Table of Content

14 May 2011, Volume 15 Issue 20 Previous Issue    Next Issue

For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Reference Manager ProCite BibTeX RefWorks

Toggle Thumbnails

Select

Construction of vascularization artificial bone in vitro and ectopic osteogenesis in vivo Guo Ying, Ma Wei-dong, Chen Xiao-dong, Qu Zhe 2011, 15 (20):  3611-3615.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.001 Abstract ( 81 )   PDF (1413KB) ( 344 )   Save BACKGROUND: Vascularization plays an important role in bone formation and remodeling, however, the oxygen and nutrition are insufficient for large tissue block; therefore, it is necessary to solve the problem of vascularization in tissue engineering field.  OBJECTIVE: To investigate the method of constructing vascularization artificial bone in vitro and ectopic osteogenesis in vivo. METHODS: Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and kidney vascular endothelial cells were isolated and cultured, and osteogenesis ability of BMSCs in different co-culture models (co-culture with or without direct contact) were analysed by measuring the quantity of protein and the activity of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. By establishing the three-dimensional co-culture model of rat BMSCs and kidney vascular endothelial cells, vascularized artificial bone was constructed, which was implanted into the muscle of rats. The angiopoiesis and osteogenetic ability of the implants were observed by soft X-ray examination and hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was good cell compatibility when rat BMSCs and kidney vascular endothelial cells were co-cultured. The ALP activity and osteocalcin was decreased in the simple culture groups, but increased in the direct and indirect co-culture groups. Statistical analysis showed that the osteogenetic ability of BMSCs co-cultured group was higher than that of simple cultured (P < 0.05). The in vivo experiment manifested that the intensity of soft X-ray and the quantity of vascular and new formed bone in the vascularized artificial bone group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The osteogenetic ability of BMSCs can be regulated by cytokines and cell membrane proteins when co-cultured with endothelial cells. Compared with traditional artificial bone, vascularized artificial bones has lots of advantages, such as accelerating the differentiation and proliferation of BMSCs, increasing local blood circulation and survive ratio, as well as accelerating osteogenesis and having more powerful anti-infect ability. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 and its receptor in distraction osteogenesis of the tibia Liu Zhen-dong, Xiao Yu-yue, Zhang Chao-yue, Tao Jian-chun, Huang Zu-fa 2011, 15 (20):  3616-3620.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.002 Abstract ( 115 )   PDF (1416KB) ( 305 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4) and its receptor play an important role in bone regeneration and repair process, but the mechanism is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To understand how the mechanical forces are translated into biological signals that regulate bone regeneration and repair, we investigated the expression of BMP-4 and its receptor using a mouse tibia for distraction osteogenesis. METHODS: A total of 36 healthy male CD-1 mice of 8 weeks old, which were divided into six groups in the experiment, with 6 ones in each group. All animals received placement of the external fixator and osteotomy on the left tibia. Distraction protocol included 5 days latency, 12 days distraction, and 14 days consolidation. Distraction rate was 0. 2 mm, twice a day. The animals were sacrificed at 5, 9, 13, 17, 24, and 31 days after the operation. The lengthened tibiae were harvested and distraction gaps were analyzed by histology, and the expression of BMP-4 and its receptor and osteocalcin was evaluated by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ hybridization. 　 RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Histological analysis demonstrated that the healing process of osteotomic gap was similar to fracture repair in the latency. RT-PCR and in situ hybridization analysis showed that expression of BMP-4 and its receptor were higher in distraction compared with in latency. The findings from this study suggested that distraction osteogenesis is a unique form of bone regeneration. The mechanic forces induce expression of local growth factors and receptors (such as BMP-4 and ALK-3) that maintain callus formation and remodelling which fill osteotomic gap gradually enlarged by mechanical forces. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Optimization of transfection conditions of recombinant plasmid pEGFP/hVEGF165 into rabbit osteoblasts in vitro Chen Guo-wu, Meng Chun-yang, Jiang Dian-ming, Hu Zhen-ming 2011, 15 (20):  3621-3624.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.003 Abstract ( 91 )   PDF (1306KB) ( 312 )   Save BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor has an important role in bone repair by promoting angiogenesis, and by stimulating and affecting hemotaxis, proliferation, survival, and activity of major skeletal cells, including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes. OBJECTIVE: To optimize the conditions of transfection of recombinant pEGFP/hVEGF165 plasmid into rabbit osteoblasts by liposome and to provide experimental basis for constructing new seed cells for tissue engineered bone. METHODS: Isolation, culture and identification of rabbit osteoblasts was conducted. Using different amounts and ratio of plasmid and liposome, in the 24-well plate, recombinant plasmid pEGFP/hVEGF165 was transfected into rabbit osteoblasts by liposome. Forty-eight hours after transfection, the transfention ratio was detected by inverted fluorescence microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The interaction between liposomes and plasmid could obviously affect transfention ratio. And under the conditions of plasmid liposome 2.5 μL and plasmid 1.2 μg in the 24-well culture plates, there was the highest transfection efficiency (56%). The optimal transfection conditions of recombinant plasmid pEGFP/hVEGF165 into rabbit osteoblasts in vitro were liposome 2.5 μL and plasmid 1.2 μg. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Stress absence effect on ERK42/44 expression and intervention of Tongluo Shenggu capsules Liu Shao-jun, Zhang Xian, Feng Li-min, Chen Xiao-jun 2011, 15 (20):  3625-3628.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.004 Abstract ( 117 )   PDF (1383KB) ( 286 )   Save BACKGROUND: Stress absence induces osteoporosis in bedridden patients or astronauts. Tongluo Shenggu capsules can promote bone formation, which may affect stress absence-induced osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate influence of stress absence on the expression of ERK42/44, and intervention of the Tongluo Shenggu capsules. METHODS: Totally 40 SD rats were randomly divided into normal control, model and high- and low-drug groups. Exception rats in the normal control group, all animals in other three groups were subjected to tail suspension test for preparing for stress absence models. Animals in the drug groups were administered Tongluo Shenggu capsule (0.6 or1.2 g/kg) once per day. After model preparation, animals were sacrificed, and bones of lower leg was taken out. Bone The norphological changes and expression of ERK was determined by western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Stress absence induced osteoporosis and decreased the amount of phosphorylation ERK, but had little effect on the total ERK. Low-dose of Tongluo Shenggu capsules decreased the expression of ERK phosphorylation, but high-dose of drugs had marginal on ERK. Stress absence induced osteoporosis by decreasing the phosphorylation of ERK, and the bone formation improving effect of Tongluo Shenggu capsules is not by regulating ERK expression. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Mechanical state researches on repairing articular cartilage defects by tissue engineering Zhang Shu-qing, Zhang Chun-qiu, Gao Li-lan, Sun Ming-lin, Li Jiang, Liu Hai-ying 2011, 15 (20):  3629-3632.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.005 Abstract ( 111 )   PDF (1039KB) ( 438 )   Save BACKGROUND: Mechanical state has a major impact on the normal physiological activities of cartilage. Excessive stress concentration will cause both the artificial cartilage and the host cartilage degeneration, which will affect the treatment of cartilage defects. Today, it is difficult to find a proper way to measure the mechanical state of cartilage in vivo. Dynamic finite element analysis can simulate the mechanical state of repaired cartilage. OBJECTIVE: Through finite element method, to research the stress distribution of artificial and host cartilage repaired by tissue engineering under rolling compression loads. METHODS: Taking part of knee articular cartilage as the research object, a three-dimensional finite element model of relative-rolling movement of articular cartilage was established according to the dynamic boundary conditions between the femur and tibia during normal walking. Finite element technique was used to analyze articular cartilages with different elastic moduli, different compressions, different walking speeds and different defect sizes under the rolling compression loads. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The changes of both the elastic modulus of the implant and compression make the Mises stress variation in both artificial and host cartilage. The modulus and compression have a more pronounced effect on Mises stress distribution at the defect site after tissue engineering repair and these are the main factors that worth being noticed in clinical treatment of cartilage defects and postoperative rehabilitation stage. The impact of different load speeds and defect sizes used in this simulation on Mises stress distribution were not obvious. When the elastic modulus of artificial cartilage takes a certain value, the stress differences of artificial and host cartilage will be very small. The smaller of the stress differences, and the better of the mechanical condition of cartilage in defects, which is helpful to the repairing of defect. The stress differences also have a relationship with the individual properties of host cartilage, so it guides the selection of the elastic modulus of artificial cartilage in repairing the cartilage defects. