceased in the exhaustive exercise group (P < 0.05 or 0.01). Glomerular filtration epithelial cells, the kidney filtration barrier of basement membrane and podocyte damage were obvious, showing abundant cell apoptosis, occasionally necrosis. Compared with the exhaustive exercise group, urine protein content, serum creatinine, malondialdehyde concentration, renal cell apoptosis and apoptosis index were significantly reduced, but nitric oxide content and nitric oxide synthase activity were significantly increased in the dosed exhaustive exercise group (P < 0.05). No obvious pathological changes were detected, but apoptosis was visible. These findings confirmed that houttuynine made a reduction in renal cell injury induced by exhaustive exercise and possibly significantly reduced apoptosis, increased nitric oxide synthase content, decreased malonaldehyde, and apparently increased superoxide dismutase activity, and finally protected injured renal tissue induced by exhaustive exercise. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimal dose of Ligustrazine nanoparticles in a rat model of experimental peritoneal adhesion Zhu Yan, Li Wen-lin, Zeng Li, Mao Chun-qin, Wang Xiao-wen 2014, 18 (36):  5799-5804.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.011 Abstract ( 512 )   PDF (829KB) ( 408 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ligustrazine can effectively prevent and treat peritoneal adhesion and adhesive ileus after surgical treatment. OBJECTIVE: To prepare Ligustrazine nanoparticle spray which is prepared to achieve sustained release and improve clinical efficacy and to explore its optimal dose for preventing experimental peritoneal adhesions in rats. METHODS: Eighty rats were randomly divided into five groups: model group, sodium hyaluronate group, high-, medium- and low-dose Ligustrazine nanoparticle groups, with 16 rats in each group. After peritoneal adhesion model was established with rasp method, model group was immediately subject to abdomen-closing, while sodium hyaluronate group and Ligustrazine nanoparticle groups received sodium hyaluronate smearing and Ligustrazine nanoparticle spray (2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg), respectively. All rats were killed at 1 and 2 weeks after modeling, to observe adhesions. The adhesion score was recorded. The adhesive tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for pathological changes. The level of transformation growth factor-β1 in peritoneal fluid of rats was detected with ELISA assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Ligustrazine Nanoparticle spray had a sustained release effect, and prolonged the duration of action of drugs, thus achieving a better anti-adhesion effect post-surgery. The medium- and high-dose Ligustrazine nanoparticle sprays exhibited better anti-adhesion effects, and improved the rise of transformation growth factor-β1 level in the peritoneal fluid. As the drug concentration is low, the intraperitoneal administration in a spray manner is preferred. Because the total dose is limited, we define the optimal effective dose as 5 mg/kg. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Harmine has no lung-protective effects in a canine model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury Zhang Hao, Qi Hai, Li Yuan-ming, Chen Jia-hua 2014, 18 (36):  5805-5812.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.012 Abstract ( 274 )   PDF (800KB) ( 368 )   Save BACKGROUND: Inflammatory cell activation and the generation of oxygen free radicals are important factors of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Adding the drugs with anti-inflammation and antioxidant effects into the lung preservation solution used, can improve the protection fluid, and play a crucial role in the study of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury and protection of the function of transplanted lung. OBJECTIVE: To discussion the effect of harmine in canine model of pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS: Twelve healthy hybrid dogs were randomly divided into two groups, with six rats in each group. A canine model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury was established, and the protecting liquid was perfused with the clockwise irrigation method. Control group: low potassium dextran protective fluid; experimental group: low potassium dextran + harmine protective fluid. After 2 hours of ischemia, the left lung circulation was recovered. The left lung tissue and blood samples were collected from two groups of animal models after reperfusion, and their cytokines levels and the lung wet/dry weight ratio were detected and calculated. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected to observe the pathological indicators. The main pulmonary artery pressure, left and right pulmonary artery pressure were recorded by continuous monitoring. