Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research ›› 2022, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (3): 474-479.doi: 10.12307/2022.078

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Screw placement in posterior route pedicle on subaxial cervical spine: how to improve the therapeutic effect with the development of artificial intelligence

Li Lu1, Tang Wen2   

  1. 1Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China; 2Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
  • Received:2021-02-27 Revised:2021-03-02 Accepted:2021-04-09 Online:2022-01-28 Published:2021-10-29
  • Contact: Tang Wen, Master, Associate chief physician, Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
  • About author:Li Lu, Master candidate, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
  • Supported by:
    the Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education, No. GJJ190810 (to TW)

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Because of its excellent biomechanical advantages, pedicle screw of subaxial cervical spine is widely used in various cervical spine diseases caused by trauma, tumors and deformities. How to improve the accuracy of nail placement and reduce postoperative complications has been hotspots in the research of the placement technology of the pedicle screw of subaxial cervical spine.
OBJECTIVE: To review relevant domestic and foreign articles, to review the related anatomical characteristics of the placement technology of the pedicle screw of subaxial cervical spine, the biomechanical characteristics of pedicle screw of subaxial cervical spine and the research on the screw placement technology in and outside china, and to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each placement technology.
METHODS: Relevant articles in PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang and other databases were searched using “cervical, pedicle” in English, and “cervical vertebrae, pedicle” in Chinese as search terms. Related Chinese articles published from January 2015 to December 2020 and related English articles published in the past 5 years were searched. Finally, 52 articles were included, including 22 Chinese articles and 30 English articles. 
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Regarding the thickness and strength of the cortex, the inner wall of the pedicle was higher than that of the outer wall. The abduction angle of the pedicle gradually decreased from C3-C7. The shape of the pedicle was similar to an ellipsoid. The distance between the upper edge of the pedicle and the upper nerve root gradually increased from C3-C7, and the distance between the lower edge of the pedicle and the inferior nerve root gradually decreased from C3-C7. The anterior lateral wall of the pedicle was close to the vertebral artery; and the anterior medial wall of the pedicle was close to the epidural sinus. (2) The penetrating force of the inner wall of the pedicle was greater than the other three side walls. In terms of direct extraction force, pedicle screws were superior to intervertebral foraminal screws and lateral mass screws. In terms of fatigue extraction force, pedicle screws and intervertebral foraminal screws were better than lateral mass screws. (3) At present, screw placement in posterior route pedicle on subaxial cervical spine mainly included freehand screw placement, computer-assisted screw placement, 3D printing guide-assisted screw placement, and surgical robot-assisted screw placement. However, various screw placement techniques have certain drawbacks. In the future, freehand screw placement technology will still be the mainstream of the subaxial cervical pedicle placement technology. With the improvement of technical level and the support of artificial auxiliary equipment, artificial intelligence assisted screw placement technology will become the future development direction.

Key words: spinal implant, subaxial cervical spine, pedicle screw, anatomy, biomechanics, screw placement, 3D printing technology, review

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