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Improved stepwise digestion method for chondrocyte primary culture Tian Feng, Cui Xue-sheng, Zhang Shuai, Shi Yu-ze, Jin Qun-hua 2011, 15 (20):  3633-3635.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.006 Abstract ( 96 )   PDF (937KB) ( 740 )   Save BACKGROUND: Combination of trypsin and bacterial collagenase to digest articulate cartilage matrix is widely used at home and abroad. Some studies have shown that the method steps is tedious, process is complicated, and cell is easy to pollution, but the better simple, safe and reliable method has rarely been reported. OBJECTIVE: To obtain highly purified and large amount of chondrocytes by improved stepwise digestion method. METHODS: Six 3-week-old New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups: The experimental group was cultured by two-step enzyme digestion, and the control group was cultured by the traditional enzyme digestion method. The growth condition of chondrocytes was observed in the two group after 1 week, and cell counting and identification was performed.  We estimated improved method to evaluate the influence of cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the traditional method, this method spent shorter time to digest chondrocytes. After 24 hours, the primary chondrocytes in the two groups were mostly round at a suspending state. After 48 hours, the cells began to adhere. The results demonstrated that the improved method shortens digestion time, and easy to obtain a great amount of purified chondrocytes. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Expressions of matrix metalloproteinase and collagen in articular cartilages after trauma Yang Jun, Lou De-quan, Zhou Zhen-dong, Zhang Qin-ming 2011, 15 (20):  3636-3640.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.007 Abstract ( 109 )   PDF (1684KB) ( 465 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previously studies demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and collagen participate in physiological restitution and pathological damage of articular cartilages. OBJECTIVE: To explore the expressions of MMP and collagen in cartilage tissues in knee articular cartilages defects and surface defects models. METHODS: Forty-eight SD female rats were used in this experiment. These rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group A (full-thickness defect group): a full-thickness cylindrical osteochondral defect was created in both condyles of femur. Group B (surface cartilage defect group): several partial-thickness articular cartilage defects in both condyles of femur. Group C (control group) was the opposite as shum-perative control. The rats were sacrificed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. The expressions of collagen Ⅰ, collagen Ⅱ, and MMP-3 in each group were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In group A, a small amount of new organization generated at 4 weeks after operation; the defects were filled with fibrous tissues at 8 and 12 weeks after operation; Type Ⅰ collagen was positive expressed, type Ⅱ collagen negative expressed and MMP-3 expression increased. In group B, no signs of repair were found at 4 and 8 weeks after operation; the defects were filled with small volume of fibrous tissues, in which type Ⅰ collagen was positive while type Ⅱ collagen was negative; MMP-3 expression were increased. In group C, the articular cartilages were normal, type Ⅰ collagen was negative, type Ⅱ collagen was positive, and MMP-3 expression was low expressed; no morphological abnormal change could be seen. Mechanical injury can make articular cartilage extracellular matrix composition changed and loss of their original biological characteristics. MMP-3 expression in injured cartilage tissues is increased that leads to high matrix degradation. Thus, MMP-3 is an important factor for articular cartilage degeneration. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

A co-culture model of tissue engineering epidermis and THP-1 cells for sensitization testing Cao Yu-ping, Zhou Wu-qing, Ma Peng-cheng, Liu Wei-da, Li Ling-jun, Tao Yue, Zhang Meng-li, Tao Lei, Wei Jun 2011, 15 (20):  3641-3644.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.008 Abstract ( 108 )   PDF (1315KB) ( 564 )   Save BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown that tissue engineering skin are used for skin irritation testing. OBJECTIVE: To construct a co-culture model of tissue engineering epidermis and THP-1 cells, and to identify the specificity of the co-culture model to sensitizers. METHODS: Tissue engineering epidermis was constructed by human keratinocytes. Then, THP-1 cells were co-cultured tissue engineering epidermis. After 24 hours treatment on tissue engineering epidermis, the cultured medium and THP-1 cells were collected, respectively. ELISA was used to detect the concentration of interleukin 1beta (IL-1β) in the culture medium, and the mean fluorescence intensities (MFI) measured by flow cytometry were used to evaluate the expression of CD86 and CD54 on THP-1 cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 14 days keratinocytes were cultured at air-liquid interface, HE staining showed 8-10 layers in tissue engineering epidermis. And pan-keratin immuohistochemistry staining was positive. After 24 hours treatment of chemicals, the concentration of IL-1β and MFIs of CD86 and CD54 in DNFB-treated group were higher that that in vehicle control group (P < 0.05). The results prove that a co-culture model of tissue engineering epidermis and THP-1 cells was successfully established, and it can be used for sensitization test, which gives a new method for toxicity testing in vitro. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Construction of a high intraosseous pressure type rabbit osteoarthritis model Dai Qi-yi, Qin Xue-liu, Yuan Jing-yang, Lin Guang-qi, Liu Jing, Ruan Ping, Teng Ju-zan, Rong Xiang-bin, Han Jie, Qin Jie, Wu Zhao-pei, Wang Xiong 2011, 15 (20):  3645-3648.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.009 Abstract ( 109 )   PDF (1277KB) ( 682 )   Save BACKGROUND: Plenty of animal models of knee osteoarthritis has been established and used, most of them may not be right for the experimental study of Chinese medicine manipulation. OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcomes of constructed animal models of high intraosseous pressure knee osteoarthritis. METHODS: The inferior gluteal vein, femoral vein and great saphenous vein on the right side were exposed under aseptic conditions, ligatured and cutting off the veins. The animal with exposed vessel and normal animals were served as controls. All animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks after modeling. The structure changes of cartilage tissues were observed by gross observation, haematoxylin-eosin staining, and light microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Articular surface of the model group was rough and dark-black, with obvious defects and osteophytosis, with the early and medial stages of osteoarthritis. Articular surface of sham-surgery group was rough, opacity and grey, with the early stages of osteoarthritis. Articular surface of the normal group was smooth, marginal regular, translucent shine for articular cartilage, with no obvious cartilage degeneration. The results revealed that, at 8 weeks after ligaturing the inferior gluteal vein, femoral vein and great saphenous vein would cause the early and medial stages of osteoarthritis in rabbits. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effects of resistance exercise on insulin-like growth factor 1 and myostatin in the skeletal muscle of rats Wang Jing, Lu Jian 2011, 15 (20):  3649-3652.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.010 Abstract ( 111 )   PDF (1355KB) ( 435 )   Save BACKGROUND: Most of the benefits of resistance training are related to muscle hypertrophy. However, the effects of resistance exercise on the positive and negative regulatory factors of hypertrophy in the skeletal muscle are unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of resistance exercise on insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and myostatin in the skeletal muscle using a rat model of climbing ladder with a load. METHODS: The SD rats were divided into exercise and control groups randomly, and the exercise group took 10 weeks resistance exercise. The resistance training consisted of climbing a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail. The weights were increased gradually from 30% body weight to 200% body weight. The IGF-1peptide and mRNA of myostatin were observed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-PCR respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: IGF-1peptide increased significantly and myostatin mRNA decreased significantly in the skeletal muscle in the exercise group. It is concluded that IGF-1and myostatin are very sensitive to resistance exercise and works at the same time. IGF-1and myostatin play opposite roles in the adaptation of muscle to exercise. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Establishment of a rabbit model of anterior residual alveolar ridge Hu Yang, Ma Ying, He Hui-yu 2011, 15 (20):  3653-3656.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.011 Abstract ( 82 )   PDF (1396KB) ( 505 )   Save BACKGROUND: A proper anterior residual alveolar ridge model can provide basis for the preservation and repair of residual alveolar ridge. OBJECTIVE: To establish a rabbit animal model of anterior residual alveolar ridge. METHODS: The eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were selected, both side of central incisors of 18 rabbits were extracted under the general anesthesia to prepare anterior residual alveolar ridge models. Rabbits were killed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after operation. The length, width and height of residual alveolar after extraction were measured by Vernier caliper. The healing process of teeth extraction was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The remodeling of bone trabecula in after extraction was examined by X-ray. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The length, width and height of residual alveolar ridge were gradually decreased with time prolonged. Osteoblasts could be seen scattered in teeth extraction, new trabecular bone and vascular network was born. The deposition of new bone was continued in teeth extraction, the boundaries between new bone and the alveolar bone was not clear, and new bone and bone remodeling were happening in teeth extraction. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and X-ray photo showed that rabbit models of anterior residual alveolar ridge were successfully established. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Proliferation of glial cells and expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein after spinal cord injury in rats Li Kuan-xin, Li Feng 2011, 15 (20):  3657-3661.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.012 Abstract ( 94 )   PDF (1713KB) ( 586 )   Save BACKGROUND: Astrocytes can release various neurotrophic factors by cell lysis to promote spinal cord repair. OBJECTIVE: To observe the recovery of hjndlimb function and the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) after spinal cord injury. METHODS: Spinal cord injury models at T9-10 were established with Allen’s method. After modeling, bone morphogenetic protein 7 was injected into the subarachnoid space. Normal SD rats with His protein injected into the subarachnoid space were used as controls. The behavioral evaluation was performed with the Basso, Beattie & Bresnahanlocomotor rating scale (BBB scale). GFAP expression was detected using hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry staining.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Based on BBB score, the hindlimb function of rats in the model group recovered 68%. GFAP expression in the model group increased gradually at 3 and 7 days after injury (P < 0.05), and then decreased similar to the control group at 28 days after injury (P > 0.05). The data indicated that injection of bone morphogenetic protein 7 into the subarachnoid space can induce the proliferation of glial cells, increase GFAP expression and then to promote the recovery of hindlimb function after spinal cord injury in rats. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Mechanical properties variations of rat vertebra osteoporosis secondary to spinal cord injury Sun Shu-dong, Gao Ming, Li Xin-ying, Quan Tie-gang, Ma Hong-shun 2011, 15 (20):  3662-3665.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.013 Abstract ( 100 )   PDF (1359KB) ( 407 )   Save BACKGROUND: Spinal cord injury lead to muscular atrophy of lower extremity and evoke osteoporosis following a long duration. It is necessary to study the mechanical properties of animal models with osteoporosis secondary to spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE: To observe spinal cord injury-induced mechanical changes of vertebra. METHODS: Totally 66 Wistar, male, rats were randomly divided into the control and model groups. Spinal cord was injured by cutting vertebral plate at T10 centrum horizontally. L1-4 vertebra was harvested at 11 weeks after model preparation for compression, torsion and impulse tests. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the maximum load, maximum stress, maximum torque, maximum stress, maximum torsion angle, maximum impact energy, and maximum impact toughness of the model group were smaller (P < 0.05), suggesting that there are variations in compression, torsion and impulse features of rat vertebra osteoporosis secondary to spinal cord injury.  Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin in periodontal tissues in rabbits with periodontitis in response to alendronate Shi Jian, Zhang Jian 2011, 15 (20):  3666-3669.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.014 Abstract ( 118 )   PDF (1287KB) ( 351 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that alendronate can prevent and treat osteoporosis, but there are few reports about alendronate application for alveolar bone absorption. OBJECTIVE: To build an animal model of alveolar bone absorption so as to evaluate the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression in periodontal tissues with periodontitis in response to different concentrations of alendronate. METHODS: Rabbit models were divided into five groups: collagen+0.5 g/L alendronate group, collagen+1 g/L alendronate group, collagen+2 g/L alendronate group, collagen group and control group. The expression of RANKL and OPG in the periodontal tissues was detected with immunohistochemistry method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: RANKL and OPG were localized in osteoblasts, osteoclasts and fibroblasts. RANKL/OPG ratio in the control and collagen groups was significantly greater than that in the other three groups (P < 0.05). RANKL/OPG ratio in the collagen+1 g/L alendronate group was higher than that in the collagen+0.5 g/L alendronate group at 2 and 4 weeks after medication (P <0.05). The results indicated that alendronate, especially at a concentration of 1 g/L could decrease RANKL/OPG ratio and inhibit alendronate alveolar bone absorption. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Construction of lentiviral vector of endothelial lipase and expression in infected HepG2 cells Xu Bo, Deng Yu-bin 2011, 15 (20):  3670-3674.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.015 Abstract ( 125 )   PDF (1394KB) ( 324 )   Save BACKGROUND: Endothelial lipase expresses mainly in endothelial cells, and plays an important role in atherosclerosis and other diseases. But the mechanism is not very clear. OBJECTIVE: To construct a lentiviral vector carrying rat endothelial lipase (EL) gene to transfect HepG2 cells. METHODS: 1 482 bp DNA fragment of rat EL was amplified by PCR, cleaved with SpeⅠ, EcoRⅠand cloned into the lentiviral vector PRRL.sin.CMV.eGFP to construct PRRL.sin.CMV.EL-eGFP vector. 293FT cells were co-transfected with recombined PRRL.sin.CMV.EL-eGFP vector and packaging plasmids to produce PRRL.sin.CMV.EL-eGFP lentiviral viruses. Viruses were used to infect HepG2 cells. RT-PCR assay and western blot were used respectively to evaluate the mRNA and protein expressions of EL in the transfected HepG2 cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The recombinant inducible lentiviral vector containing EL gene was successfully constructed. The lentiviruses produced by 293FT were efficient to transfect HepG2 cells. The mRNA and protein expressions of EL in the infected HepG2 were obviously up-regulated. It is indicated that EL expression in HepG2 cells can be effectively and stably up-regulated by infecting with the recombined PRRL.sin.CMV.EL-eGFP lentivirus. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

In vitro proliferation and collagen synthesis of human renal interstitial fibroblasts Yu Guo-hua, Kong Ling-ling, Qu Gui-mei, Feng Guo-ying, Yao Wei-dong, Lin Chun-hua 2011, 15 (20):  3675-3678.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.016 Abstract ( 102 )   PDF (1248KB) ( 277 )   Save BACKGROUND: The time points for in vitro studies about renal interstitial fibroblasts are mainly selected within 72 hours. However, there are rare reported about proliferation and collagen synthesis of renal interstitial fibroblasts cultured in vitro for a long term. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pattern of proliferation and collagen synthesis of human renal interstitial fibroblasts in vitro. METHODS: human renal interstitial fibroblasts were obtained, purified and identified. The third passage cells were used in experiment. Cell proliferation was determined by MTT method and collagen synthesis was observed using Masson trichrome staining accompanied with image analysis at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th days after culture in vitro. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The growth curve of renal interstitial fibroblasts was shown as “S” and doubling time was from the 3rd to 5th day in vitro; with the culturing time extending, the distribution of collagen protein changed from line into lamellar and the quantity of collagen protein increased obviously from the 3rd to 5th day (P < 0.05). It is indicated that the biological activity of renal interstitial fibroblasts is the most productive from the 3rd to 5th day, which might be an important target during the course of pharmacological experiment in vitro. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Expression and identification of chimeric protein truncated from Ascaris allergen ABA-1 Yu Chao-sheng, Wen Zhong, Zou Ze-hong, Chen Hui-fang, Tao Ai-lin 2011, 15 (20):  3679-3682.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.017 Abstract ( 200 )   PDF (1323KB) ( 316 )   Save BACKGROUND: Serious allergic reaction could be caused by Ascaris anaphylactogen ABA-1 protein (Ascaris Body fluid allergen 1). OBJECTIVE: To express the chimeric protein truncated from Ascais major allergen ABA-1 in Escherichia coli. METHODS: The chimeric gene, obtained from GeneBank and Protein Database and named as BAA hereafter, was constructed by tailoring the coding fragments of Ascaris main allergen ABA-1, i.e., ABA-1B1, ABA-1A2 and ABA-1A1. The fusion gene BAA was synthesized and cloned into expression vector PET-44a, and transformed into Escherichia coli JM109 with the method of KCM .When the plasmid was confirmed by double restriction enzymatic digestive test with NdeⅠand PstⅠand DNA sequencing, it was transformed into Escherichia coli RosettaBlueTM step by step. The produced chimeric protein BAA was purified by nickel ion affinity chromatography, followed by identification by Western Blot and protein sequencing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Chimeric protein was inducibly expressed in Escherichia coli, with the production up to 40% of the total protein. Protein purity could reach about 90% after purification. Western Blot showed a specific band at 45 000, and amino acid sequencing identified that the 15 N-terminal amino acids were identical to the target protein. The chimeric protein has been efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Isolation, culture and identification of ventricular cardiomyocytes from embryonal, neonate and adult C57 mice Zhang Ling, Duan Ming-jun, Wei Qin, Chen Hua, Shi Li, Hou Yue-mei 2011, 15 (20):  3683-3687.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.018 Abstract ( 256 )   PDF (1462KB) ( 708 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cultured cardiomyocytes are widely utilized in related researches such as physiological and toxicologic experiments, gene engineering, diseases model, drug screening and so on. How to harvest mouse cardiomyocytes with high activity is a key premise for these studies.  OBJECTIVE: To establish a method to isolate and culture ventricular cardiomyocytes from embryonal, neonate and adult C57 mice. METHODS: The ventricular myocardium from fetal, neonatal and adult C57 mice were minced and digested in trypsin, the purified ventricular cardiocytes were obtained by differential adhesion about 1 hour. The survival rate was assessed by trypan staining. Morphology of ventricular cardiomyocytes was observed through the methods of inverted phase contrast microscope, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, and the electrophysiological properties were identified through immunocytochemistry and microelectrode array. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The ventricular tissues were almost completely digested through 3-6 times. Trypan staining showed that the survival rate of the cardiocytes cultured was more than 85%. Under the inverted phase contrast microscope, we found that the cells were fusiform or polyhedron and connected to each other and some cells began beat after 12 hours. The cells monolayer formed a network and beat spontaneously at the 30-90 times per minutes. The ventricular cardiomyocytes from embryonal, neonate and adult C57 mice can be obtained with well morphology and spontaneous beating with trypsin digestion. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Construction of lentiviral expression vector carrying human human beta nerve growth factor gene Su Yi-ming, Zhu Shao-xing, Cai Peng 2011, 15 (20):  3688-3692.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.019 Abstract ( 74 )   PDF (1017KB) ( 328 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that pathogenesis of diabetic neurogenic bladder is associated with lack of nerve growth factor. Nerve growth factor (NGF) composed of three subunits is one of the most important neurotrophic factors. Beta subunit (beta-NGF) is the only biologically active subunit. Lentiviral vector is an ideal vector for gene therapy. OBJECTIVE: To construct lentiviral expression vector carrying human beta-NGF gene. METHODS: By the way of acquisition of the target gene, double restriction digestion of vector plasmid with Age Ⅰ/EcoR Ⅰ, connecting the target gene with vector plasmid, Beta-NGF gene was subcloned into the lentiviral vector plasmid pGC-FU, to generate the lentiviral expression vector plasmid, pGC-FU-beta-NGF. The cloning of human beta-NGF gene, and sequencing of the recombinant plasmid pGC-FU- beta-NGF were observed in the study. RUSULTS AND CONCLUSION: For the recombinant lentiviral vector plasmid pGC-FU-β-NGF undergoing PCR, when actual PCR products share the same size with the expected, the recombinant plasmid is thought to have been successfully constructed. The result of sequencing showed the sequence of the cloned beta-NGF gene was consistent with that was reported in the GenBank. Plasmid pGC-FU- beta-NGF carried the correct beta-NGF gene. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Construction of a lentiviral vector for RNA interference targeting human toll-like receptor 4 gene Ruan Jing, Wang Xu, Li Yu-sheng, Liu Ai-hua, Jiang Yong 2011, 15 (20):  3693-3696.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.020 Abstract ( 113 )   PDF (1108KB) ( 520 )   Save BACKGROUND: As the most significant receptor mediating endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide response, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays a key role in the signaling pathway of inflammation induced by endotoxin. OBJECTIVE: To construct a lentiviral RNAi vector that is capable of knocking down TLR4 gene in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS: Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) sequence targeting Human TLR4 gene was designed using the Invitrogen online designing software. After synthesis and annealing, the double-stranded oligo nucleotides (ds oligo) were cloned into pENTRTM/H1/TO vectors and the resulting entry clones were identified by sequencing. Then, a recombinant reaction was performed to transfer the RNAi cassette from the entry plasmids into pLenti4/BLOCK-iTTM-DEST vectors to create the expression clone. Recombinant lentivirus was harvested from 293FT cells contransfected with the expression plasmids and the ViraPowerTM packing Mix. HUVEC cells were infected with the recombinant lentivirus and TLR4 expression in these cells was subsequently detected by western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Recombinant lentivirus expressing shRNA targeting the TLR4 gene was successfully constructed with the titer of 8.7×106 U/ml. Western blot result showed that the expression of TLR4 in lentivirus-infected HUVEC cells was significantly lower than that in the control cells. The lentiviral RNAi vector with the capability of knocking down TLR4 gene in HUVEC cells has been successfully constructed, providing a basis for further study on the relationship between inflammation and TLR4 gene. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Efficient and quick method of extracting total RNA from the femoral head Liu Ming, Li Zhang-hua, Chen Ying, Wang Fang, Xia Wei, Chen You-hao, Pan Feng 2011, 15 (20):  3697-3700.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.021 Abstract ( 151 )   PDF (721KB) ( 756 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are no ideal methods to extract total RNA from bone tissues. OBJECTIVE: To explore an efficient and quick method of acquiring total RNA from bone tissue. METHODS: Ten healthy rabbits were divided into experimental group and control group on average. The femoral heads of experimental group were removed by rongeur which has been disinfected, then stored in liquid nitrogen after quick-freeze. Normal way was used to get control group’s femoral heads. Experimental group’s femoral head was immediately placed in mortar that has been precooled by liquid nitrogen. The bone was grinded iteratively in mortar until it became bone powder, the powder was transferred into a homogenizer which has been precooled, added Trizol, centrifuged at 4 ℃ after fully homogenized to get supernatant. Then chloroform and other organic solvents were added, centrifuged, and then the total RNA was separated from DNA, protein and other tissues. Control group’s RNA was extracted by traditional Trizols method. The concentration, purity and productive rate were measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Finally, denaturing agarose-formalhyde gel electrophoresis was used to observe if the two bands (28 S,18 S) of RNA were clear, RNA was degradated and with/without DNA contamination. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The extracted RNA were in high purity without DNA and protein contamination; The result of degenerated formaldehyde electrophoresis shows that the 28 S and 18 S bands were clear and the ratio of them was about 1:1, which confirmed that RNA was complete with no degradation. The findings from the present study show that this method is a rapid and efficient purification method for gaining total RNA form bone tissue, and it can be used for analyzing molecular biology of bone tissue. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Atorvastatin intervention and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression in human primary monocytes Xi Zi-zhong, Yang Lei, Wang Ye, Wang Xiao-bin, Zhang Hai-qi 2011, 15 (20):  3701-3705.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.022 Abstract ( 111 )   PDF (686KB) ( 298 )   Save BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is known about its importance to the generation and development of ischemic diseases. A great amount of researches have proved that atorvastatin as PPAR-γ receptor agonist can not only adjust lipid metabolism, but also suppress inflammatory transmitter production. But the exact mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of atorvastatin still remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of astorvastatin on PPAR-γ in primary human monocytes. METHODS: Human peripheral monocytes which non-activated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were randomly divided into 5 groups. The first group was control group, second group was incubated with 10 µmol/L atorvastatin, third group were incubated with 1 µmol/L atorvastatin, fourth group was incubated with 0.1 µmol/L atorvastatin, fifth group was incubated with anti-PPAR-γ antibody; Human peripheral monocytes which stimulated by 1 μg/L TNF-αwere randomly divided into 4 groups. The first group was control group, second group was incubated with 0.1 µmol/L atorvastatin, third group was incubated with 1 µmol/L atorvastatin, fourth group was incubated with 10 µmol/L atorvastatin, and each group was incubated for up to 24 hours. Then PPAR-γ expression was analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and gelatinase B, were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and oxygen consumption was determined polarographically with a Clark-type oxygen electrode. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We found that atorvastatin in monocytes non-stimulated by TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner activated PPAR-γ and lowered MCP-1 levels (P < 0.05) and gelatinase B (P < 0.05), but showed no influence on TNF-α. We also found in TNF-α-stimulated monocytes the PPAR-γ protein expression was suppressed and PPAR-γ activation in response to atorvastatin treatment was less pronounced, but atorvastatin still resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in TNF-a levels (P < 0.05) and MCP-1, and a reduction in matrix metalloproteinase 9. Moreover, atorvastatin shows dose-dependent inhibition of cellular oxygen consumption up to 41%. These indicated that atorvastatin exerts strictly anti-inflammatory effects, but the anti-inflammatory properties of atorvastatin are not completely dependent on PPAR-γ pathway. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis of bacterial microfloras in chronic venous leg ulcers Yuan Fang, Zhao Yu, Zhang Mao 2011, 15 (20):  3706-3710.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.023 Abstract ( 124 )   PDF (691KB) ( 469 )   Save BACKGROUND: The bacterial microfloras in chronic venous leg ulcers (CVLU) play an important role in the healing process, but there is still considerable debate as to the importance of individual species or microbial density in relation to healing. OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the bacterial groups frequently recovered from chronic venous leg ulcers and ulcer healing. METHODS: Patients with newly diagnosed chronic venous leg ulcers in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from 2009.5 to 2010.9 were recruited in this study.Totally 39 patients with 42 chronic venous leg ulcers included in this study were treated with standard regimen of compression therapy. Patients were followed up for 6 months to determine healing rates of ulcers. Twenty-eight ulcers with 100% closure of the wound and did not reoccur within 1 month of wound closure were included in the healing group. Fourteen legs without complete healing served as non-healing group. Tissue samples from ulcer bed were obtained by biopsy prior to treatment, DNA was extracted directly from the tissue sample. A set of universal primer and group or species-specific primers for the bacterial groups frequently recovered from CVLU were synthesized. The bacterial difference between healing and non-healing chronic venous leg ulcers was compared using PCR and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Bacteria were detected in all ulcers. In the healing and non-healing groups, the most common bacteria were staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. Quantitative RCR showed that the total bacterials load in the non-healing chronic venous leg ulcers was significantly higher than those of healing group (P < 0.05), whereas the density of staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa did not show significant difference (P > 0.05). In this study, no single bacterial species or group frequently recovered from CVLU was shown to be associated with healing outcome. This study suggests that the increase of total bacterial load play important roles in maintaining a chronic inflammation state that ultimately leads to the failure of chronic venous leg ulcers to heal. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Correlation between acetaldehyde-induced proliferation of hepatic stellate cells and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway Zheng Ren-yuan, Jiang Ming-de, Mei Zhe-chuan, Zhuo Qiang, Ye Ping, Tang Wen 2011, 15 (20):  3711-3714.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.024 Abstract ( 103 )   PDF (692KB) ( 432 )   Save BACKGROUND: Activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) leads to hepatic fibrosis, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) signaling pathway has a role in regulating cell proliferation. OBJECTIVE: To explore the p38MAPK activity and cell proliferation of acetaldehyde-induced rat HSCs treated with SB203580. METHODS: Rat HSC strains were cultured in vitro, and divided into blank group, acetaldehyde control group and SB203580 group. The proliferation of HSCs was evaluated by MTT colorimetric assay and the variability of phosphorylated-p38 was examined by Western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: p38 activity increased in acetaldehyde-induced HSCs, and HSCs proliferated significantly; SB203580 (5, 10, 20 μmol/L) could block the activity of p38 in the cells, and inhibit acetaldehyde-induced HSCs proliferation     (P < 0.05), when the concentration was increased to 30 μmol/L, its inhibitive effect on HSCs proliferation was more significant, and the expression of p-p38 decreased relatively (P < 0.05). The results showed that inhibition of p38MAPK activity can affect HSCs proliferation; p38 signaling pathway may play an important role in the regulation of HSCs proliferation. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effects of brucine on apoptosis of multiple myeloma cell line U266 and bax gene expression Li Zhi-hua, Ma Yan-ping, Wang Yi-hua, Feng Jing, Li Ling-fei 2011, 15 (20):  3715-3718.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.025 Abstract ( 116 )   PDF (702KB) ( 465 )   Save BACKGROUND: Brucine has anti-tumor effect. However, its influence on growth of multiple myeloma cells is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate apoptotic mechanism of brucine on human multiple myeloma. METHODS: Logarithmic growth phase of U266 cells were treated with 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g/L brucine for 12, 24, and 48 hours, measured IC50 by MTT, and interfere the U266 cells. The apoptotic effect of brucine on human multiple myeloma cell line-U266 was observed by morphological observation and RT-PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Brucine induced U266 apoptosis showed a time- and concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The IC50 level was 0.16 g/L at 48 hours after intervention. Apoptotic body could be found in brucine treated-apoptotic cells, meantime, the expression of pro-apoptosis gene bax was gradually increased with time prolonged (P < 0.01). It is suggest that 0.4 g/L concentration brucine induced U266 apoptosis, and the effect showed in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, which possibly through the activation of bax pathway. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Anti-fatigue effects of Fructus Anisi Stellati extract He Jing-he, Yao Li, Chang Zhen 2011, 15 (20):  3719-3722.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.026 Abstract ( 107 )   PDF (641KB) ( 797 )   Save BACKGROUND: Delay fatigue or fatigue elimination are the research focuses in the sports medicine. It has great prospect to utilize traditional Chinese drug to eliminate sports fatigue and increase sports ability. OBJECTIVE: To study the antifatigue effects of Fructus Anisi Stellati on mice. METHODS: Based on body weight, 120 male Kunming mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, which given 21, 42, 84 mL/  (kg •d) Fructus Anisi Stellati extract or distilled water. Exhaustive swimming time, pole-climbing time and post exercise lactate level were detected at 35 days after medication. Post exercise hepatic glycogen content, serum urea nitrogen and lactate dehydrogenase activity were determined at 40 days after medication.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The Fructus Anisi Stellati could increase exhaustive swimming time, pole-climbing time and post exercise hepatic glycogen content, raise lactate dehydrogenase activity, decline lactate and serum urea nitrogen levels, the effectiveness was most manifest in the 84 mL/(kg•d) group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The findings demonstrated that Fructus Anisi Stellati has noticeable antifatigue effect on mice. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effects of scutellarin on vascular endothelial growth factor and protein kinase Cε expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells after ischemia-reperfusion injury Li Lin, Liu Hua, Cai Hong-yan, Yang Wei-min, Guo Tao 2011, 15 (20):  3723-3727.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.027 Abstract ( 155 )   PDF (791KB) ( 408 )   Save BACKGROUND: The effects of scutellatin on ischemia-reperfusion injury to endothelial cells in vitro have not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of scutellatin on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) after ischemia-reperfusion and to study whether this effect is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and protein kinase Cε (PKCε). Methods: Cultured HUVECs, exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation followed by reperfusion, were used as an in vitro model of ischemia-reperfusion. After incubated with scutellarin in a low (1×10-7 mol/L), middle (1×10-6 mol/L) and high (1×10-5 mol/L) dose for 30 minutes, cells were treated by ischemia 3 hours/reperfusion 5 to 24 hours. VEGF protein expression was evaluated by Western blotting. The translocation of PKCε was assayed by Western blotting. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Ischemia 3 hours/reperfusion 5 hours injury significantly decreased the expression of VEGF, and scutellatin in the high and middle dose significantly increased VEGF expression (P < 0.05). Under ischemia 3 hours/reperfusion 24 hours condition, VEGF expression was not changed and scutellatin failed to further increase the expression of VEGF. Compared with the control group, there were significant increases of PKCε expression in particulate fractions in ischemia-reperfusion group and scutellatin pretreatment groups (P < 0.01). Compared with ischemia-reperfusion group, there was no further increase of PKCε in scutellatin groups. Scutellarin pretreatment on vascular endothelial cells after ischemia-reperfusion injury may have a protective effect, and the mechanism may be related to the early increase of VEGF. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Total saponins of Panax notoginseng effects on mRNA expression of osteoprotegerin in osteoblasts from rabbits with avascular necrosis of the femoral head Wang Da-wei, Shi Bao-ming, Li Xiao-feng, Zhang Shuang, Mo Jian, Gu Guo-long, Lin Bao-ju, Ma Kai-hao, Hui Ning-jun 2011, 15 (20):  3728-3732.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.028 Abstract ( 105 )   PDF (1676KB) ( 495 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that total saponins of Panax notoginseng (PNS) can inhibit the ethanol-induced adipogenic differentiation of rabbit bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). OBJECTIVE: To observe PNS effects on osteoblast proliferation and mRNA expressions of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL). METHODS: Rabbit models of alcohol-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head were divided randomly into saline group, compound bone peptide group, PNS group. Rabbit osteoblasts were extracted for measurement of OPG and RANK mRNA expressions and hybridizing signal intensity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the PNS group, alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium nodule count, OPG and RANK mRNA expressions and their ratio were significantly higher than those in the saline group (P < 0.01), and similar to those in the compound bone peptide group. The experiment confirmed that PNS can promote the proliferation and differentiation of rabbit osteoblasts, and can improve the OPG mRNA relative expression in osteoblasts so as to inhibit RANKL mRNA expression. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Expression of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand in the periodontal tissue incident to incisors intrusion on dog Ge Zhen-lin, Yang Cai-xia, Lu Jia-jing, Qi Tao, Tian Jia-ling 2011, 15 (20):  3733-3736.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.029 Abstract ( 74 )   PDF (1192KB) ( 375 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) play important role in osteoclast formation and activation. The expression of OPG/RANKL in the periodontal tissues during orthodontic tooth movement is to be studied. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of OPG/RANKL in the periodontal tissue incident to incisors intrusion on dogs. METHODS: Nine healthy hybrid dogs were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups. The control group contained 1 dog with no force loaded; Applied force for 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 12 weeks (4 weeks after activation, then retention for 8 weeks) were the four experimental groups, which were contained 2 dogs respectively. The dog of the control group was killed immediately. Dogs of other groups were killed after the force was applied 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 12 weeks. Then the gums and alveolar bone tissues were completely cut to make the specimens. An immunohistochemical staining technique was utilized to detect the expression of OPG/RANKL. The average optical density images were semi-quantitative analyzed by Image-Proplus software to reflect the expression levels of RANKL and OPG in the periodontal tissues in each group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The expression of RANKL in the no force loaded group (the control group) in the periodontal ligament tissues showed weak positive. The expression of RANKL was the most significant after applying force for 1 week. The expression still showed positive, but became weak after applying force for 2 weeks. The expression was decreased significantly after applying force for 4 weeks. The expression was close to the control group after activation 4 weeks then retention for 8 weeks. The average optical density level was measured by image analysis and demonstrated that it reached peak in the 1 week (P < 0.05), then declined gradually. There were significant differences compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Expression of OPG in the no force loaded group (the control group) in the periodontal ligament tissues showed weak positive. The expression of OPG was increased significantly after applying force for 1 week. And in 2 weeks, the expression reached peak. Then the expression was decreased after applying force for 4 weeks. The positive expression regained to the level of the control group after activation 4 weeks then retention for 8 weeks. The average optical density value reached peak in the 2 weeks and it was significant stronger than the control group (P < 0.05). The results confirm that the expression change characters of RANKL and OPG are the same as the reconstruction of alveolar bone. RANKL and OPG participate in the reconstruction of periodontal tissues. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Expression of interleukin-8 in periodontal tissue during experimental tooth movement in rats Pan Xu, Mi Cong-bo, Liu Hong, Qian Ya-jing, Nie Jing 2011, 15 (20):  3737-3740.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.030 Abstract ( 121 )   PDF (1144KB) ( 383 )   Save BACKGROUND: Interleukin-8 (IL-8) as a bone remodeling associated with inflammatory cytokines, involved in periodontal tissue remodeling, and promote the absorption of alveolar bone, which is one marker of bone resorption. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of orthodontic force on (IL-8) expression during periodontal tissue remodeling. METHODS: The orthodontic devices were placed in maxillary first molars and maxillary incisors side of 10-week-old male SD rats, and impose 0.49 N orthodontic force. The specimen was harvested at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after operation and the surface density of IL-8 positive cells in periodontal tissues were determined by morphology analysis and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression of IL-8 was observed at a low level in the control group. IL-8 expression increased after tooth movement and reached a peak at 5 days, after that, it gradually declined. Orthodontic force can cause local inflammation and periodontal tissue IL-8 release. IL-8 release may be an early inflammatory reaction in periodontal tissue and alveolar bone remodeling of the trigger factor at early stage of orthodontic tooth movement. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Construction and identification of vascular endothelial growth factor 121 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 genes co-expressing recombinant adenovirus vector Zhong Sheng, Liu Dan-ping, Liu Su-wei, Li Xiao-yu, Li,Li Yuan 2011, 15 (20):  3741-3744.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.031 Abstract ( 99 )   PDF (1037KB) ( 450 )   Save BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor 121 (VEGF121) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) play an important role in the development and formation of bones and vessels. At present, there are few reports about the treatment of pathogenesis of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head (SANFH) by VEGF121 combined with BMP-2 gene in China. OBJECTIVE: To construct VEGF121 and BMP-2 genes adenovirus shuttle plasmid pShuttle-CMV-V EGF121-IRES-BMP2. METHODS: After Plasmid pShuttle-CMV-VEGF121-IRES-hrGFP-1 through Kpn I/Xba I, BMP-2 fragments were directionally connected to pShuttle-CMV-VEGF121-IRES. Simultaneous expression of two gene plasmid pShuttle-CMV-VEGF121-IRES was constructed, and injected with H5a cells expansion, planking, screening positive colonies, extracting plasmid, and then was undergo restriction analysis and sequencing. The correct adenovirus plasmid which has been constructed and confirmed after through BJ5183-AD-1 electroporation competent cells was undergo the electroporation, planking, screening positive colonies, extracting plasmid, and was undergo restriction analysis, PCR detection, and sequence analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Construction of the adenovirus shuttle plasmid was correct according to restriction analysis and nucleotide sequence detection confirmed. It is indicated that VEGF121 and BMP-2 genes co-expressing recombinant adenovirus vector can be constructed successfully in the experiment. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Expression of connective tissue growth factor in the skin wound of diabetic rats Kuang Yu-zhen, Xiao Xin-hua 2011, 15 (20):  3745-3748.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.032 Abstract ( 109 )   PDF (616KB) ( 596 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies about connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in the wound healing in diabetes mellitus are rare. OBJECTIVE: To study CTGF expression during wound healing in diabetic rats induced by streptozotoein. METHODS: Fifty SD male rats were randomly divided into control group and model group. 50 mg/kg STZ were given intraperitoneally to model rats. After 3 weeks, a round skin of 1.3 cm2 was excised on all dorsal back of rats. The healing time and healing rate were observed according to re-epithelization. Routine HE staining was made to calculate the granulation tissue thickness and angiogenesis at different time points. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of protein of CTGF in the skin at those time points. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The healing time in the model group was (25.06±2.11) days, significantly longer than (16.17±1.88) days in the control group (P  < 0.01). The healing rates in the model group were significantly less than that in the control group at days 4, 8, 12 and 16 (P < 0.01). The amount of granulation tissue thickness and angiogenesis in the model group were significantly less than those in the control group on days 8, 12 and 16, respectively (P  < 0.01). The expression of CTGF protein in the wound of the control group increased with time, the values were much higher than that in the model group after day 12 (P < 0.01). Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats impairs wound healing which is possibly caused by the relative reduce of CTGF expression in the wound compared to non-diabetic rats. The biology of wound healing and the pathobiology of impaired wound healing in diabetes are emphasized to illustrate how these future molecular therapeutics are intended to counteract disease pathology and promote normal wound repair. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 13 and transforming growth factor beta 1 in keloid and hypertrophic scars Liu Jun, Xu Gang, Liu Ai-dong 2011, 15 (20):  3749-3752.