Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (29): 7648-7653.doi: 10.12307/2026.414
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Tang Ya1, Li Long2, Huang Du3, Huang Zhaolu1
Received:2025-09-29
Revised:2025-12-16
Online:2026-10-18
Published:2026-03-06
Contact:
Li Long, PhD, Associate professor, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
About author:Tang Ya, MS, Lecturer, Qiandongnan Vocational and Technical College for Nationalities, Kaili 556000, Guizhou Province, China
Supported by:CLC Number:
Tang Ya, Li Long, Huang Du, Huang Zhaolu. Systematic review of the effect of 3D-printed exoskeleton on hand function rehabilitation in stroke patients[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2026, 30(29): 7648-7653.
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耳其共6个国家,共涉及62例脑卒中患者,见表3。 2.4 干预类型 基于Brunnstrom分期标准,将外骨骼划分为4种类型,各类外骨骼具有明确的临床适应分期和康复干预目标。 辅助型外骨骼适用于Brunnstrom Ⅰ期患者,通过稳定的抓握力辅助技术,补偿患者缺失的自主肌肉收缩能力,帮助患者完成抓握、持物等日常生活活动,核心目标是改善精细动作能力和生活自理能力[25-27]。 矫正型外骨骼适用于Brunnstrom Ⅱ-Ⅲ期患者,采用双重干预机制:一方面通过可调节负荷持续牵伸手部屈肌群,缓解因肌张力增高导致的痉挛状态;另一方面通过结构化抓握训练,逐步增强手部肌肉控制能力,促进功能性抓握的恢复[28-32]。 训练型外骨骼适用于Brunnstrom Ⅳ-Ⅵ期患者,以神经肌肉再教育和运动模式重塑为设计理念。研究进展体现在三方面:训练模式方面,SERBEST等[35]开发的手部外骨骼系统整合了被动和主动两种训练模式,HAGHSHENAS-JARYANI等[33]开发的手部外骨骼系统整合了被动、辅助和主动3种训练模式,均支持根据康复进程动态调节训练强度;结构设计方面,LI等[34]开发的七自由度上肢外骨骼通过人体工学仿生设计,实现了与患者运动轨迹的高度匹配;控制技术方面,TANG等[36]的四自由度上肢外骨骼通过融合运动意图识别技术,采用离线-在线联合训练策略,显著提升了多关节分离运动的评估精确度和干预个性化水平。 代偿型外骨骼适用于功能恢复停滞于Brunnstrom Ⅳ-Ⅵ期或存在不可逆损伤的患者,HUSSAIN等[37]研发的外骨骼将机器人手指与移动臂有机结合,在辅助完成功能性活动的同时,通过生物反馈机制实时激励患者发挥残余功能,避免了过度依赖外骨骼的问题。 2.5 干预方案 8篇研究仅评估了患者佩戴外骨骼前后的即时效果,未实施系统性治疗方案"
的评估。而在长期干预研究中,5篇研究的干预方案在训练时长、频率和周期方面存在明显差异:每次训练时长为15-90 min,训练频率为每周3-7次,干预周期为5-8周。根据康复场所的不同,可将干预方式分为机构康复、家庭康复和机构-家庭康复三类。 机构康复方面,TANG等[36]研究采用外骨骼辅助的胸大肌、肱二头肌、指浅屈肌和尺侧腕屈肌主动收缩训练,每次15 min,每周7次,持续5周;SHI等[32]实施外骨骼辅助的手部开合训练,每次60 min,每周3次,持续20次。家庭康复方面,CASAS等[31]采用外骨骼辅助的日常生活训练,每次90 min,每周5次,持续8周,并在后续3个月的随访期内继续使用外骨骼进行训练。机构-家庭康复方面,KHANTAN 等[27]的干预方式包含两个部分:佩戴外骨骼的机构职业训练,每次60 min,每周3次,同时每天进行佩戴外骨骼的家庭训练,共8周。HEUNG等[30]的干预方式包含2个阶段:前10次佩戴外骨骼的机构手部开合训练,后10次佩戴外骨骼的家庭训练,每次45 min,每周3次,共20次。 2.6 健康结局 2.6.1 关节活动功能 在矫正型外骨骼的应用中,HAARMAN等[29]发现,手指外骨骼可使示指掌指关节的伸展活动范围显著增加(43.5±27.4)°(P=0.038)。CASAS等[31]通过8周的抓握训练发现,手部外骨骼对除拇指外的4个手指的活动范围显著增加(19.8±24.4)°(P=0.031),且这一效果在3个月随访期内仍保持(18.9±10.3)°的增益(P=0.001)。 