中国组织工程研究 ›› 2025, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (36): 7827-7838.doi: 10.12307/2025.502

• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇    下一篇

负载miRNA间充质干细胞源外泌体改善脊髓损伤的作用机制

郭  佳1,2,任亚锋2,李  冰2,黄  靖1,尚文雅1,杨溢珂1,刘慧瑶1   

  1. 1河南中医药大学康复医学院,河南省郑州市   450046;2河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南省郑州市   450000
  • 收稿日期:2024-04-08 接受日期:2024-04-24 出版日期:2025-12-28 发布日期:2025-03-14
  • 通讯作者: 任亚锋,博士,主任医师,硕士生导师,河南中医药大学第一附属医院,河南省郑州市 450000
  • 作者简介:郭佳,女,2001年生,山西省吕梁市人,汉族,河南中医药大学在读硕士,主要从事脊髓损伤康复治疗方面的研究。
  • 基金资助:
    河南省中医药科学研究专项课题 (2021JDZY022,2022JDZY015),项目负责人:任亚锋;河南中医药大学“双一流”创建工程中医学学科项目(HSRP-DFCTCM-2023-1-25),项目负责人:任亚锋

Action mechanism of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes carrying miRNAs in improving spinal cord injury

Guo Jia1, 2, Ren Yafeng2, Li Bing2, Huang Jing1, Shang Wenya1, Yang Yike1, Liu Huiyao1   

  1. 1School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China; 2First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
  • Received:2024-04-08 Accepted:2024-04-24 Online:2025-12-28 Published:2025-03-14
  • Contact: Ren Yafeng, MD, Chief physician, Master’s supervisor, First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
  • About author:Guo Jia, Master candidate, School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China; First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan Province, China
  • Supported by:
    Henan Province Traditional Chinese Medicine Science Research Special Project, No. 2021JDZY022, 2022JDZY015 (to RYF); “Double First Class” Creation Engineering Traditional Chinese Medicine Discipline Project of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, No. HSRP-DFCTCM-2023-1-25 (to RYF)

摘要:

文题释义:

脊髓损伤:是一种极其严重的创伤性疾病,会导致患者感觉、运动以及自主神经等功能障碍,由于其病理过程高度复杂,目前尚无明确有效的临床治疗策略。
间充质干细胞来源的外泌体:是由间充质干细胞分泌的细胞外囊泡之一,是一种新型的细胞间通讯工具,已被用作局部或全身递送miRNA的生物载体,以治疗包括脊髓损伤在内的多种疾病。而脊髓损伤会诱导miRNA的异常表达,引起继发性损伤反应。越来越多的证据表明,miRNA与脊髓损伤的发病机制有关。

摘要
背景:目前,脊髓损伤给患者和国家医疗服务带来巨大的负担,有关于脊髓损伤预防、治疗和康复已成为医学领域的一个重要课题。因此,在深入了解脊髓损伤潜在分子机制的基础上,探索新的有效治疗策略具有重要意义。
目的:综述负载多种miRNA的间充质干细胞源外泌体在改善脊髓损伤功能方面作用机制的研究进展,并基于临床转化现状,对其投入临床使用提出几点思考和展望。
方法:由第一作者检索中国知网和PubMed数据库,分别以“间充质干细胞,外泌体,脊髓损伤,miRNA,病理生理学,临床转化,临床试验,良好生产规范”及“mesenchymal stem cells,exosome,spinal cord injury,miRNA,pathophysiology,clinical translation,clinical trial,good manufacturing practice”为中英文检索词检索相关文献。文献类型包括论著和综述,语言种类为英文和中文,最终筛选出72篇文献进行综述分析。
结果与结论:①文章概述了外泌体的生物特性和其可作为负载miRNA良好载体的优势。由间充质干细胞源外泌体介导的多种miRNA主要通过调节神经再生相关蛋白的表达、抑制RAS同源基因家族成员A、激活环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白和信号传导及转录激活蛋白3、调节磷酸酯酶与张力蛋白同源物/程序性细胞死亡因子4通路等多个方面来促进神经元功能的恢复;通过调节内质网到细胞核信号1、干扰素调节因子5的表达、Toll样受体4/核转录因子kB通路、下调相关促炎因子等方面来改善炎症反应;抑制含发芽相关的EVH1域1和磷酸肌醇3激酶调节亚基2来促进血管生成。②进一步对比分析发现,miR-216-5p,miR-145-5p及miR-146b均通过调节相关通路来改善炎症反应,将这些miRNA联合运用可能会产生更显著效果;缺氧预处理可能是一种增加外泌体治疗效果的预处理方法。③目前尚无将间充质干细胞源外泌体应用于脊髓损伤的临床试验,这与其投入临床使用前需满足良好生产规范有关;现阶段需要大规模大批量的细胞生产、高效统一分离外泌体方法的缺失以及在投入临床使用前需要通过严格的监管审批机制等诸多因素阻碍了其临床应用。④miRNA作为间充质干细胞源外泌体内容物在治疗脊髓损伤中具有巨大潜力,未来应深入探索其作用机制以及加快推动进入临床试验阶段,为治疗脊髓损伤提供切实有效的新方法。

