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18 July 2021, Volume 25 Issue 20 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Combined effects of hyperbaric oxygen, vibration training and astaxanthin on bone mineral density, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in diabetic osteoporosis rats Liu Yulin, Li Guotai 2021, 25 (20):  3117-3124.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3199 Abstract ( 535 )   PDF (928KB) ( 51 )   Save BACKGROUND: Diabetic osteoporosis is a serious and common diabetic complication associated with a high disability and mortality rate that occurs in the skeletal system. There is no specific treatment plan for the treatment of diabetic osteoporosis, and a combination of hypoglycemic and anti-osteoporosis drugs is mainly used. Compared with single-drug therapy, combined therapy with non-drug adjuvants may have a more significant effect on patients’ bone mineral density. OBJECTIVE: To explore the combined effects of hyperbaric oxygen + vibration training + astaxanthins on bone mineral density, bone metabolism, glucose metabolism, bone biomechanical performance, and oxidative stress in diabetic osteoporosis model rats. METHODS: In this study, 80 rats were modeled with a DOP model, and another 10 rats were reared normally. Normally reared rats were listed as a control group. Diabetic osteoporosis rats were randomly divided into model control group, hyperoxic group (H group), vibration training group (V group), astaxanthin intake group (A group), hyperbaric oxygen + vibration training group (HV group), hyperbaric oxygen + astaxanthin group (HA group), vibration training + astaxanthin group (VA group), hyperbaric oxygen + vibration training + astaxanthin group (HVA group). Interventions in each group lasted for 16 weeks. Bone mineral density, glucose metabolism, and oxidative stress were tested at 16 weeks after intervention as well as at the end of the intervention.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 16 weeks of intervention, the fasting plasma glucose, fasting serum insulin, and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance indicators in the HV and HVA groups were significantly lower than those in the model control, H, V, A, HA, and VA groups (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde content in the HVA group was significantly lower than that in the H, V, and HV groups (P < 0.05). The superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels in the HVA group were significantly higher than those in the model control, H, V, and HV groups (P < 0.05). The bone mineral density in the HVA group was significantly higher than that in the model control, H, and A groups (P < 0.05). The parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase levels in the HVA and HV groups were significantly lower than those in the H, V, A, HA, and VA groups (P < 0.05). The insulin-like growth factor 1 level was significantly higher in the HVA group than in the H, V, A, HA, and VA groups (P < 0.05). The maximum load, fracture load, and elastic model of the rat femur were significantly higher in the HV, HVA, V, and VA groups than in the model control, H, A, and HA groups  (P < 0.05). To conclude, the combination of hyperbaric oxygen + vibration training + astaxanthin for diabetic osteoporosis as an adjuvant therapy can effectively control blood glucose, relieve insulin resistance, reduce bone resorption, increase bone mineral density, and improve bone biomechanical performance. Moreover, the combined effect is significantly better than that of hyperbaric oxygen or vibration training alone. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Constructing finite element models of three maxillary arch forms Li Yuanyuan, Lu Yingjuan, Ye Yushan, Mustafa M.M Weldali, Chang Shaohai 2021, 25 (20):  3125-3129.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3217 Abstract ( 499 )   PDF (1130KB) ( 68 )   Save BACKGROUND: Dental arch shape is often considered as an important factor in oral treatment; however, there is no report on the construction of three-dimensional finite element models of different dental arches. OBJECTIVE: To establish the three-dimensional finite element models of maxillary dental arches including square, ovoid, tapered. METHODS: An adult female patient after orthodontic treatment was selected as the subject of this study and her CT data were analyzed used Mimics 20.0 software, Geomagic Studio (2014) software, UnigraphicsNX (10.0) software and ANSYS (18.2) finite element analysis software to generate a complete model of maxillary dental arch. Then, through the calculation of the equations of different dental arch shapes and guide the equations into established dental arch model, three-dimensional finite element models of square, ovoid and tapered dental arches were constructed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A fourth-order polynomial function describing the dental arch shape was obtained and three-dimensional finite element models of square, ovoid and tapered maxillary dental arch were successfully constructed. Square arch had 398 098 nodes and 223 751 units, ovoid arch had 401 800 nodes and 226 177 units, and tapered arch had 404 434 nodes and 227 430 units. These will provide a reliable basis for subsequent biomechanical analysis and clinical practice. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bmal1 and Clock regulate the development and differentiation of skeletal muscle Yang Xinhua, Yan Yindi, Luo Xuguang, Yang Yanping, Li Hairong, Cui Huilin, Cao Ximei 2021, 25 (20):  3130-3137.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3135 Abstract ( 468 )   PDF (1059KB) ( 54 )   Save BACKGROUND: Skeletal muscle has a circadian rhythm, but the mechanism of circadian Clock genes during the development and differentiation of the skeletal muscle and the interrelationship with muscle regulators are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: To observe the spatio-temporal expression characteristics of circadian Clock genes in embryos of different mouse embryonic ages and during the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts as well as to examine the relationship of Bmal1, Clock and MyoD in the skeletal muscle development. METHODS: RT-qPCR was used to examine Bmal1, Clock, Per1, Cry1, Rev-erbα, as well as myogenic regulatory factors MyoD, myogenin, Tcap and MAZ from the embryos of ICR mice at embryonic ages of 10-17 days and during the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. Western blot was used to investigate the expression of Bmal1, Clock and MyoD at 48, 96, and 144 hours after differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. Luciferase reporter assay was used to analyze the activation of TCAP reporter plasmids by co-transfection of Bmal1, Clock and MyoD plasmids. An approval for this study was obtained from the Animal Experimental Ethics Committee of Shanxi Medical University.