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no statistically significant differences in the interleukin-17, tumor necrosis factor α and endothelin 1 content in the left lung tissue and the blood between the two groups at 2 and  4 hours after reperfusion (P > 0.05). After 4 hours of reperfusion in both groups, the neutrophil number, the  number of lymphocytes, alveolar edema index, and vascular wall damage in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). Through the analysis of variance, the main pulmonary artery pressure, left pulmonary artery pressure and right pulmonary artery pressure also had no statistical significance between the two groups (P > 0.05). By the analysis of cytokines, pathological indicators, lung wet/dry weight ratio, and pulmonary arterial pressure, harmine has no significant lung protection effect in canine model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of huwentoxin on tumor necrosis factor apoptotic pathway in the hippocampus of a rat model of cerebral ischemia Wang Yi-rong, Mao Hai-feng, Chen Jia-qin 2014, 18 (36):  5813-5818.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.013 Abstract ( 318 )   PDF (739KB) ( 709 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ion channel analytical technique has verified that huwentoxin is an N-type Ca2+ channel blocker affecting on presynaptic membrane. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of N-type Ca2+ channel blocker huwentoxin on expressions of tumor necrosis factor α, tumor necrosis factor receptor I, tumor necrosis factor receptor-related death domain, Fas-related death domain protein and Caspase 8 in the hippocampi of rat models of global cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury. METHODS: Rat models of global cerebral ischemia and subarachnoid catheter were established using Pulsinelli 4-vessel occlusion and then received infusion of huwentoxin or normal saline via a PE10 tube. Morphological changes in the mitochondria and ultrastructure of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats with global cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury were observed using electron microscope. The expressions of tumor necrosis factor α, tumor necrosis factor receptor I, tumor necrosis factor receptor-related death domain, Fas-related death domain protein and Caspase 8 were measured using RT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Huwentoxin could maintain the basic morphology of mitochondria of rats with global cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury and decrease the expressions of tumor necrosis factor α, tumor necrosis factor receptor I, tumor necrosis factor receptor-related death domain, Fas-related death domain protein and Caspase 8 mRNA. Results suggested that huwentoxin as a novel N-type Ca2+ channel blocker could block extracellular Ca2+ influx, reduce intracellular Ca2+ concentration, diminish a series of pathological lesion induced by intracellular Ca2+ overload, protect nerve cells, and lessen the injury to nerve cells of hippocampus after ischemia and hypoxia. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of serum tumor necrosis factor-аlpha and interleukin-1beta in a vascular dementia rat model undergoing total flavonoids of hippophae Qiao Xiao-ming, Ren Shi-cun 2014, 18 (36):  5819-5824.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.014 Abstract ( 271 )   PDF (784KB) ( 481 )   Save BACKGROUND: Total flavonoids of hippophae have different degrees of regulation effect on the immune system. However, there is no available evidence addressing the effect of total flavonoids of hippophae on vascular dementia inflammatory factor. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of total flavonoids of hippophae on serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β levels in a rat model of vascular dementia, and to discuss its interventional mechanism for vascular dementia. METHODS: A total of 72 Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham operation, model, control, high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose of total flavonoids of hippophae groups. Except for the sham operation group, rats in the other five groups were applied to establish vascular dementia models using the improved “vascular occlusion” method. Sham operation group was only subjected to the isolation of bilateral common carotid artery, without ligation. At 1 day after modeling, rats in control group was intragastrically given Ginkgo biloba extracts 48 mg/kg•d, while rats in total flavonoids of hippophae groups were given 200, 100, 50 mg/kg•d of total flavonoids of hippophae. Model group and sham operation group received equal volume of saline. After 30 days of administration, rats were detected in Morris water maze. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β levels of rats in different groups were detected after intervention.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with sham operation group, the vascular dementia model rats had a disordered learning and memory ability, and increased levels of serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β (P < 0.05). After intervention of Ginkgo biloba extracts and total flavonoids of hippophae, the learning and memory abilities were improved, and serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β levels were decreased (P < 0.05). Total flavonoids of hippophae can reduce serum tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β levels in vascular dementia rats. This may be the main mechanism of treating vascular dementia. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Mailuoning on an ischemia/reperfusion injury model in the system of simulated in vivo physiological environment for amputated limbs Zhang Shao-chun, Qin Xin-yuan, Zuo You-wei, Gao Lei, Yin Ye-feng, Wang Jiang-ning 2014, 18 (36):  5825-5829.