中国组织工程研究 ›› 2026, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (12): 3109-3126.doi: 10.12307/2026.735

• 组织构建综述 tissue construction review • 上一篇    下一篇

金属暴露对神经退行性疾病的影响及其神经毒理学机制

刘  圳1,周  晶2,3,4,5,6,杨  丹2,3,4,5,刘  婉2,3,4,5,赵  焰2,3,4,5,6,罗昱君2,3,4,5,曹必伟2,3,4,5,6,7   

  1. 1湖北中医药大学针灸骨伤学院,湖北省武汉市  430065;2湖北省中医院,湖北省武汉市  430061;3湖北时珍实验室,湖北省武汉市  430065;4湖北中医药大学附属医院,湖北省武汉市  430061;5湖北省中医院推拿科/康复医学科,湖北省武汉市  430061;6湖北中医药大学第一临床学院,湖北省武汉市  430065;7中医肝肾研究及应用湖北重点实验室(湖北省中医院),湖北省武汉市  430061
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-09 接受日期:2025-08-30 出版日期:2026-04-28 发布日期:2025-09-30
  • 通讯作者: 曹必伟,硕士生导师,副教授,副主任医师,湖北省中医院,湖北省武汉市 430061;湖北时珍实验室,湖北省武汉市 430065;湖北中医药大学附属医院,湖北省武汉市 430061;湖北省中医院推拿科/康复医学科,湖北省武汉市 430061;湖北中医药大学第一临床学院,湖北省武汉市 430065;中医肝肾研究及应用湖北重点实验室(湖北省中医院),湖北省武汉市 430061 并列通讯作者:罗昱君,在读博士,主治医师,湖北省中医院,湖北省武汉市 430061;湖北时珍实验室,湖北省武汉市 430065;湖北中医药大学附属医院,湖北省武汉市 430061;湖北省中医院推拿科/康复医学科,湖北省武汉市 430061
  • 作者简介:刘圳,男,2000年生,湖南省株洲市人,汉族,湖北中医药大学在读硕士,主要从事推拿学理论与临床应用研究及推拿技术治疗运动神经元病的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    2023年湖北省自然科学基金计划(联合基金项目)(2023AFD165),项目负责人:罗昱君;2023年湖北省自然科学基金计划(联合基金项目)(2023AFD128),项目负责人:周晶

Impact of metal exposure on neurodegenerative diseases: advances in understanding neurotoxicological mechanisms

Liu Zhen1, Zhou Jing2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Yang Dan2, 3, 4, 5, Liu Wan2, 3, 4, 5, Zhao Yan2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Luo Yujun2, 3, 4, 5, Cao Biwei2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7   

  1. 1School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China; 2Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China; 3Hubei Sizhen Laboratory, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China; 4Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China; 5Department of Tuina and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China; 6The First Clinical Medical School, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China; 7Hubei Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Application on Liver and Kidney (Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China
  • Received:2025-07-09 Accepted:2025-08-30 Online:2026-04-28 Published:2025-09-30
  • Contact: Cao Biwei, Master’s supervisor, Associate professor, Associate chief physician, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China; Hubei Sizhen Laboratory, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China; Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China; Department of Tuina and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China; The First Clinical Medical School, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Application on Liver and Kidney (Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China Co-corresponding author: Luo Yujun, PhD candidate, Attending physician, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China; Hubei Sizhen Laboratory, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China; Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China; Department of Tuina and Rehabilitation Medicine, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, Hubei Province, China
  • About author:Liu Zhen, MS candidate, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China
  • Supported by:
    2023 Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation Program (Joint Fund Project), Nos. 2023AFD165 (to LYJ) and 2023AFD128 (to ZJ)

摘要:


文题释义:
金属暴露:指生物体通过环境或职业途径与游离态、离子态或化合物形式的金属元素发生接触,导致金属元素在生物体内积累并引发潜在毒理学效应的过程。根据金属的生物学功能可将其分为必需金属和非必需金属。暴露的毒理效应取决于金属的化学形态、剂量-反应关系及暴露窗口。
神经退行性疾病:是一类以中枢神经系统或周围神经系统神经元数量减少、结构损伤或功能障碍为主要特征的疾病,这类疾病通常表现为慢性、不可逆的病理过程,导致认知功能、运动能力或感觉功能的逐渐丧失。