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.033 Abstract ( 112 )   PDF (619KB) ( 308 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies regarding matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathways in pathological scars are mainly focused on in vitro culture of fibroblasts; however, the correlation studies are rare on tissue of operation. OBJECTIVE: To observe the expressions of MMP-13 and TGF-β1 in keloid and hypertrophic scars. METHODS: Experimental samples were obtained from the patients, who underwent burn and plastic surgery at the Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Workers’ Hospital of Tangshan, from June 2004 to June 2008, including 54 patients with keloid, and 42 patients with hypertrophic scars. Normal scar from additional 45 cases were served as control group, normal skins from additional 40 cases were served as normal controls. The expressions of MMP-13 and TGF-β1 protein in keloid, hypertrophic scars, normal scar and normal skin were examined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: The expression of TGF-β1 was obviously greater in the experimental group (keloid and hypertrophic scars) than the control group (normal scar and normal skin) (P < 0.05). The expression of MMP-13 was obviously lower in the experimental group (keloid and hypertrophic scars) than the control group (normal scar and normal skin) (P < 0.05), but the difference between keloid and hypertrophic scars had no significance (P > 0.05). There was a negative correlation between MMP-13 and TGF-β1 in keloid, hypertrophic scars and normal scars (r=0.47, r=0.43, r=0.45; P < 0.05). No notable correlation was found between MMP-13 and TGF-β1 in normal skins (P > 0.05). It is indicated that the expressions of MMP-13 and TGF-β1 are changed, and the synergism of MMP-13 and TGF-β1 may promote the development in pathological scars. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Mini-invasive surgical anastomat for repair of acute achilles tendon ruptures Chen Dong, Li Xiao-lin 2011, 15 (20):  3753-3756.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.034 Abstract ( 256 )   PDF (527KB) ( 465 )   Save BACKGROUND: Open surgery for the treatment of acute achilles tendon ruptures results in great destroy to blood supply and paratenon, which easily lead to tendon adhesion and delay tendon healing.   OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of mini-invasive surgical repair of the achilles tendon ruptures with special anastomat.  METHODS: From February 2008 to August 2009, 22 patients using mini-invasive treatment of acute achilles tendon ruptures with Achillon and performed early functional exercises were followed up. The ankle joint function was evaluated according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery Society Chapter (AOFAS) standards, and the therapeutic efficacy was assessed.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All 22 cases were followed up for a period of 7 to 14 months (mean 11.4 months). All patients healed well without one case of achilles tendon rupture again, no area of sural nerve sensory loss. AOFAS standard score was 95 points (84 to 100, maximum 100) after 3 months, which was 98 points after 6 months. With Achillon the achilles tendon ruptures can be treated in mini-invasive manner and get good results. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Application and value of cells co-culture in tissue engineering Zhan Xing-wang, Jiang Yan, Wang Wen-liang 2011, 15 (20):  3759-3762.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.036 Abstract ( 86 )   PDF (777KB) ( 772 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cells co-culture is one kind of culture method which was established through some special culture technique in vitro. It can simulator organism intericur milieu in the greatest degree and can observe cell interaction in vitro. It is a hot topic in tissue engineering research. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and discuss the application and value of cells co-culture in the field of tissue engineering. METHODS: First author searched literatures from CNKI and Medline database from 2000 to 2010 using key words of “cells co-culture; bone marrow stem cells; neural stem cells; cartilage” both in Chinese or English. Co-culture cells were summarized from bone marrow stem cells, neural stem cells and cartilage cells in this paper. The application and value of cells co-culture in tissue engineering were also introduced. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 182 papers were searched and 30 papers were selected. The results show that most researches of co-culture are to simulation surroundings in vivo, to maintain body character, to observe cell interaction between cells to the greatest extent. These results have significant and reference value for us; however, we should further analyze and summarize the new method and technology, pay more attention to the latest trends and hotspot of cells co-culture. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Osteoarthritis: Study and progress in articular cartilage degeneration Dou Xiao-li, Duan Xiao-qin, Xia Ling, Yuan Wang-shu, Qu Fu-ling, Luo Yuan-yuan, Liu Zhong-liang 2011, 15 (20):  3763-3766.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.037 Abstract ( 148 )   PDF (617KB) ( 826 )   Save BACKGROUND: Articular cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis is considered to a irreversible pathological changes, but the etiological factor and pathogenesis remain unclear.  OBJECTIVE: To summarize and discuss the etiology, mechanisms and the change of related biomarkers of osteoarthritis. METHODS: First author searched literatures from CNKI and Medline database from 2000 to 2010 using key words of “osteoarthritis, articular cartilage, degradation, basic research, biological markers” in Chinese or English. The manuscripts were summarized from two aspects: role of relative factors caused osteoarthritis and related biomarkers. The pathology, biochemical, immune factors and research status of biomarkers of osteoarthritis were introduced. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 60 papers were searched and 20 papers were selected. The results showed that, type Ⅱ tropocollagen carboxypropeptide and carboxyl terminus increased in the process of articular cartilage degeneration. Matrix metalloproteinases, biological free radicals, nitric oxide and immune factors involved in osteoarthritis degeneration process, but the specific pathogenesis still needs to be explored. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research status of animal models of osteoporosis Li Su-ping 2011, 15 (20):  3767-3770.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.038 Abstract ( 147 )   PDF (681KB) ( 964 )   Save BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of osteoporosis is very complicated. But test can not be done directly in humans. Animal models of human-like osteoporosis are needed for detailed study. OBJECTIVE: Comprehensively analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various modeling methods and animals of osteoporosis, so as to provide a reference of choicing the models for future research of osteoporosis. METHODS: Searched CNKI series database and ESBCO Medline database for the relevant review and papers of osteoporosis models published from January 1990 to July 2010 with the key words of “osteoporosis, animal models” in Chinese and English. 469 documents were retrieved. Each article was checked. Inclusive criterion: the documents were closely with the subject; the article was original and the viewpoint was reliable; the viewpoint was clear and analysis was comprehensive. Old, duplicate documents and experiments without randomized controlled trials were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 38 articles were adopted in this article. The induced animal models and transgenic animal models are mainly used in the research of osteoporosis. Various animal models of osteoporosis may only focus on the certain causes, certain stage, some of the main symptoms and some pathophysiological changes of disease. Accordingly, appropriate modeling methods and experimental animals should be selected based on research objective. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Transmembrane signal transduction pathway of leptin effects on wound healing Wu Guo-hui, Li Xiao-lin, Liu Yi-zheng 2011, 15 (20):  3771-3774.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.039 Abstract ( 92 )   PDF (717KB) ( 396 )   Save BACKGROUND: When combined with its receptor, leptin can promote angiogenesis; modulate inflammation and immune function by means of endocrine, paracrine and other ways. OBJECTIVE: To discuss and summarize the effect of leptin on wound healing and the mechanism of leptin transmembrane signal transduction. METHODS: A computer retrieval of CNKI and PubMed databases was performed by using “leptin, wound healing, transmembrane signal” as key words in Chinese and English. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Totally 78 articles were retrieved. According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 articles were included after screening. The results showed that leptin plays an important role in wound healing, and it can promote the proliferation and migration of epidermal keratinocytes. We also found that JAK2, STST3, ERK1, and other signal molecules are involved in the transmembrane signal transduction of leptin. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Interaction effects between AMP-activated protein kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways Xu Fei 2011, 15 (20):  3775-3777.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.040 Abstract ( 91 )   PDF (492KB) ( 448 )   Save BACKGROUND: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a target protein of downstream AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), is a positive effector for cell growth, division and protein synthesis. OBJECTIVE: To summarize research progress concerning the regulation of mTOR signaling transduction by AMPK and the interaction effects of each other. METHODS: The author use the words of (mammalian target of rapamycin OR mTOR) AND (AMP activated protein kinase OR AMPK) AND signal transduction” by restriction fields of title/abstract in PubMed database. Totally 30 papers related to interaction effects of mTOR signaling transduction and AMPK were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: AMPK activation reduces mTOR signal transduction, to some extent, inhibits protein synthesis. AMPK regulates mTOR signal transduction through phosphorylation and activation at multiple sites. AMPK phosphorylation of tuberin inhibits effective of Akt, ERK1/ERK2, and p90rsk the other protein kinases. In addition, clarify the regulation of AMPK on the mTOR plays an important role in revealing AMPK-mTOR passageways in controlling energy metabolism and protein synthesis. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Meta analysis of exercise for treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women Ma Zhan-hong, Ma Qiang, Wu Xiao-gang 2011, 15 (20):  3778-3780.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.041 Abstract ( 113 )   PDF (393KB) ( 344 )   Save BACKGROUND: The value of exercise as an intervention for the prevention of postmenopausal bone loss is a controversial subject. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of exercise in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Chinese biomedical literature database, CNKI, VIP database. Randomized controlled clinical trialsof exercise in healthy postmenopausal women were considered. Healthy postmenopausal women aged between 50-70 years were included, regardless of race, nationality, and region. Articles about patients that had severe diseases were excluded. Review Manager 5.0 published by Cochrane Collaboration was used for statistical analysis. Bone mineral density and the incidence of fracture were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Nine randomized controlled trials were included. The result of meta analysis showed that there was significant difference in bone mineral density [WMD=0.96, 95%CI (0.47, 1.44)]. These indicated that exercise is effective in increasing the bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, there has been no apparent effect seen on fractures, and the results still need to be confirmed by high quality , large sample size randomized controlled trials. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Gene-gene interaction between transforming growth factor beta 3 and bone morphogenetic protein 4 in cleft lip with or without cleft palate Ding Kai-hong, Ban Fu-zhi, Huang Cheng-le 2011, 15 (20):  3781-3784.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.042 Abstract ( 126 )   PDF (634KB) ( 344 )   Save BACKGROUND: Our previous studies have demonstrated that cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is associated with the polymorphism of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) rather than transforming growth factor β3 (TGFβ3). OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the interactions among T538C for BMP4, C641A and G15572- for TGFβ3 in CL/P.  METHODS: The genotypes of BMP4 T538C, TGFβ3 C641A and TGFβ3 G15572- were detected in 200 CL/P patients and 200 controls using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymerase (PCR-RFLP) strategy. The interaction effects among these three studied loci were analyzed using the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Significant association of between genotype and allele distributions of the BMP4T538C and CL/P was revealed (P < 0.05), while no significant association of TGFβ3C641A and 15572G/- genotype or allele distribution was found (P > 0.05). In interaction analysis, significance level of all models was larger than 0.05, which shown no existence of interaction effect among BMP4T538C, TGFβ3 C641A and G15572-. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Role of Fas, FasL and Caspase-3 in artesunate-induced apoptosis of human embryonic lung fibroblasts Wang Chang-ming, Li Hong-xiu, Zhang Xiao-fei 2011, 15 (20):  3785-3788.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.043 Abstract ( 100 )   PDF (414KB) ( 332 )   Save BACKGROUND: Artesunate can relieve pulmonary fibrosis, but its mechanisms are rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of artesunate on apoptosis of HFL-I cells and the role of Fas, FasL and Caspase-3 in the artesunate-mediated apoptosis of HFL-I cells. METHODS: Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to determine the effects of artesunate at 1, 10, 100 mg/L on the growth of HFL-I cells in vitro. Apoptosis ratio was examined by flow cytometry (FCM). The mRNA level of Fas, FasL and Caspase-3, were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Artesunate had a significantly inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HFL-I cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. The apoptosis rate of HFL-I cells was significantly increased in the artesunate-treated group compared with the control group (P < 0.05 or P  < 0.01). The mRNA levels of Fas, FasL and Caspase-3 were significantly higher in the artesunate-treated group than the control group (P < 0.05). The findings of this study demonstrate that artesunate can exert a marked anti-pulmonary fibrosis effect by up-regulating mRNA levels of Fas, FasL and Caspase-3, which can induce the growth inhibition and apoptosis in HFL-I cells. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Effects of p38MAPK signaling pathway on cyclic tensile stress-induced fibroblast apoptosis Qiu Jing, Zhang Guang-yun, Tian Zhen, Zhang Yue, Yu Jiang-bo, Yuan Xiao 2011, 15 (20):  3789-3792.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.044 Abstract ( 107 )   PDF (518KB) ( 341 )   Save BACKGROUND: When the teeth affected abnormal biting force, tooth absorption and periodontium would be greatly damaged. OBJECTIVE: To study whether periodontal membrane fibroblast affected apoptosis following cyclic tensile stress stimulation and whether p38MAPK signaling pathway participated in apoptosis. METHODS: Fibroblasts at passages from 4 to 7 were randomly assigned to control, loading and SB203580 groups after synchronization. In the loading and SB203580 groups, 12% strain was applied at a loading frequency of 6 cycles per minute, i.e. 5 seconds for tension and 5 seconds for relaxation. In the SB203580 group, cells were treated with 20 mmol/L p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 at 1 hour before loading. At 6, 12 and 24 hours after loading, cells from each group were harvested, and cell apoptosis was detected using a flow cytometry. Expression of bax mRNA was determined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, apoptotic rate of fibroblasts and bax mRNA expression were increased after loading (P < 0.05), and enhanced over time, and peaked at 12 hour following loading, and then decreased gradually. Compared with the loading group, cell apoptosis was reduced at corresponding time points in the SB203580 group (P < 0.05), and bax mRNA expression was diminished. These results indicated that cells affected apoptosis after mechanics stimulation, and mitogen activated protein kinase p38MAPK signaling pathway participates in the process of apoptosis. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Histological changes in muscle tissues with acute injury following cryotherapy Shi Peng, Shen Ruo-wu, Ji Ai-yu 2011, 15 (20):  3793-3796.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.045 Abstract ( 107 )   PDF (529KB) ( 394 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cryotherapy of acute soft tissue injury has been widely used in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: To observe the histological changes and treatment effect of different cryotherapies on the rats' acute damage of soft tissue.　 METHODS: Neonatal Wistar rats were randomized to normal, model, intermittent cryotherapy and continuous cryotherapy groups. Models of acute damage of soft tissue were established in model, intermittent cryotherapy and continuous cryotherapy groups. In intermittent cryotherapy group, the injury was treated by intermittent cryotherapy with ice bag at 4 °C; in the continuous cryotherapy group, the injury was treated by continuous cryotherapy with ice bag at 4 °C; the model group was not treated. Histological changes were observed at 48 hours. Injury degree was evaluated using injury symptom index. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with model group, the scores of injury symptom index and histology were lower, interleukin-1β expression was reduced, and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) expression was increased in intermittent cryotherapy and continuous cryotherapy groups (P < 0.05). Compared with intermittent cryotherapy group, the scores of injury symptom index and histology were reduced (P < 0.05), interleukin-1β expression was reduced (P < 0.05), and TGF-β1 expression was increased in continuous cryotherapy group (P < 0.05). Results demonstrated that cryotherapy can cure the acute damage of soft tissue by reducing interleukin-1β expression and raising TGF-β1 expression. Continuous cryotherapy is superior over intermittent cryotherapy. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Analysis of birth defects in Xinjiang multi-ethnic region Qian Ruo-yun, Liu Hong, Zhong Nan, Wang Rui, Zou Hong-yun, He Jiang, Yu Wu-zhong 2011, 15 (20):  3797-3800.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2011.20.046 Abstract ( 167 )   PDF (428KB) ( 401 )   Save BACKGROUND: Xinjiang is a multi-ethnic region with significant differences in local geographical position, economic development and climatic environment. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the occurrence and development tendency of birth defects, disease categories and disparity among different ethnic groups and regions in Xinjiang. METHODS: A stratified cluster random sampling observation was performed in 13 counties (cities) according to the status of ethnical distribution and local economics of Xinjiang. Quarter Report Sheet on Babies and The defect babies register card were filled as the scheme of Chinese birth defect monitoring, and ICD10 diagnostic code was adopted in birth defect diagnosis. The birth defects rate was calculated from January 2005 to December 2008, and the disease categories and disparity among different ethnic groups and regions in Xinjiang were analyzed.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The average incidence rate of birth defect was 9.74‰, which was dramatically descended in 2006 and ascended afterward yearly. The incidence rate of countryside was higher than city, and male more than female. In geography, south of Tianshan Mountain was higher than north and east in birth defect incidence. Among major ethnic groups in Xinjiang, Sibe and Uygur had the highest birth defect incidence rate, followed by Man, Hazakh, and Han. The birth defect incidence of Han, Uygur and Hazakh people showed descend tendency, Hui, Mongolia, and Man people fluctuated, yet Sibe’s rate had a change of rise and fall. The first five birth defect entities were neural tube deformity, cleft lips, anencephaly, congenital hydrocephalus and cleft palate combined with cleft lips. The birth defects rates are different from ethnic groups and regions in Xinjiang. Related Articles | Metrics