Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2019, Vol. 23 ›› Issue (7): 1115-1121.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1075
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Zhang Chaohui, Zhao Feng, Feng Yunpeng, Wang Wenbin, Kuang Baoping, Huang He
Received:
2018-10-07
Online:
2019-03-08
Published:
2019-03-08
Contact:
Zhang Chaohui, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning Province, China
About author:
Zhang Chaohui, MD, Lecturer, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning Province, China
Supported by:
the Scientific Research Project of Shenyang Medical College, No. 20170902 (to FYP); the Teaching Reform and Education Quality Evaluation Project of Liaoning Provincial Education Evaluation Association, No. PJHYYB17213 (to ZCH)
CLC Number:
Zhang Chaohui, Zhao Feng, Feng Yunpeng, Wang Wenbin, Kuang Baoping, Huang He. Research progress and medical application of modeling and simulation of cardiovascular system[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2019, 23(7): 1115-1121.
物理模型方法是以生物体的相关物理参数为基础,进而搭建的仿真模型。物理模型较为形象化,但制作周期长、花费大,易受到材料、加工等条件的限制。物理模型根据其与原型相似的特征形式又可分为几何相似模型、力学相似模型、生理特性相似模型和等效电路模型。数学模型方法是用数学表达式来描述研究对象的生理特性和生理系统内在的数量关系,从而探求客观实体的变化规律。建立数学模型的方法有:①电网络法:选择对应人体相关组织结构具有物理特性的相关定义或材料进行等效模式的模拟表达,比如通过调节电流的大小变化代表血管中血液的黏滞力;用电容元件对电流方向的选择性代表血液的唯一性;用电感元件代表血液流动的即时惯性;②系统辨识法:通过检验分析相关特征数据,对参考物进行判定判别,该方法关键在于数据的写入与传出过程判定的数学解析模型的应用;③有限元分析法:用非线性系统,建立循环系统有限元模型;④键合图法:用图形方法来描述系统的结构,将血液流动看作功率流的系统动力学,键合图法是对流体力学进行动态数字仿真时有效的建模方法[15]。在心血管系统的研究中,建立数学模型、模拟血液循环可作为辅助工具辅助心脏病医疗设备的设计,同时对研究心脏疾病的成因与诊断治疗具有重要的指导意义[16-17]。动物模型方法即采用动物进行实验,动物模型方法再现性好,专一性好,复制率高,但在某些方面的缺点也很明显。比如动物模型个案不能代表普遍适应性,动物与人的生理结构和功能区分度很大,所得结论难以推广至人体医用等。动物模型按产生原因分类可分为自发性动物模型和诱发性动物模型,按系统范围分类可分为疾病的基本病理过程动物模型和各系统疾病动物模型。混合模型方法是由2种或2种以上不同模型方法组合而成的一种模型方法。混合模型一般分为分析、综合、运行和废弃4个阶段,包括固定效应模型和随机效应模型两个方面。混合模型和数学模型是现今被使用较多的建模方法。 2.1.2 系统仿真的分类 系统仿真研究快速发展主要得益于现代计算机及互联网的快速普及。其中计算机在计算存储能力、复杂或单一程序长期运行稳定性及数据批量快速处理判定反应等方面的考量都已经很大程度上地优化了人类在这方面的工作。因此,结合计算机的系统仿真已成为各个复杂领域系统研制工作的一种必不可少的辅助手段。同时系统仿真技术发展也给人们带来了巨大社会效益和经济效益。根据所建模型的不同,系统仿真相应的可分为物理仿真和数学仿真。其中物理仿真主要是以结构相似仿造为主体,附以物理参数的配合演示模型。物理仿真是通过建立物理模型来实现的,见图2,其中包括基于电学电路替代模型的仿真、几何外观结构仿制模型的仿真和3 D打印技术等,近年来3 D打印技术在国内外的医学领域研究中受到了广泛关注。数学仿真是以数学方程相似为基础的仿真方法,用数学式是来表示被仿真的对象[公式(1)],其中三维可视化仿真凭借直观、可简化复杂性的优势逐渐成为国内外学者的研究方向,同时也被广泛的应用于临床医学、铁路工程等领域。数学仿真的基本步骤为:①根据实验的目的建立系统的数学模型;②根据数学模型的特点选择合适的计算机作为仿真工具;③将数学模型表示成计算机能接受的形式,并输入程序;④对输入计算机的仿真模型进行计算,并记录系统中各状态量的变化情况;⑤输出实验结果,产生实验报道。与物理仿真相比,数学仿真的主要优点是通用性较强。"
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