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.015 Abstract ( 421 )   PDF (830KB) ( 722 )   Save BACKGROUND: Reducing the ischemia-reperfusion injury in the system of simulated in vivo physiological environment for amputated limbs, can extend the preservation time and improve the replantation success rate of amputated limb. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Mailuoning on the ischemia-reperfusion injury in the system of simulated in vivo physiological environment for amputated limbs. METHODS: The left hind legs harvested from 18 healthy adult male Bama mini-pigs were randomly divided into three groups: cold storage group, blood perfusion group, Mailuoning combined blood perfusion group, with six pigs in each group. After the left hind legs of each pig in all groups were amputated and stored at room temperature for 3 hours, the amputated legs were placed at 4 ℃, perfused with blood, or perfused with Mailuoning combined blood. After 6 hours of perfusion, the morphology of amputated limbs was observed under transmission electron microscope. The mRNA levels of apoptosis proteins Caspase3 and inflammatory factor interleukin-1β were detected by real time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Transmission electron microscopy results showed that, the muscle fibers in blood perfusion group and Mailuoning combined blood perfusion group arranged more orderly and were more complete than cold storage group, the swelling of mitochondria was lighter. In addition, the condition in Mailuoning combined blood perfusion group was better than in blood perfusion group. RT-PCR results showed that the expression of Caspase3 and interleukin-1β was increased in all groups; at the same time, the expression level in blood perfusion group and Mailuoning combined blood perfusion group was significantly lower than those in cold storage group. Mailuoning combined blood perfusion group had s lower expression than blood perfusion group. In the system of simulated in vivo physiological environment for amputated limbs, Mailuoning can significantly reduce the ischemia/reperfusion injury of skeletal muscle cells and prolong the preservation time of amputated limbs. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction on ischemia reperfusion injury after limb replantation in rats Zhang Hui, Yuan Zhi-guo, Shao Jian-jun 2014, 18 (36):  5830-5835.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.016 Abstract ( 368 )   PDF (881KB) ( 408 )   Save BACKGROUND: Traditional Chinese medicine plays a specific role in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of ischemia reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction on ischemia reperfusion injury in rats after replantation of of lower limbs, and evaluate the protective effect and mechanism of ischemic tissue. METHODS: A total of 120 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control (intragastric administration of saline after anesthesia), Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction (intragastric administration of 10 mL/kg Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction immediately after reperfusion), edaravone (intravenous administration of 10 mL/kg edaravone immediately after reperfusion), and blank control (intragastric administration of saline) groups. At 24 hours after reperfusion, the myeloperoxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, nitricoxide synthase, inducible nitricoxide synthase, constitutive nitricoxide synthase level in the blood were detected. At 1 week after reperfusion, the activity of superoxide dismutase in gastrocnemius tissue, nitrogen monoxidum and malondialdehyde, and the load of Ca2+ were assayed. RT-PCR semiquantitative analysis was performed to detect bcl-2 mRNA and bax mRNA transcriptional levels in the gastrocnemius. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction protected the rats from ischemia reperfusion injury by reducing the production of oxygen free radicals, reinforcing the activity of superoxide dismutase, lessening the calcium overload, decreasing the production of nitrogen monoxidum, up-regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2, down-regulating the expression of pro-apoptotic gene bax, and attenuating the injury of skeletal muscle after ischemia reperfusion injury. Bu Yang Huan Wu Decoction has significant protection on cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in rats after replantation of severed limb, which may be related to the scavenge of free radicals, inhibition of skeletal cells apoptosis, and attenuation of reperfusion injury. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Role of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 activity in flap ischemia-reperfusion injury Zheng Liang1, Wu Xiao-wei, Song Hai-chen, Jian Qi-chao, Liu Ying-ying, Zhao Xiang-yi, Zhang Li-ming 2014, 18 (36):  5836-5841.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.017 Abstract ( 335 )   PDF (801KB) ( 526 )   Save BACKGROUND: Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 activity-induced inflammations and infection have been extensively accepted. However, there was no report concerning its effects on flap ischemia-reperfusion injury. OBJECTIVE: To explore the significance of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 activity in flap ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS: A total of 36 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into sham-operated group (n=12), ischemia-reperfusion group (n=12) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 group (n=12). The models of right lower abdominal island flap ischemia-reperfusion injury were set up. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 group was intraperitoneally injected with 1 mL of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (100 μmol/L) before reperfusion. The flaps were collected at 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after ischemia-reperfusion injury for histopathhological observation. At 1 hour after ischemia-reperfusion, protein expression of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 was detected in flaps. The proportion of flap survival was calculated at 7 days after surgery.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Histopathological observation demonstrated that compared with the ischemia-reperfusion injury group, neutrophil infiltration and edema was evidently improved, and the protein expression of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 was gradually reduced in the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 group. Flap survival proportions were respectively (51.70 ±7.62)% and (86.56±12.23)% in the ischemia-reperfusion injury group and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 group at 7 days after surgery. There were significant differences in the flap survival proportion between the two groups (P < 0.01). These results showed that after flap ischemia-reperfusion injury, the inhibition of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 activities could elevate the survival rate of transplanted flap. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Gastric distention-related neurons in dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve of rats in response to different acupuncture acupoints Chen Shu, Yong Chun-yan, Chen Heng, Chu Xiao, Zhang Chao, Tan Cheng, Ye Lan, Li Jiang-shan 2014, 18 (36):  5842-5846.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.018 Abstract ( 314 )   PDF (712KB) ( 776 )   Save BACKGROUND: Preliminary studies of our research group mainly focus on the role of nucleus of solitary tract in gastric noxious stimulation and acupuncture point, while dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus of solitary tract and area postrema are the necessary component for vagus nerve complex, and dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve plays a crucial role in the regulation of gastric functions. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of acupuncture at Zusanli, Neiguan, Pishu and Shenshu acupoints on the gastric-related neurons in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. METHODS: The gastric related neurons in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve of gastric distension rats were identified using extracellular recording technique, according to neuroelectrophysiology method. Acupuncture stimulation was given to Zusanli, Neiguan, Pishu and Shenshu for 15 seconds. The effect of body stimulation on the gastric distension related neurons in dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve of rats was recorded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among the involved 24 rats, 90 neurons at paraventricular hypothalamic necleus exhibited discharge. Among the discharged neurons, 54 neurons were related to gastric distension. After acupuncture stimulation at Zusanli, Neiguan, Pishu and Shenshu, there were 44, 39, 38, 27 neurons giving a response, the reaction rate was 82%, 72%, 70% and 50%, respectively. Acupunture at different nerve segment acupoints can activate the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve to different degrees, which is involved in the regulation of gastric motility. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Control study between behavioral and pathological findings of the transected spinal cord model in rats Yin Wen-hua, Lei Ying, Ma Guo-dong, Liu Guo-qiang, Chen Mu-ji, Hua Jin-chang 2014, 18 (36):  5847-5854.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.019 Abstract ( 317 )   PDF (794KB) ( 747 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ideal models of spinal cord injury should simulate human spinal cord injury, exclude confounding factors affecting effects, and have extensive repeatability. Spinal cord transection model is an ideal choice at present. Nevertheless, the operation is diverse, so therapeutic effects have great differences, and the research results lack of comparability. OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze behavioral changes and pathological features of rat hindlimb after spinal cord transection by establishing standardized model of transected spinal cord in rats. METHODS: A total of 60 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham surgery group (n=12), conventional spinal cord transection group (n=24) and microscopic spinal cord transection group (n=24). Each group was randomly assigned to 7-day, 14-day and 28-day groups according to time points after model establishment. T9 vertebrae were considered as a center. Sham surgery group underwent laminectomy. Other groups underwent spinal cord transection. Thus, models of acute spinal cord injury were induced. Models in the conventional spinal cord transection group were established by conventional surgical methods. Models in the microscopic spinal cord transection group were established by standardization micromanipulation technique. At 7, 14 and 28 days after model establishment, motor function of hindlimb was evaluated using Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scoring system. Histopathology of transected spinal cord was observed. The thickness of the glial scar, the longitudinal distance between the two stumps, the transverse diameter of the spinal cord cavity and cerebrospinal fluid cyst formation were measured at the transected site of the spinal cord. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the sham surgery group, preoperative and postoperative BBB scores and pathology of the spinal cord did not clearly change. In the conventional spinal cord transection group and microscopic spinal cord transection group, complete paralysis of hindlimb was detected after model establishment. Hindlimb function did not recover in the conventional spinal cord transection group. At 1 to 2 weeks after model induction, spontaneous recovery of hindlimb function was visible in rats of the microscopic spinal cord transection group. Spinal pathology index value was significantly lower in the microscopic spinal cord transection group than in the conventional spinal cord transection group (P < 0.01). Pathological observations were not correlated with BBB scores in each group. These data indicated that standardized spinal cord transection method helps to eliminate individual differences and to quantitatively analyze and to compare studies addressing therapeutic effects. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimizing a method of establishing colon cancer liver metastasis models Wang Li, Wen Xi-nian, Gao Hua, Xu Xin-cai, Li Tao, Zhang Wen-bin 2014, 18 (36):  5855-5860.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.020 Abstract ( 702 )   PDF (2154KB) ( 1248 )   Save BACKGROUND: The metastasis ways of colon cancer include blood metastasis, peritoneal metastasis and lymph node metastasis. Among them, the most common metastasis organ is the liver. It is necessary to establish a simple, suitable animal model to study the biological behavior of the colon cancer liver metastasis, the heterogeneity of cancer cells, and the mechanism of tumor metastasis. OBJECTIVE: To establish animal model of colon cancer liver metastasis with splenectomy injection method. METHODS: Human colon cancer cell lines HT29 were cultured, and subcutaneously transplanted tumor was produced in BALB/c mice. Models of colon cancer liver metastases were established through spleen injection and excision of spleen method. The tumor growth and metastasis, the pathology of transplanted tumor, DNA content and cell cycle of the transplanted tumor were all determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In this study, we successfully established the model of colon cancer liver metastases through the spleen injection via the dorsal midline incision, the tumor formation rate reached 8/8 (100%). Observation of tissue slice showed that the transplanted tumor was adenocarcinoma I-II. Flow cytometry analysis results showed that DNA ploid was heteroploid DNA. This model provides a good technical platform for biology research for colon cancer metastasis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Kainic acid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress model Yuan Lei, Zhang Hai-xia, Qian Shi-lei, Xu Bin, Gong Ji-qin, Liu Xiang-hua, Tang Yuan, Yu Hua-xu 2014, 18 (36):  5861-5867.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.021 Abstract ( 351 )   PDF (2869KB) ( 608 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that kainic acid injected into hippocampus can significantly upregulate the expression of excitatory KA1 subunit of the kainate receptor in the hippocampus, and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2, accompanied by cell death. OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum stress after kainic acid is injected into the hippocampus. METHODS: 0.15 nmol kainic acid was injected into the hippocampal CA1 region of 32 adult male Kunming mice, the injection time was 60 seconds. At different time points (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 12 hours) after kainic acid was injected, the Bederson score analysis was performed, and then the brain was harvested after cerebral perfusion. FJB staining of brain sections and immunofluorescence double labeled observation were also performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) At 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 hours after kainic acid injection, Bederson score showed severe injury of central nervous system function, and FJB staining showed the increased of cell death in the hippocampus (P < 0.05); At 1, 2, 12 hours after injection, Bederson score showed no obvious injury of central nervous system function, and FJB staining showed unobvious cell death in the hippocampus (P > 0.05). (2) According to the results of FJB staining, the brain sections were selected at 3, 8 hours for immunohistochemistry. The expressionlevels of KA1 receptors and endoplasmic reticulum stress marker P-eIF2α were up-regulated at the same time after kainic acid was injected into hippocampus. Two single-staining KA1 and P-eIF2α immunofluorescence images were synthesized into one over-lapped double-stained image, and two images overlapped, indicating that the up-regulated expression of KA1 and endoplasmic reticulum stress occurred in the same nerve cells. Kainic acid first up-regulated the excitatory receptor KA1 expression, which may cause cell endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction and result in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response, further promoting neuronal cell death. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a severe aplastic anemia mouse model by using recombinant human interferon-gamma plus busulfan Liu Xiang, Zhong Shu-ping, Hou Li-jun, Xie Feng, Li Xue-gang, Pang Wen-zheng, Xu Jing-bo, He Zhi-guo 2014, 18 (36):  5868-5873.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.022 Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (910KB) ( 569 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is important to establish an ideal mouse model of severe aplastic anemia for investigating the mechanism and finding new therapies for aplastic anemia. OBJECTIVE: To establish a severe aplastic anemia mouse model by using recombinant human interferon-γ and busulfan. METHODS: Sixty healthy Kunming female mice were randomly divided into two groups: model group (n=50) and control group (n=10). The model group was given recombinant human interferon-γ at a dose of 1×104 U/d by intraperitoneal injection and busulfan at a dose of 18 mg/(kg•d) through stomach feeding for 7 days. The same volume of physiological saline was given to control group. Multi-parameters, including general condition, body weight, blood cell count, morphology and biopsy of bone marrow were analyzed in two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At day 7 after treatment, the weight, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, blood platelet, reticulocyte count in model group were significantly lower than control group (P < 0.05). Bone marrow smears and biopsy of model group showed marked reduction of bone marrow proliferation and increases of percentages of non-hematopoietic cell clusters and adipose tissue. The oil drop and fat vacuole were apparently seen in the model group. Severe aplastic anemia mouse model can be established by using recombinant human interferon-γ and busulfan successfully, which is economic, stable and easy to operate.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of multimodal analgesia on immunological function after renal transplantation Li Hong, Luo Yuan-guo, Zhang Xu, Zeng Jun, Wang Dong, Yuan Zhen-yu, Yuan Feng, Xu Wei-guo, Chen Jie-jing 2014, 18 (36):  5874-5878.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.023 Abstract ( 341 )   PDF (582KB) ( 499 )   Save BACKGROUND: Multimodal analgesia provides sufficient analgesia in renal recipients and appears to be associated with the recovery of renal function after transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of multimodal analgesia with dezocine on postoperative immunity after renal transplantation, and discuss the appropriate analgesic drugs and methods for patients with renal transplantation.  METHODS: Forty patients undergoing renal transplantation were randomly divided into two groups. They all received general anesthesia combined with epidural blockage. Control group received intramuscular injection of analgesic drugs when needed, while dezocine group received multimodal analgesia: preemptive anaIgesia with dezocine + patient-controlled epidural analgesia. The heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and saturation of blood oxygen were detected before anesthesia, 12, 24, 48 hours after transplantation. T lymphocyte subsets, interleukin-2, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 levels in venous blood were measured before anesthesia, 12, 24, 48 hours after transplantation.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with before anesthesia, the CD4+, CD8+ cell subset counts, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, the levels of interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 were decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and the levels of interleukin were significantly increased after transplantation in the control group (P < 0.05). The postoperative CD4+ cell subset counts, the levels of interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 were significantly lower at 12 hours after transplantation than that before anesthesia (P < 0.05), then recovered to normal levels at 24 hours in dezocine group. The postoperative CD8+ cell subset counts, CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio were not changed before and after transplantation in the dezocine group. The levels of interleukin-10 in the dezocine group were significantly increased at 48 hours after transplantation compared with before anesthesia (P < 0.05), which was still lower than that in control group (P < 0.05). Multimodal analgesia with dezocine can effectively protect the immune system, promote short-term turnover of renal function, and prolong graft survival for patients with renal transplantation. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental animal models of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: classification and experimental applications Wang Yan-mao, Zhang Chang-qing 2014, 18 (36):  5879-5884.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.024 Abstract ( 478 )   PDF (787KB) ( 890 )   Save BACKGROUND: So far there is not an ideal animal model for clinical research of osteonecrosis of the femoral head, which hinders its development. OBJECTIVE: To compare the merits and characteristics of different methods and various animal models, and to provide a reference for selection of models of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. METHODS: Literature search was performed in databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, published from 2006 to 2014 by computers. The key words were “Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head, Animal model, Vivo Experiment, Legg Calve Perthes disease, Osteoarthritis, Collapse of the Femoral Head, Trauma, Corticosteroid, Alcohol, Liquid Nitrogen” in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally, 48 articles were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head models simulates the most common clinical type, which is more effective in Legg Calve Perthes disease. Glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head models is more suitable for etiology, pathology and comprehensive research. Physical osteonecrosis of the femoral head models could be used for evaluating treatment methods, such as surgery. The ideal animal models should be similar with human in anatomy, histology and biomechanics; pathology, pathophysiology, and radiographic progression of osteonecrosis of the femoral head can simulate the whole process of human osteonecrosis of the femoral head, and it is easy to be obtained, cost-effective and good repeatable. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue and the evaluation methods Zhang Ling, Peng Tao, Yu Yan-ling 2014, 18 (36):  5885-5890.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.025 Abstract ( 281 )   PDF (729KB) ( 806 )   Save BACKGROUND: How to preserve the fertility and ovarian function in patients with procreation needs has important significance and broad application prospects. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the recent studies about ovarian tissue cryopreservation, preservation and evaluation methods, and to explore the best solution for ovarian tissue freezing. METHODS: An online computer-based retrieval of PubMed database and Wanfang database between January 1994 and January 2014 was performed by the first author. The key words were ovarian tissue, ovarian tissue cryopreservation, freezing factors in English and Chinese. Finally 59 literatures on the ovarian tissue cryopreservation technique, influencing factor of cryopreservation, resuscitation, and human ovarian tissue transplantation were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Currently, laboratory methods of ovarian tissue cryopreservation are divided into slow-rate freezing, ultra-rapid cooling and vitrification technology. The freezing effect may vary in different patients, tissue sections, cryoprotectants species, penetration time and frozen carrier. After the recovery, the histological morphology of granulosa cells and follicles was observed. The follicles were counted to evaluate ovarian tissue. Freeze-thaw effects were evaluated by observing the changes of subcellular structures. The apoptotic signals were also detected. Immunohistochemical analysis was applied to detect the proliferation after recovery and apoptosis-related information. Variation in the in vitro culture reflected endocrine levels. Genetic level detection was also performed. In recent years, frozen ovarian tissue is clinically applied for the transplantation, to restore reproductive endocrine function of the patients, or get mature germ cells, thereby preserving female fertility. However, there are still some questions about cryopreservation of ovarian tissue, which need further study. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Practice and thinking of quality management of organ procurement organization Cao Cui-ping, Huang Hai, Yu Yan-hua, Huo Feng 2014, 18 (36):  5891-5895.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.026 Abstract ( 264 )   PDF (681KB) ( 502 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the introduction of related policies on organ procurement and distribution, the organ procurement and standards of the organ procurement have a clear operational criteria, as well as how to allocate organs. But the work processes and organizational positioning on organ procurement organization are not enough elaborated and normal.  