背景:研究表明,金属暴露与神经退行性疾病的发生和发展关系密切。
目的:系统、全面地阐述金属暴露对神经退行性疾病的影响,总结金属暴露对神经退行性疾病作用的神经毒理学机制。
方法:由第一作者应用计算机检索中国知网、Web of Science和PubMed数据库建库至2025年2月收录的文献,英文检索词为“Metal exposure,Manganese,Iron,Zinc,Copper,Cadmium,Lead,Aluminum,Neurodegenerative diseases,Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson‘s disease,Multiple sclerosis,Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,Huntington’s disease”等,中文检索词为“金属暴露,锰,铁,锌,铜,镉,铅,铝,神经退行性疾病,阿尔茨海默病,帕金森病,多发性硬化,肌萎缩侧索硬化,亨廷顿舞蹈病”等。根据入选标准,最终纳入204篇文献进行综述分析。
结果与结论:①锰暴露通过线粒体氧化应激、神经炎症反应、蛋白质稳态紊乱多机制系统性驱动神经退行性病变过程;②铁暴露引起的游离铁异常蓄积可触发线粒体功能障碍、蛋白稳态失衡、神经炎症反应和表观遗传失调,同时神经炎症形成的炎症微环境会加剧游离铁异常蓄积,进而导致神经元凋亡、路易小体沉积、淀粉样病变及血脑屏障破坏等病理过程,推动阿尔茨海默病与帕金森病等神经退行性疾病发生发展;③锌超载通过双路径损害神经元:胞内锌内流引发内质网应激,导致钙失衡和线粒体功能障碍,胞外突触锌激活活性氧-谷氨酸毒性轴,二者经p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶/c-Jun氨基末端激酶通路放大凋亡信号,协同Toll 样受体4/核因子κB介导的神经炎症共同驱动阿尔茨海默病等神经退行性病变;④铜通过芬顿反应介导的氧化应激、蛋白异常聚集、铜死亡以及神经递质失衡发挥神经毒性,同时破坏血脑屏障加剧铜蓄积,形成自我强化的神经毒性网络,驱动神经退行性疾病的病理进程;⑤镉通过诱导氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍、细胞凋亡干扰钙稳态及神经递质代谢,激活炎症反应与破坏血脑屏障,共同导致神经退行性病变;⑥铅通过劫持金属转运蛋白引发氧化应激与线粒体凋亡,上调兰尼碱受体致钙超载抑制突触可塑性,通过表观遗传失调加剧β-淀粉样蛋白沉积及突触损伤,推动神经退行性病变;⑦铝通过破坏铁代谢诱发铁超载和铁死亡,干扰乙酰胆碱代谢损害胆碱能系统,抑制胰岛素受体底物1/磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B通路导致tau蛋白异常磷酸化和β-淀粉样蛋白沉积,激活c-Jun氨基末端激酶/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3通路引发坏死性凋亡与细胞焦亡,协同诱导神经炎症、突触可塑性损伤及神经元凋亡最终引发认知功能障碍和神经退行性病变;⑧金属植入物释放的有毒离子(如过量锌、铁)可能引发神经细胞氧化应激、兴奋性毒性及线粒体功能障碍,从而干扰神经再生,可通过优化支架孔隙率、力学性能及表面涂层技术(如银纳米颗粒)来抑制离子溶出;⑨金属螯合剂通过结合游离金属离子降低神经毒性,不仅可清除阿尔茨海默病中的铁离子沉积、溶解β-淀粉样蛋白缠结,还能与干细胞移植协同减轻创伤性脑损伤局部的氧化应激和炎症,提升神经修复效果;⑩干预金属毒性的组织工程新兴策略包括开发靶向递送系统(如负载乙二胺四乙酸钙纳米颗粒穿越血脑屏障清除重金属)和智能响应材料(如金属离子敏感水凝胶动态调控金属离子释放),以精准维持神经微环境中必需金属元素的平衡。
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5221-9782(刘圳)

中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点:干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程

关键词: 金属暴露, 锰, 锌, 铜, 镉, 铅, 铝, 神经退行性疾病

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Metal exposure has been closely linked to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
OBJECTIVE: To systematically and comprehensively elucidate the impact of metal exposure on neurodegenerative diseases and summarize the neurotoxicological mechanisms underlying metal exposure-induced neurodegeneration.
METHODS: The first author conducted a computerized search of CNKI, Web of Science, and PubMed databases for literature published up to February 2025. The search terms were “Metal exposure, Manganese, Iron, Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Lead, Aluminum, Neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Multiple sclerosis, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease” in Chinese and English. According to the inclusion criteria, a total of 204 articles were ultimately included for review and analysis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Exposure to manganese systematically drives neurodegenerative processes via mitochondrial oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory responses, and protein homeostasis disruption. (2) Iron-induced abnormal free iron accumulation triggers mitochondrial dysfunction, proteostasis imbalance, neuroinflammation, and epigenetic dysregulation. The inflammatory microenvironment induced by neuroinflammation exacerbates iron accumulation, leading to neuronal apoptosis, Lewy body deposition, amyloid pathology, and blood-brain barrier disruption, thereby promoting neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. (3) Zinc overload damages neurons through dual pathways: intracellular zinc influx induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, causing calcium imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction, while synaptic zinc activates the reactive oxygen species-glutamate toxicity axis. Both pathways amplify apoptotic signals via the p38MAPK/JNK pathway and synergize with Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB-mediated neuroinflammation to drive neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. (4) Copper exerts neurotoxicity via Fenton reaction-mediated oxidative stress, protein aggregation, cuproptosis, and neurotransmitter imbalance. Concurrently, blood-brain barrier disruption exacerbates copper accumulation, forming a self-reinforcing neurotoxic network that accelerates neurodegeneration. (5) Cadmium induces oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, calcium dysregulation, neurotransmitter disruption, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier damage, collectively contributing to neurodegeneration. (6) Lead hijacks metal transporters to induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial apoptosis, upregulates ryanodine receptors to cause calcium overload and synaptic plasticity impairment, and exacerbates β-amyloid deposition and synaptic damage via epigenetic dysregulation, thereby driving neurodegeneration. (7) Aluminum disrupts iron metabolism to induce iron overload and ferroptosis, interferes with acetylcholine metabolism to impair cholinergic function, inhibits the insulin receptor substrate 1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway to promote tau hyperphosphorylation and β-amyloid deposition, and activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/NOD-like receptor protein 3 pathway to trigger necroptosis and pyroptosis. These mechanisms synergistically induce neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis, ultimately leading to cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration. (8) Toxic ions released by metallic implants (e.g., excess zinc, iron) can trigger neuronal oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial dysfunction, interfering with neural regeneration. Ion leaching can be mitigated by optimizing scaffold porosity, mechanical properties, and surface coating technologies (e.g., silver nanoparticles). (9) Metal chelators reduce neurotoxicity by binding free metal ions. They not only clear iron deposits and dissolve β-amyloid aggregates in Alzheimer’s disease but also synergize with stem cell transplantation to alleviate local oxidative stress and inflammation in traumatic brain injury, thereby enhancing neural repair efficacy. (10) Emerging tissue engineering strategies for countering metal toxicity include the development of targeted delivery systems (e.g., calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetate-loaded nanoparticles traversing the blood-brain barrier to eliminate heavy metals) and smart responsive materials (e.g., metal ion-sensitive hydrogels dynamically regulating ion release). These approaches aim to precisely maintain the balance of essential metal elements within the neural microenvironment.

Key words: metal exposure, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, aluminum, neurodegenerative diseases

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