关键词: 脊髓损伤, 间充质干细胞, 外泌体, miRNA, 病理生理学, 临床转化, 临床试验, 良好生产规范

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Currently, spinal cord injury imposes a huge psychological and economic burden on patients and the National Health Service. The prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of spinal cord injury have become an important topic in the field of medicine. Therefore, it is important to explore new effective therapeutic strategies based on an in-depth understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of spinal cord injury.
OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress on the mechanism of action of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes loaded with various miRNAs in improving the function of spinal cord injury, and based on the current status of clinical translation, to put forward a few thoughts and outlooks on their clinical use.  
METHODS: The first author searched CNKI and PubMed databases using “mesenchymal stem cells, exosomes, spinal cord injury, miRNA, pathophysiology, clinical translation, clinical trials, good manufacturing practice” as Chinese and English search terms. The types of literature included treatises and reviews, and the language types were English and Chinese. Finally, 72 papers were screened and analyzed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) This article outlines the biological properties of exosomes and the advantages that they can serve as good vectors for loading miRNAs. A variety of miRNAs mediated by mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes mainly promote the recovery of neuronal function by regulating the expression of nerve regeneration-associated proteins, repressing RAS homologous gene family member A, activating cyclophosphoadenosine effector-binding proteins, and signaling and transcriptional activation proteins 3, and regulating phosphoinositide and tensin homologue/programmed cell death factor 4 pathways. Inflammatory responses were improved by regulating endoplasmic reticulum-to-nucleus signaling 1, expression of interferon regulatory factor 5, Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway, and down-regulating related pro-inflammatory factors. Angiogenesis was promoted by inhibition of germination-associated domain 1-containing EVH1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit 2. (2) Further comparative analyses revealed that miR-216-5p, miR-145-5p, and miR-146b improved inflammatory responses by regulating related pathways. Combining these miRNAs may produce more significant effects; hypoxic preconditioning may be a preconditioning method to increase the efficacy of exosomal therapy. (3) There are currently no clinical trials applying mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes to spinal cord injury, which is related to the need to meet good manufacturing practices before they can be put into clinical use. Challenges such as the need for large-scale, high-volume cell production, the lack of an efficient and uniform method for isolating exosomes, and the need to pass a strict regulatory approval mechanism prior to clinical use have impeded the clinical entry. (4) miRNAs have great potential as exosomal contents of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of spinal cord injury, and their mechanism of action should be explored in depth as well as accelerated to the clinical trial stage in order to provide a new and effective method for the treatment of spinal cord injury. 


Key words: spinal cord injury, mesenchymal stem cell, exosomes, miRNA, pathophysiology, clinical translation, clinical trial, good manufacturing practice

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