OBJECTIVE: To analyze the experience of Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command as the organ procurement organization units in quality management, timely review working progress and explore areas for improvement, which provide the corresponding countermeasures for enhancing quality management and establishing the efficient and professional organ procurement organization. METHODS: A computer-based online search in CNKI database and PubMed database was performed with the keywords of “organ donation, organ transplantation, Organ Procurement Organization, quality management” in English and Chinese by screening titles and abstracts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: According to relevant laws and regulations, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command formulates a standard evaluation standard and sets up the team, thus achieving the reunification of the responsibilities and powers. At the same time, they improve the relevant organ donation, acquisition, preservation, registration, and design different quality management plans according to these different aspects. In addition, In addition, the hospital hold regular coordinator training and make it standardization. Through a series of quality management measures, the hospital organ procurement organization has gradually regularized and achieved some results. It is recommended to further strengthen scientific research, achieve the unification of efficiency and effectiveness of scientific research; improve the awareness of the hospital leaders, consummate the mechanism of organ procurement; focus on personnel training, improve the professional quality of the organization members; enhance information management, achieve multi-disciplinary collaboration; build quality evaluation system, achieve the whole process of quality management; emphasize on medical ethics, and promote the harmony between the hospital and the patient. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of Spine Decide software in clinical teaching of spine surgery Huang Jing-hui, Ma Teng, Luo Zhuo-jing 2014, 18 (36):  5896-5898.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.027 Abstract ( 284 )   PDF (590KB) ( 459 )   Save BACKGROUND: Spine, due to its complicated structure and special functions, is always the difficulty and emphasis in clinical practice and medical education. It is an interesting top how to apply modern software in clinical teaching. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the application of Spine Decide software in clinical teaching of spine surgery. METHODS: Teachers can actively guide students to learn the diagnosis of spine diseases and to design surgery program using Spine Decide software. Then the students will participate in the surgical operation of the patients, which helps them better understand the diagnosis and treatment of spine surgery disease and the occurrence and development of spine diseases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The students actively participated in the process of learning through Spine Decide software, which helps them learn systematically, structurally the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of spine diseases in a short period. Application of Spine Decide into teaching activities has greatly improved the students’ abilities in self-learning and clinical analysis. Their enthusiasm to the learning and creativity has been greatly improved compared to traditional teaching methods; innovation and exploration have breakthrough improvement, finally achieving a good teaching effect. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Immediate breast reconstruction after modified radical mastectomy and latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap transplantation in 42 cases Zhang Min-min, Mo Jun-yang, Qin Shu-ting 2014, 18 (36):  5899-5904.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014.36.028 Abstract ( 254 )   PDF (706KB) ( 497 )   Save BACKGROUND: How to keep the intact shape of the breast while treating tumor has been widely concerned by more doctors and patients, breast reconstruction is introduced, developed and considered an important part in the treatment of breast tumors. OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility and therapeutic effects of immediate breast reconstruction after modified radical mastectomy and latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap transplantation. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and pathological features of 42 breast cancer patients under immediate breast reconstruction after modified radical mastectomy with latissimus dorsi musculocuraneous flap or extended latissimus dorsi musculocuraneous flap. The procedure duration, postoperative complications and cosmetic outcome were assessed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among the involved 42 patients, 33 cases underwent modified radical mastectomy, retaining the nipple and areola of breast, 9 cases underwent modified radical mastectomy, retaining the skin of breast, 24 cases underwent breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi musculocuraneous flap, 18 cases underwent breast reconstruction with extended latissimus dorsi musculocuraneous flap. The skin flap and reconstructed breast all survived, without severe complications. According to objective evaluation results, the cosmetic outcome was good in 39 cases and fair in 3 cases. The subjective evaluation results were good in 40 cases and fair in 2 cases. All the patients were followed up for 9-41 months. One patient had bone metastasis 19 months after operation and there was no case with local recurrence. Immediate breast reconstruction after modified radical mastectomy with latissimus dorsi musculocuraneous flap is a simple and feasible operation process, with optimal effects, high security, and high survival. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 全文链接： Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics