Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2017, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (22): 3583-3588.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2017.22.023
Previous Articles Next Articles
Received:
2018-01-13
Online:
2017-08-08
Published:
2017-09-01
Contact:
Wang Xu-dong, M.D., Chief physician, Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
About author:
Wei Hong-pu, Studying for master’s degree, Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
Supported by:
CLC Number:
Wei Hong-pu, Wang Xu-dong.
2.1 钛金属材料的快速成型技术 目前已有的钛金属材料包括纯钛、钛合金(如Ti-6Al-4V合金、Ti-6Al-7Nb合金等)。传统用于制造多孔钛金属的方法有发泡法、粒子浸取法、冷冻干燥法等。尽管用传统的机械制造方法能够有效控制钛金属的微观结构,但对其宏观结构的控制则局限于手工制作和模具制造,因此对于弯曲通道等复杂内部结构的制作则受到了限制,并且对于准确的孔隙大小、孔隙形状的制作精度也不够。另一方面,传统化学制造过程中保护气中的氧分子、碳分子会随着制造过程而进入支架中,降低了支架的机械性能[7-8]。以上种种缺点限制了个性化钛金属材料的制作与应用。 近年来,随着快速成型技术的推广和应用,为个性化钛金属植入物的制造提供了新的选择。快速成型,又叫做增材制造,是通过计算机辅助数据采用材料逐层累加的方法制造实体零件的技术,相对于传统的切削加工技术,是一种“自下而上”材料累加的制造方法[9]。常见的用于金属的快速成型技术包括:3D打印技术、熔融沉积制造成型、选择性激光烧结成型、选区激光熔化成型技术、直接激光金属烧结、电子束选区熔化等[10-12]。 2.2 快速成型钛金属材料的性能优化 2.2.1 机械性能优化 在几种常用的组织工程支架材料中,钛金属材料由于其良好的机械强度,能够承担生理状态下较大的应力,而被视为承重区骨缺损修复重建的理想材料。然而,大部分金属材料的机械强度和弹性模量均大于人体正常骨组织[3-4],较大的机械强度随之带来的应力遮蔽效应所造成的骨吸收和植入物松动脱落,成为限制金属材料应用的一个瓶颈[13-15]。 近年来,研究者通过多种途径试图降低金属材料的机械强度和弹性模量,以达到减少应力遮蔽现象的目的,这些研究包括控制金属制造过程的制造参数、改变金属植入物的形态及引入孔隙等。 Zhang等[14]通过制造过程中通过调节照射速度进而调节激光能量后发现,激光能量越大金属硬度越低,能有效减少应力遮挡效应。Gagg等[16]通过调整3D打印过程中的最终烧结温度发现,当烧结温度低于1 250 ℃时,样品的硬度随着烧结温度的升高而降低;当烧结温度高于1 250 ℃时,样品的硬度随着烧结温度的升高而升高。 Biemond等[17]通过快速成型技术制造钛金属植入物,并探究有无羟基磷灰石涂层对其机械性能的影响后发现,羟基磷灰石涂层能够降低钛金属植入物的机械性能,有效减小应力遮蔽效应。Harrysson等[20]通过电子束选区熔化技术制造钛金属髋关节植入物,并设计成网状、洞型和实体型3种形状,分析其应力分布后发现,网状结构的植入物的应力分布更为均匀,能有效减少应力遮蔽现象。 此外,于金属材料中引入孔隙在提高材料生物相容性、促进成骨的同时,还能显著降低材料的弹性模量,减小应力遮蔽的现象,因而受到广泛关注[13,18]。El-Hajje等[19]通过3D打印技术制造多孔钛金属,制造过程中使用的黏合剂为聚乙烯醇,通过调整聚乙烯醇比例及烧结温度发现,提高黏结剂聚乙烯醇的比例,可提高样品的孔隙率,降低样品的密度,降低其机械强度;另一方面,提高烧结温度的同时,能降低样品的孔隙率,提高其机械强度。 2.2.2 生物学性能的优化 金属植入物的生物学性能主要包括生物相容性及成骨特性。生物相容性是指其能够支持细胞的增殖、分化等功能,而不对宿主引起局部的或全身的毒性反应。成骨特性是指其能够诱导周围组织形成新骨,并且与周围骨组织形成骨性结合的特性,其包括骨诱导、骨传导、骨生成和骨结合等[2,21-23]。钛金属材料的主要优点在于其良好的机械性能,然而由于其缺少组织黏附性及较低的降解性,导致其必须通过二次手术取出或是永久存在于体内,这也将增加金属腐蚀后产生的金属离子聚积的毒性风险[18]。快速成型技术在使植入物个性化精准化的同时,能够通过引入孔隙、改变植入物的形态来改变其生物学性能,同时还可与涂层技术等表面处理技术结合来实现生物学性能的进一步优化。 改变植入物的表面形态:表面处理是指通过化学或电化学方法对样品的表面进行处理,使其表面形态和生物学性能更符合实际应用的需求。多种表面处理技术可与快速成型技术结合以改变植入物的表面形态,常见的方法包括碱热处理、阳极氧化及形成表面涂层等。表面处理通过增加材料表面的粗糙度,以利于纤维蛋白的聚积、促进细胞的黏附聚集、促进成骨,增加植入物与骨组织的机械稳定性[26-27,29],但并不是粗糙度越大越有利于成骨。Ponader等[28]比较不同表面粗糙度金属的生物性能后发现:当表面粗糙度小于24.9 μm时,其表面对细胞的增殖和分化有正性促进作用;当表面粗糙度大于56.9 μm时,其表面对细胞的增殖和分化有负性抑制作用。因此通过表面处理以获得合适的表面粗糙度尤为重要。De等[25]对快速成型制作的多孔钛金属经过特殊的物理、化学和热处理后发现处理后的金属材料形成了合适的宏观和微观结构,使其生物性能明显提高,并表现出一定的骨诱导性能。 近年来,随着物理气相沉积、化学气相沉积等涂层技术的发展,使其成为改变植入物表面性能的又一方法。而表面涂层技术也被广泛用于快速成型技术制作的个性化植入物中,用以进一步增加植入物的生物学性能。Waldemar等[30]设计了磷酸钙和掺杂镁的磷酸钙两种涂层,Li等[31]设计了钽涂层,均表现出良好的生物相容性,并且能更好地促进间充质细胞的黏附和增殖。糖尿病患者体内往往伴有钙磷代谢障碍而影响其成骨,并且其活性氧生产过多影响骨整合,而壳聚糖具有的良好生物性能和抗氧化性能,能弥补这一方面的缺陷。Xiang等[32]设计了壳聚糖涂层,Ma等[33]设计了壳聚糖/羟基磷灰石涂层,有效逆转了糖尿病条件下的成骨障碍,促进了成骨和细胞的增殖分化。 引入孔隙:人体正常骨骼内部为疏松多孔的骨松质结构,高度多孔的支架结构能够允许细胞的生长,促进新骨的形成和血管化,同时有利于营养物质和代谢废物的交换。孔隙的结构包括孔隙大小、孔隙形状、孔隙率及孔隙的分布等,都能够影响多孔支架的生物学性能。其中孔隙大小是设计多孔支架的一个重要要素。过小的孔隙会导致其被细胞所阻塞,因而阻止细胞向内部结构的渗透,进而影响细胞的定殖、细胞外基质的形成及内部结构的血管化。但同时过大的孔隙一方面降低了多孔材料的机械性能,另一方面无法保证为细胞的黏附提供足够的位点[2,5]。因此探究一个合适的孔隙结构,对于提高多孔骨修复材料的生物学性能有着重要意义。Cheng等[35]通过选择性激光烧结成型技术设计并制造了不同孔隙率的多孔钛合金,比较其细胞增殖分化及成骨等生物性能后发现,细胞的增殖及早期分化指标(如碱性磷酸酶)随着孔隙率的增加而降低;而晚期分化指标(如骨钙素、骨保护素、血管内皮生长因子)及骨形态发生蛋白2和骨形态发生蛋白4等则随着孔隙率的增高而增高。除了孔隙的大小外,孔隙形状对支架生物性能也有影响。Bael等[36]通过选区激光熔化成型技术技术制造了三角形、矩形、六边形3种不同形状的多孔钛合金植入物,进行体外细胞培养后发现,六边形植入物的生物性能更佳。除了孔隙的大小和形状外,孔隙间隔宽度对其生物性能也有影响。Otsuxi等[37]通过设计不同的孔隙间隔宽度的多孔植入物,植入兔股骨髁部后发现,较宽间隔宽度的多孔植入物表面细胞分化性能较窄间隔宽度多孔植入物好。 2.3 快速成型技术制作钛金属材料在生物医学方面的应用 近年来,随着快速成型技术的快速发展,研究人员尝试通过快速成型技术设计制造多种定制的个性化修复材料,以用于缺损组织的修复重建。 2.3.1 利用快速成型技术制作骨替代物 全身大体骨骼:由于钛金属材料良好的机械性能,因此一直被视为骨缺损修复的理想材料。传统的个性化金属材料制作需制作出三维模型,再进行金属材料的预成型。随着技术的发展,后来利用CT数据制作缺损三维模型并制作出树脂模型后,采用熔模铸造法或粉末冶金法将树脂原型转化为钛合金人工替代物。但无论用何种方法,其制作工序都较为繁琐且制作时间较长。近年来,快速成型技术的快速发展使得直接制造金属植入物成为可能。Xu等[38]运用电子束选区熔化技术制作了人工定制钛合金颈椎,为一12岁的尤文肉瘤切术后患者进行椎体重建,患者术后恢复良好。Stoffelen等[39]报道了12年前进行肩关节置换后出现关节疼痛、假体松动后,手术去除原假体的同时置入3D打印的钛金属假体,术后随访2.5年显示效果良好。Aranda等[40]通过3D打印技术制造个性化的钛植入物,以修复因胸壁肉瘤广泛切除后所致的胸骨缺损。Chen等[41]结合3D打印技术和导航技术进行骨盆肿瘤的切除与重建。Stuyts等[42]使用快速成型技术制作膝关节假体,以修复因外伤而缺损的膝关节,术后随访2年关节功能良好,影像学显示无松动移位。 颅颌面部骨骼:人体颅颌面部通常是不规则的解剖结构,因此骨折后无论使用钛板固定还是需修复缺损的组织,其复杂的解剖结构常常使得修复重建难以精确契合。而快速成型技术的发展使得个性化医学植入物制作成为可能,不仅使术后的外观和功能得到改善还显著降低了手术操作时间。早在2012年,比利时Hasselt大学BIOMED研究所便宣布,已成功为1例83岁患者植入3D打印钛金属人工下颌骨,术后1 d患者便恢复部分说话、吞咽功能[43]。随后研究人员便开始探索将3D打印的金属假体用于人体中。Jardini等[44]报道了1例使用直接激光金属烧结技术制造钛金属植入物修复缺损颅骨的病例,术中植入物与缺损组织较为贴合,有效减少了手术时间,并达到了美观效果。Aagaard[45]报道了使用增材技术制造的个性化颞下颌关节假体,并对61例患者进行了2年的术后随访,显示术后张口度基本达到正常,且疼痛症状明显减轻。Mommaerts等[46]通过快速成型技术设计制作个性化的钛网以修复眶壁缺损,术后患者外形恢复良好,动眼功能正常,通过手术几乎完全恢复了患者原有的眶容积,同时因个性化钛网体积较为小巧,减小了手术切口。Lee等[47]报道了1例因左下颌骨肿物切除后遗留的牙颌面畸形病例,正颌手术纠正面部畸形的同期利用电子束选区熔化制造个性化钛合金假体修复缺损下颌骨,术后面型良好,口颌功能恢复良好。 2.3.2 利用快速成型技术制造牙种植体 除了骨内植入外,快速成型技术还被广泛应用于口腔种植中,以修复缺损的牙列。Figliuzzi等[48]利用DLMF技术制造钛合金根型植入物,并在拔牙同期行即刻植入种植体。快速成型制造的个性化种植体与牙槽窝完全拟合,随访1年后显示功能恢复良好。Traini等[49]利用选择性激光烧结技术制作功能梯度孔隙的钛合金牙种植体,其能与骨组织的弹性模量相匹配,有效减小应力遮蔽效应,提高种植体的远期稳定性。Tunchel等[50]评估了110例使用快速成型技术制作的钛合金种植体Tixos,并进行了3年随访,显示其能够良好恢复缺损的单颗牙间隙,成功率为94.5%。Sumida等[51]利用快速成型技术制做了个性化的钛网,在植入牙种植体的同时植骨并在表面覆以个性化钛网,个性化钛网与周围骨组织完全贴合,有效消除了死腔并使修复的形态更为可控。"
[1]王绍义,蒋欣泉,张志愿.快速成形术在下颌骨缺损修复中的应用进展[J].中国口腔颌面外科杂志,2007,5(5):381-385.[2]Oryan A,Alidadi S,Moshiri A,et al.Bone regenerative medicine: classic options, novel strategies, and future directions.J Orthop Surg Res.2014;9(1):1-27.[3]Fahmyc MD,Jazayeric HE,Razavi M,et al. Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Materials with Potential Application in Preprosthetic Surgery.J Prosthodont.2016; 25(4):310-318.[4]Thavornyutikarn B,Chantarapanich N,Sitthiseripratip K,et al.Bone tissue engineering scaffolding: computer-aided scaffolding techniques.Prog Biomater.2014; 3(2-4): 61-102.[5]Gervaso F,Sannino A,Peretti GM.The biomaterialist's task: scaffold biomaterials and fabrication technologies. Joints. 2012;1(3):130-137.[6]Tevlin R,Mcardle A,Atashroo D,et al.Biomaterials for Craniofacial Bone Engineering.J Dent Res.2014;93(12): 1187-1195.[7]Chia HN,Wu BM.Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials. J Biol Eng.2015;9(1):1-14.