在训练型外骨骼的应用中,HAGHSHENAS- JARYANI等[33]发现,手部外骨骼增加中指和无名指屈曲角度达到100°目标值,而示指和小指稳定于80°;LI等[34]发现,上肢外骨骼对肩、肘、腕的活动范围均有提升作用,尤其是腕关节活动范围增加174%;TANG等[36]通过5周上肢肌肉训练发现,上肢外骨骼增加肩、肘、腕及指关节活动范围,平均增幅为10.3%。 2.6.2 肌肉力量功能 在辅助型外骨骼的应用中,NORONHA等[25]发现患者指总伸肌的肌电振幅平均减少14.0%(P < 0.01)。 在矫正型外骨骼的应用中,HEUNG等[30]发现2例患者握力均增加1.1 kg;SHI等[32]通过20次的手部开合训练发现,患者握力由(4.7±2.8) kg显著增加至(6.9±3.7) kg(P < 0.001);但CASAS等[31]通过8周的抓握训练发现,患者握力无显著变化(P=0.31)。 在训练型外骨骼的应用中,SERBEST等[35]发现,桡侧腕屈肌的肌电振幅增加197.8%,指伸肌的肌电振幅增加184.1%;TANG等[36]通过5周上肢肌肉收缩训练发现,胸大肌、肱二头肌、指浅屈肌和尺侧腕屈肌的肌电振幅平均增加11.4%。 2.6.3 肌张力功能 在矫正型外骨骼的应用中,CASAS等[31]通过8周的抓握训练发现,手指、腕和肘关节的屈肌改良Ashworth量表评分显著降低(0.2±0.2)分(P=0.022),但这一效果在3个月后未能维持(P=0.155)。而SHI等[32]通过20次的手部开合训练发现,患者手指屈肌改良Ashworth量表评分仅从(1.4±0.8)分略微下降至(1.3±0.7)分(P=0.423),无统计学意义。 2.6.4 活动和参与 在辅助型外骨骼的应用中,LEDOUX等[26]研究中抓握测试结果显示患者可稳定抓握手机、香蕉、一次性水瓶和螺丝刀等物品,反映精细手使用能力提升;日常生活活动能力测试结果显示患者能通过双手协同完成开关水瓶与水果切片的复合动作,反映自我照顾能力提升。KHANTAN等[27]发现加拿大作业表现量表评分增加,反映患者自我照顾能力提升。 矫正型外骨骼的疗效通过多项标准化量表评估得到验证。①盒块试验评估精细手使用能力。DUDLEY等[28]发现移动方块数增加5个;HAARMAN等[29]发现移动方块数增加6个;HEUNG等[30]发现2例患者移动方块数分别增加2个和12个;SHI等[32]发现20次的手部开合训练后,移动木块数从(3.1±6.5)个显著增加至(4.9±9.5)个(P=0.024)。②采用Fugl-Meyer上肢评定量表评估精细手使用能力(腕手子项)以及手和手臂使用能力(肩肘子项)。DUDLEY等[28]发现手部评分提高10分;HEUNG等[30]发现2例患者手部评分分别提高5分和3分;SHI等[32]发现20次的手部开合训练后,上肢"
评分从(22.4±9.6)分显著提高至(25.7±12.1)分(P=0.003),腕手部评分从(6.6±3.3)分显著提高至(8.9±4.3)分(P=0.001),而肩肘部评分从(13.5±6.3)分提高至(14.4±7.5)分(P=0.206)未达到统计学显著水平;CASAS等[31]发现8周的抓握训练后上肢评分提高(2.8±5.6)分(P=0.147),3个月的随访期提高(3.4±4.6)分(P=0.055),均未达到统计学显著水平。③上肢动作研究量表评估精细手使用能力(抓、握、捏子项)以及手和手臂使用能力(粗大运动子项)。SHI等[32]发现20次的手部开合训练后评分从(13.7±14.6)分显著提高至(16.1±15.3)分(P=0.032);CASAS等[31]发现8周的抓握训练后评分显著提高(3.4±4.5)分(P=0.039),但3个月后随访时效果减弱至(1.1±3.6)分(P=0.375),未达到统计学显著水平。 在训练型外骨骼的应用中,LI等[34]的日常生活活动能力测试结果显示患者可以在外骨骼辅助下完成饮水动作,反映自我照顾能力提升。 在代偿型外骨骼的应用中,HUSSAIN等[37]发现盒块试验移动方块数增加8个,反映精细手使用能力提升;Frenchay手臂测试得分提高3分,反映手和手臂使用能力提升。 2.6.5 3D打印外骨骼可用性 LEDOUX等[26]通过非结构化访谈发现,绑带设计便于穿脱与调整,泡沫衬垫与灵活的结构提升了佩戴舒适感,且手部与抓握物体之间的无阻碍接触感获得了较高的用户满意度。DUDLEY等[28]的系统可用性量表达到90分,用户辅助技术满意度评估问卷结果显示外骨骼平均得分为4分,其中在尺寸、质量和调整方面得分较高。CASAS等[31]采用运动活动日志评估患者在家庭日常生活活动中的肢体使用频率,结果显示8周的训练期内手部使用频率显著提高(0.6±0.6)分(P=0.018),且在3个月随访时较干预前显著提高(0.7±0.5)分(P=0.005)。NORONHA等[25]的问卷调查结果显示,外骨骼在减少损伤、功能帮助和用户体验的主观评分较高。KHANTAN等[27]的参与者均认为外骨骼轻便、便携、贴合且舒适,易于穿戴和脱卸,这使他们愿意在社交场合中使用它。SERBEST等[35]发现,患者需要花费很长时间独立佩戴外骨骼,在他人的帮助下可5-10 min内完成佩戴,一两分钟内取下。"
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