中国组织工程研究 ›› 2025, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (31): 6753-6764.doi: 10.12307/2025.671

• 干细胞综述 stem cell review • 上一篇    下一篇

工程化外泌体靶向递送药物的抗肿瘤效应

代月优1,郭丹丹1,2,王茜茜1,2,王白燕1,2,冯书营1,2   

  1. 1河南中医药大学医学院,河南省郑州市  450046;2河南省中医药特医食品工程研究中心,河南省郑州市  450046
  • 收稿日期:2024-07-11 接受日期:2024-08-13 出版日期:2025-11-08 发布日期:2025-02-26
  • 通讯作者: 冯书营,医学博士,博士生导师,河南中医药大学医学院,河南省郑州市 450046;河南省中医药特医食品工程研究中心,河南省郑州市 450046
  • 作者简介:代月优,女,1997年生,汉族,河南省开封市人,河南中医药大学医学院在读硕士,主要从事中医药抗肿瘤研究。 并列第一作者:郭丹丹。河南中医药大学医学院,河南省郑州市 450046;河南省中医药特医食品工程研究中心,河南省郑州市 450046
  • 基金资助:
    中国博士后科学基金(2023M731023),项目负责人:郭丹丹;河南省科技攻关项目(242102311212),项目负责人:郭丹丹;河南省高等学校重点科研项目(24A310005),项目负责人:郭丹丹;研究生科研创新能力提升计划项目(2023KYCX083),项目负责人:代月优;河南省科技研发计划联合基金(优势学科培育类)(23231420070),项目负责人:冯书营

Anti-tumor effects of engineered exosomes for targeted drug delivery

Dai Yueyou1, Guo Dandan1, 2, Wang Qianqian1, 2, Wang Baiyan1, 2, Feng Shuying1, 2   

  1. 1School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China; 2Henan Engineering Research Center of Special Medical Food of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
  • Received:2024-07-11 Accepted:2024-08-13 Online:2025-11-08 Published:2025-02-26
  • Contact: Feng Shuying, MD, Doctoral supervisor, School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Special Medical Food of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China
  • About author:Dai Yueyou, Master candidate, School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China Guo Dandan, School of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Special Medical Food of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan Province, China Dai Yueyou and Guo Dandan contributed equally to this article.
  • Supported by:
    China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, No. 2023M731023 (to GDD); Henan Provincial Science and Technology Project, No. 242102311212 (to GDD); Henan Provincial Key Scientific Research Project, No. 24A310005 (to GDD); Graduate Research and Innovation Capacity Improvement Program, No. 2023KYCX083 (to DYY); Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research and Development Program Joint Fund (Advantage Discipline Cultivation Category), No. 23231420070 (to FSY)

摘要:

文题释义:

外泌体:由细胞分泌的微小囊泡,内含丰富的蛋白质、脂质和核酸,直径为40-160 nm,能够轻松穿越生物屏障。作为纳米级药物递送载体,外泌体不仅具有高度的生物相容性和低免疫原性,还能实现药物的在治疗过程中的精准靶向和缓释,从而显著提高药物的疗效并降低不良反应。因此,外泌体在药物递送领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。
工程化外泌体:是天然外泌体经过生物工程技术精细改造后的产物。这些改造后的外泌体不仅保留了原有的特性,还具备了更高的载药效率、更精准的靶向性和更强的抵抗机体清除能力。通过调整其膜负载物或内容物,工程化外泌体能够针对特定疾病或治疗需求进行定制,为药物递送和疾病治疗提供了新的高效途径。

摘要
背景:当前治疗肿瘤的药物主要以化学药为主,但存在着耐药和不良反应等问题。外泌体药物递送系统不仅避免了人工合成纳米颗粒药物的毒性,而且增加了药物的生物利用度和生物相容性。通过生物、物理和化学方法对外泌体进行修饰进而打造成一种新型的纳米载药平台。 
目的:对外泌体药物递送系统的构建策略和在肿瘤疾病中的应用现状以及当前所面临的各种挑战进行了综述。
方法:以“Exosomal,tumor,microvesicle,extracellular vesicles ,engineered,therapeutics,characterization,isolation ,drug delivery,targeting,modification strategies, physics,chemistry, biology”为英文检索词和“外泌体,药物递送,肿瘤”为中文检索词检索PubMed及中国知网数据库,最终纳入了132篇文献进行深入地归纳和探讨。
结果与结论:①外泌体提取的技术手段,包括超速离心法、过滤法和试剂盒提取等,这些方法虽然能够高效地分离出外泌体,但是过程繁琐并且耗时较长,无法实现外泌体的大规模提取。②工程化外泌体主要分为4类:基因编辑工程化,通过基因改造提升功能;内源性工程化,利用炎症因子等预处理增强药物递送;外源性工程化,直接在外泌体中封装药物;混合型工程化,结合外泌体与脂质纳米颗粒形成新颗粒。目前部分工程化外泌体已进入癌症治疗的临床试验阶段,但多处于早期阶段。相比较而言,基因工程化外泌体因高靶向性和定制化潜力,被视为未来药物递送的重要方向。③实现工程化外泌体的临床转化还有诸多限制,在技术方面,大规模生产、纯化及载药效率等技术难题亟待解决;在生产方面,高昂成本及批次稳定性问题影响普及;在安全性方面,免疫原性及潜在毒性需全面评估;此外,监管政策的不完善及审批流程的复杂性也构成其临床转化的障碍。④未来需通过技术创新、成本控制、安全性提升及政策完善等多方面努力,推动工程化外泌体的临床转化进程。

关键词:

"> 工程化外泌体, 药物负载, 靶向递送, 肿瘤治疗, 癌症, 基因编辑工程化, 外源性工程化, 混合型工程化, 应用前景

Abstract: BACKGROUND: At present, chemotherapeutic drugs are mainly used for the treatment of tumors, but there are problems such as drug resistance and adverse reactions. The exosome drug delivery system not only avoids the toxicity of synthetic nanoparticles, but also increases the bioavailability and biocompatibility of the drugs. It can be modified by biological, physical, and chemical methods to form a new type of nano-drug delivery platform.
OBJECTIVE: To review the construction strategy of exosome drug delivery system, the application status of exosome drug delivery system in tumor diseases and the current challenges. 
METHODS: PubMed and CNKI were searched with “exosomal, tumor, microvesicle, extracellular vesicles, engineered, therapeutics, characterization, isolation, drug delivery, targeting, modification strategies, physics, chemistry, biology” as English search terms and “exosomes, drug delivery, tumor” as Chinese search terms. A total of 132 articles were included for in-depth induction and discussion.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The technical methods of exosome extraction, including ultracentrifugation, filtration, and kit extraction, can efficiently isolate exosomes, but the process is complicated and time-consuming, and large-scale extraction of exosomes cannot be achieved. (2) Engineered exosomes can be divided into four categories: gene editing engineering, which improves function through genetic modification; endogenous engineering, using inflammatory factors and other pretreatment to enhance drug delivery; exogenously engineered to encapsulate drugs directly in exosomes; hybrid engineering, combining exosomes with lipid nanoparticles to form new particles. Some have entered clinical trials for cancer treatment, but most are at an early stage. In contrast, genetically engineered exosomes are considered as an important direction for future drug delivery due to their high targeting and customization potential. (3) There are still many limitations to realize the clinical transformation of engineered exosomes. At the technical level, large-scale production, purification, and drug loading efficiency are urgent to be solved. In production, high cost and batch stability affect its popularity. In terms of safety, immunogenicity and potential toxicity need to be comprehensively evaluated. Furthermore, the imperfect regulatory policies and the complexity of the approval process also constitute obstacles to its clinical translation. (4) In the future, it is necessary to promote the clinical translation process through technical innovation, cost control, safety improvement, and policy improvement. 

Key words:

"> engineered exosomes, drug loading, targeted delivery, tumor treatment, cancer, gene editing engineering, exogenous engineering, hybrid engineering, application prospects

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