[8]Do AV,Khorsand B,Geary SM,et al.3D Printing of Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration Applications.Adv Healthc Mater.2015; 4(12):1742-1762.[9]卢秉恒,李涤尘.增材制造(3D打印)技术发展[J].机械制造与自动化,2013,42(4):1-4.[10]Bose S,Vahabzadeh S,Bandyopadhyay A.Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing. Mater Today.2013;16(12): 496-504.[11]Choi JW,Kim N.Clinical Application of Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in Craniofacial Plastic Surgery.Arch Plast Surg.2015;42(3):267-277.[12]赵剑峰,马智勇,谢德巧,等.金属增材制造技术[J].南京航空航天大学学报,2014, 46(5):675-683.[13]Jung HD,Jang TS,Wang L,et al.Novel strategy for mechanically tunable and bioactive metal implants. Biomaterials. 2014;37:49-61.[14]Zhang LC,Klemm D,Eckert J,et al.Manufacture by selective laser melting and mechanical behavior of a biomedical Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn alloy.Scripta Materialia.2011; 65(1):21-24.[15]Ng CC,Savalani MM,Lau ML,et al.Microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted magnesium. Appl Surf Sci. 2011;257(17):7447-7454.[16]Gagg G,Ghassemieh E,Wiria FE.Effects of sintering temperature on morphology and mechanical characteristics of 3D printed porous titanium used as dental implant. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2013;33(7):3858-3864.[17]Biemond JE,Hannink G,Verdonschot N,et al.Bone ingrowth potential of electron beam and selective laser melting produced trabecular-like implant surfaces with and without a biomimetic coating.J Mater Sci Mater Med.2013;24(3): 745-753.[18]Karageorgiou V,Kaplan D.Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis. Biomaterials. 2005;26(27): 5474-5491.[19]El-Hajje A,Kolos EC,Wang JK,et al.Physical and mechanical characterisation of 3D-printed porous titanium for biomedical applications.J Mater Sci Mater Med.2014; 25(11):2471-2480.[20]Harrysson OLA,Cansizoglu O,Marcellin-Little DJ,et al.Direct metal fabrication of titanium implants with tailored materials and mechanical properties using electron beam melting technology.Mater Sci Eng C.2008;28(3):366-373.[21]Levine BR,Sporer S,Poggie RA,et al.Experimental and clinical performance of porous tantalum in orthopedic surgery. Biomaterials.2006;27(27):4671-4681.[22]Sing SL,Jia A,Yeong WY,et al.Laser and electron-beam powder-bed additive manufacturing of metallic implants: A review on processes, materials and designs. J Orthop Res. 2015;34(3):369-385.[23]Ryan G,Pandit A,Apatsidis DP.Fabrication methods of porous metals for use in orthopaedic applications.Biomaterials.2006;27(13):2651-2670.[24]王燎,戴尅戎.骨科个体化治疗与3D打印技术[J].医用生物力学, 2014,29(3):193-199.[25]De WM,Schumacher R,Mayer K,et al.Bone regeneration by the osteoconductivity of porous titanium implants manufactured by selective laser melting: a histological and micro computed tomography study in the rabbit.Tissue Eng Part A.2013; 19(23-24):2645-2654.[26]Takemoto M,Fujibayashi S,Neo M,et al.Osteoinductive porous titanium implants: Effect of sodium removal by dilute HCl treatment.Biomaterials.2006;27(13):2682-2691.[27]Guehennec LL,Lopez-Heredia MA,Enkel B,et al.Osteoblastic cell behaviour on different titanium implant surfaces.Acta Biomaterialia.2008;4(3):535-543.[28]Ponader S,Vairaktaris E,Heinl P,et al.Effects of topographical surface modifications of electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V titanium on human fetal osteoblasts. J Biomed Mater Res A.2008;84(4):1111-1119.[29]Zhang E,Zou C.Porous titanium and silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite biomodification prepared by a biomimetic process: Characterization and in vivo evaluation.Acta Biomaterialia.2009;5(5):1732-1741.[30]Waldemar M,Bogus?aw B,Renata S,et al.In vivo implantation of porous titanium alloy implants coated with magnesium- doped octacalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite thin films using pulsed laser depostion.J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater.2014;103(1):151-158.[31]Li X,Wang L,Yu X,et al.Tantalum coating on porous Ti6Al4V scaffold using chemical vapor deposition and preliminary biological evaluation.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2013; 33(5):2987-2994.[32]Xiang L,Ma XY,Feng YF,et al.Osseointegration of chitosan coated porous titanium alloy implant by reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway under diabetic conditions.Biomaterials.2015;36:44-54.[33]Ma XY,Feng YF,Ma ZS,et al.The promotion of osteointegration under diabetic conditions using chitosan/hydroxyapatite composite coating on porous titanium surfaces.Biomaterials. 2014;35(26):7259-70.[34]Fage SW,Muris J,Jakobsen SS,et al.Titanium: a review on exposure, release, penetration, allergy, epidemiology, and clinical reactivity.Contact Dermatitis.2016; 74(6):323-345.[35]Cheng A,Humayun A,Cohen DJ,et al.Additively manufactured 3D porous Ti-6Al-4V constructs mimic trabecular bone structure and regulate osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and local factor production in a porosity and surface roughness dependent manner.Biofabrication.2014;6(4): 045007-045007.[36]Bael SV,Chai YC,Truscello S,et al.The effect of pore geometry on the in vitro biological behavior of human periosteum- derived cells seeded on selective laser-melted Ti6Al4V bone scaffolds.Acta Biomaterialia.2012;8(7): 2824-2834.[37]Otsuki B,Takemoto M,Fujibayashi S,et al.Pore throat size and connectivity determine bone and tissue ingrowth into porous implants: three-dimensional micro-CT based structural analyses of porous bioactive titanium implants.Biomaterials. 2006; 27(35):5892-900.[38]Xu N,Wei F,Liu X,et al.Reconstruction of the Upper Cervical Spine Using a Personalized 3D-Printed Vertebral Body in an Adolescent With Ewing Sarcoma.Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2016; 41(1):E50-54.[39]Stoffelen DVC,Eraly K,Debeer P.The use of 3D printing technology in reconstruction of a severe glenoid defect: a case report with 2.5 years of follow-up.J Shoulder Elbow Surg.2015;24(8):e218-e222.[40]Aranda JL,Jiménez MF,Rodríguez M,et al.Tridimensional titanium-printed custom-made prosthesis for sternocostal reconstruction.Eur J Cardiothorac Surg.2015;48(4):92-94.[41]Chen X,Xu L,Wang Y,et al.Image-guided installation of 3D-printed patient-specific implant and its application in pelvic tumor resection and reconstruction surgery.Comput Methods Programs Biomed.2015;125(7):110-114.[42]Stuyts B,Peersman G,Thienpont E,et al.Custom-made lateral femoral hemiarthroplasty for traumatic bone loss: A case report.Knee.2015;22(5):435-439.[43]Nickels L. World's first patient-specific jaw implant.Metal Powder Report.2012; 67(2):12-14.[44]Jardini AL,Larosa MA,Maciel FR,et al.Cranial reconstruction: 3D biomodel and custom-built implant created using additive manufacturing.J Craniomaxillofac Surg.2014;42(8): 1877-1884.[45]Aagaard E,Thygesen T.A prospective, single-centre study on patient outcomes following temporomandibular joint replacement using a custom-made Biomet TMJ prosthesis.J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2014;43(10):1229-1235.[46]Mommaerts MY,Büttner M,Jr VH,et al.Orbital Wall Reconstruction with Two-Piece Puzzle 3D Printed Implants: Technical Note.Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr.2015; 9(1):055-061.[47]Lee UL,Kwon JS,Woo SH,et al.Simultaneous Bimaxillary Surgery and Mandibular Reconstruction With a 3-Dimensional Printed Titanium Implant Fabricated by Electron Beam Melting: A Preliminary Mechanical Testing of the Printed Mandible.J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2016;74(7):1501.e1-1501.e15.[48]Figliuzzi M,Mangano F,Mangano C.A novel root analogue dental implant using CT scan and CAD/CAM: selective laser melting technology.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;41(7): 858-62.[49]Traini T,Mangano C,Sammons RL,et al.Direct laser metal sintering as a new approach to fabrication of an isoelastic functionally graded material for manufacture of porous titanium dental implants.Dent Mater.2008;24(11):1525-1533.[50]Tunchel S,Blay A,Kolerman R,et al.3D Printing/Additive Manufacturing Single Titanium Dental Implants: A Prospective Multicenter Study with 3 Years of Follow-Up. Int J Dent. 2016; 2016(6):1-9.[51]Sumida T,Otawa N,Kamata YU,et al.Custom-made titanium devices as membranes for bone augmentation in implant treatment: Clinical application and the comparison with conventional titanium mesh.J Craniomaxillofac Surg.2015; 43(10):2183-2188.[52]Chae MP,Huntersmith DJ,Desilva I,et al.Four-Dimensional (4D) Printing: A New Evolution in Computed Tomography-Guided Stereolithographic Modeling. Principles and Application.J Reconstr Microsurg.2015;31(6):458-463. |
[1] | Yao Xiaoling, Peng Jiancheng, Xu Yuerong, Yang Zhidong, Zhang Shuncong. Variable-angle zero-notch anterior interbody fusion system in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: 30-month follow-up [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(9): 1377-1382. |
[2] | Xue Yadong, Zhou Xinshe, Pei Lijia, Meng Fanyu, Li Jian, Wang Jinzi . Reconstruction of Paprosky III type acetabular defect by autogenous iliac bone block combined with titanium plate: providing a strong initial fixation for the prosthesis [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(9): 1424-1428. |
[3] | Zhang Jinglin, Leng Min, Zhu Boheng, Wang Hong. Mechanism and application of stem cell-derived exosomes in promoting diabetic wound healing [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(7): 1113-1118. |
[4] | An Weizheng, He Xiao, Ren Shuai, Liu Jianyu. Potential of muscle-derived stem cells in peripheral nerve regeneration [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(7): 1130-1136. |
[5] | Hu Weifan, Zheng Li, Li Dadi, Sun Yang, Zhao Fengchao. Overexpression of miR-25 downregulates titanium particle-induced osteoclast differentiation through the NFATc1 signaling pathway [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(5): 682-687. |
[6] | Qiu Peng, Fu Qilin, Liu Min, Lan Yuyan, Wang Pin. Comparison of oral micro-adhesion on polyetheretherketone, zirconium dioxide, and pure titanium abutment [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(4): 540-545. |
[7] | Chen Shuo, Xiao Dongqin, Li Xingping, Ran Bin, Shi Feng, Zhang Chengdong, Deng Li, Huang Nanxiang, Liu Kang, Feng Gang, Duan Ke. Preparation and characterization of tantalum functional coating on titanium implant [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(4): 546-552. |
[8] | He Yunying, Li Lingjie, Zhang Shuqi, Li Yuzhou, Yang Sheng, Ji Ping. Method of constructing cell spheroids based on agarose and polyacrylic molds [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(4): 553-559. |
[9] | He Guanyu, Xu Baoshan, Du Lilong, Zhang Tongxing, Huo Zhenxin, Shen Li. Biomimetic orientated microchannel annulus fibrosus scaffold constructed by silk fibroin [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(4): 560-566. |
[10] | Chen Xiaoxu, Luo Yaxin, Bi Haoran, Yang Kun. Preparation and application of acellular scaffold in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(4): 591-596. |
[11] | Kang Kunlong, Wang Xintao. Research hotspot of biological scaffold materials promoting osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(4): 597-603. |
[12] | Shen Jiahua, Fu Yong. Application of graphene-based nanomaterials in stem cells [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(4): 604-609. |
[13] | Zhang Tong, Cai Jinchi, Yuan Zhifa, Zhao Haiyan, Han Xingwen, Wang Wenji. Hyaluronic acid-based composite hydrogel in cartilage injury caused by osteoarthritis: application and mechanism [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(4): 617-625. |
[14] | Li Hui, Chen Lianglong. Application and characteristics of bone graft materials in the treatment of spinal tuberculosis [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(4): 626-630. |
[15] | Gao Cangjian, Yang Zhen, Liu Shuyun, Li Hao, Fu Liwei, Zhao Tianyuan, Chen Wei, Liao Zhiyao, Li Pinxue, Sui Xiang, Guo Quanyi. Electrospinning for rotator cuff repair [J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2022, 26(4): 637-642. |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||