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) With the development of mouse embryo, the expression of Bmal1, Clock, and Per1 were increased, especially Per1. Cry1 and Rev-erbα were weakly expressed. (2) The expression intensity of MyoD and myogenin were gradually increased. In addition, the level of Tcap expression was related to sarcomere development. The expression of MAZ maintained a higher level and sustained increased in embryos, which might be involved in the development and differentiation of the skeletal muscle. (3) With the induced differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts, the expressions of Bmal1 and Clock were synchronously increased. At the same time, the expression of Cry1 was up-regulated gradually. Per1 and Rev-erbα were very weakly expressed. The expressions of MyoD and myogenin were gradually increased, specially myogenin. This indicates that C2C12 myoblasts are the optimal model for research on myogenic differentiation. Western blot analysis revealed that the protein levels of Bmal1 and Clock were highly expressed in C2C12 myoblasts, which might be necessary for remaining the activity of myogenic regulatory factor. MyoD was highly expressed, but the band of MyoD  did not achieve statistical significance. By the luciferase reporter assay, we found that Bmal1, Clock and MyoD  plasmids worked in synergistic fashion to regulate the expression of TCAP (Titin-cap). To conclude, Bmal1, Clock and MyoD are all key regulators of myogenic differentiation. Highly expressed MyoD may be related to phase separation and play an important role in the development and differentiation of skeletal muscle. Persistently expressed Bmal1 is beneficial to maintain the activity of muscle regulators. Lowly expressed Rev-erbα is beneficial to skeletal muscle maturation. Per1, which is consistently highly expressed during embryonic development, may be involved in the establishment of the inhibition of cyclic rhythms and is beneficial to the development of the skeletal muscle and other tissues and organs. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of electrical deep muscle stimulate on muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness of biceps brachii in stroke patients Bao Sairong, Lin Lihua, Shan Sharui, Yang Xingping, Liu Chunlong 2021, 25 (20):  3138-3143.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3204 Abstract ( 434 )   PDF (775KB) ( 93 )   Save BACKGROUND: Electrical deep muscle stimulate as a local vibration therapy can relieve pain and functional limitation due to injury, lactic acid buildup, or inter-fascial adhesions caused by exertion or pulling, but few studies have reported on its anti-spasticity effects. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of electrical deep muscle stimulate (DMS) on muscle tone, stiffness, and elasticity of biceps brachii in stroke patients. METHODS: A total of 60 stroke patients with hemiplegia, who met the inclusion criteria, were randomly divided into control group (n=20), stretch group (n=20) and DMS group (n=20). All of the three groups were given routine rehabilitation and drug treatments. Biceps brachii of the hemiplegic side was stretched for 10 minutes, once a day, five times per week, for 3 continuous weeks in the stretch group. The DMS group was given DMS in the state of biceps brachii stretched, 10 minutes once, five times per week, for 3 continuous weeks. The Modified Tardieu Scale scores, the content of shoulder and elbow of Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scale (FMA) scores and the Myoton-3 parameters were recorded before, immediately after the first intervention and after 3 weeks of treatment. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University (approval No. [2019]181). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Immediately after the first intervention, the oscillation frequency (F), logarithmic decrement (D), and dynamic stiffness (S) of biceps brachii, the angle of catch following a fast velocity stretch biceps brachii (R1) and the quality of biceps brachii reaction (X) in both stretch group and DMS group were significantly lower than those before treatment (P < 0.05). The start angle of elbow flexion (R) in the DMS group was significantly lower than that before treatment and the FMA scores of the upper limb in the DMS group were significantly higher than those before treatment (P < 0.05). After 3 weeks of treatment, the oscillation frequency, logarithmic decrement, and dynamic stiffness of biceps brachii, the start angle of elbow flexion (R), the angle of catch following a fast velocity stretch biceps brachii (R1) and the quality of biceps brachii reaction (X) in all groups were significantly lower than those before treatment (P < 0.05), while the FMA scores of the upper limb in all groups were significantly higher than those before treatment (P < 0.05). Immediately after the first intervention, the oscillation frequency and dynamic stiffness of biceps brachii were lower in the stretch group than in the control group (P < 0.05), but after 3 weeks of treatment, all parameters did not show significant difference between the stretch group and control group (P > 0.05). Immediately after the first intervention, all parameters did not show significant difference between the stretch group and the DMS group (P > 0.05), but after 3 weeks of treatment, the oscillation frequency, logarithmic decrement, dynamic stiffness of biceps brachii, the angle of catch following a fast velocity stretch biceps brachii (R1) and the quality of biceps brachii reaction (X) were lower in the DMS group than the stretch group, while the FMA scores of the upper limb were significantly higher in the DMS group than the stretch group (P < 0.05). Immediately after the first intervention, the oscillation frequency and dynamic stiffness of biceps brachii were lower in the DMS group than the control group (P < 0.05), and after 3 weeks of treatment, all parameters were significantly improved in the DMS group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). To conclude, electrical DMS combined with routine rehabilitation treatment can effectively reduce muscle tone and stiffness, promote elasticity of biceps brachii and improve the motor function of the upper limb in stroke patients. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation between skeletal muscle fiber characteristics and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with hip fractures Lin Haishan, Mieralimu Muertizha, Li Peng, Ma Chao, Wang Li 2021, 25 (20):  3144-3149.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3188 Abstract ( 393 )   PDF (886KB) ( 32 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that reduced diameter and number of muscle fibers are related to muscle atrophy, especially type II muscle fibers. OBJECTIVE: To explore the correlation between the distribution characteristics of skeletal muscle fibers and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with hip fractures.  METHODS: The clinical data of 60 female postmenopausal patients undergoing surgical treatment for hip fractures were included. Bone mineral density and muscle content were measured by dual energy X-ray, and the Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (ASMI) was calculated. According to the diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis, the included patients were divided into four groups with normal bone mass, reduced bone mass, osteoporosis, and severe osteoporosis, with 15 cases in each group. During operation, the patient’s gluteus medius muscle fibers were taken, and their diameter and distribution characteristics were observed under a microscope after slicing, fixing, and staining. Muscle content and femoral neck bone density at the healthy side were tested. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between muscle fiber diameter and skeletal muscle content at the affected side and the bone mineral density of the contralateral femoral neck.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The body muscle content and trunk muscle content of the severe osteoporosis group were significantly lower than those of the other three groups (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the other three groups (P > 0.05). The muscle content of the limbs in the normal bone mass group was significantly higher than that in the osteoporosis group and severe osteoporosis group (P < 0.05), and the muscle content of the limbs in the reduced bone mass group was higher than that in the severe osteoporosis group (P < 0.05). The ASMI value of the limbs in the severe osteoporosis group was significantly lower than that in the normal bone mass group and reduced bone mass group (P < 0.05). The femoral neck bone mineral density of postmenopausal women with hip fractures had a certain correlation with age, body mass, and type II muscle fiber diameter. The linear fitting R2 of femoral neck bone density with type II muscle fiber diameter and muscle content of the limbs was 0.103 and 0.243, respectively. To conclude, the bone mineral density of female patients with hip fractures is closely related to age, body mass index, muscle content of different body parts (body, limbs, trunk), and ASMI. Type II muscle fiber diameter and muscle content of the limbs have a positive correlation with femoral neck bone mineral density, suggesting that in the prevention of hip fractures in postmenopausal elderly women, we should adopt a comprehensive program of exercise, nutrition and drug treatment to increase bone mass and improve muscle quality. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of cryptotanshinone on hypertrophic scar of rabbit ear and its related mechanism Yang Li, Li Xueli, Song Jinghui, Yu Huiqian, Wang Weixia 2021, 25 (20):  3150-3155.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3221 Abstract ( 466 )   PDF (1196KB) ( 53 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cryptotanshinone (CTS) has been shown to have a certain inhibitory effect on hyperplastic scar hyperplasia, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibitory effect of CTS on hypertrophic scar of the rabbit ear and its effect on transforming growth factor-β1/Smads signaling pathway.  METHODS: The rabbit ear model of hypertrophic scar was established and then rabbit models were randomly divided into model group, low and high-dose CTS groups, followed by local injection of normal saline, 27 and 81 mg/L CTS respectively beginning at 21 days after modeling, once a day, for 7 days. Meanwhile, normal rabbits were used as the control group. Scar index was measured after administration. Pathological analysis was carried out by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining after sampling. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin was detected by immunohistochemistry. Hydroxyproline content was determined by alkaline hydrolysis. The expression of type I collagen, type III collagen and transforming growth factor-β1/Smads signaling pathway related proteins were detected by western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the scar index, the number of fibroblasts and collagen fibers were significantly increased, the levels of α-smooth muscle actin and hydroxyproline in scar tissue, and the protein levels of type I collagen, type III collagen, transforming growth factor-β1, p-Smad2, p-Smad3 and Smad4 were significantly increased in the model group (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the scar index, the number of fibroblasts and collagen fibers were significantly decreased, the levels of α-smooth muscle actin and hydroxyproline in scar tissue, and the protein levels of type I collagen, type III collagen, transforming growth factor-β1, p-Smad2, p-Smad3 and Smad4 were significantly decreased in the low and high-dose CTS groups (P < 0.05). The above-mentioned parameters changed more significantly in the high-dose CTS group compared to the low-dose CTS group (P < 0.05). To conclude, CTS has a certain inhibitory effect on the formation of hypertrophic scar in rabbit ears, and its mechanism may be related to transforming growth factor-β1/Smads signaling pathway.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of aging on collateral vessel growth in rats with ischemic hind limbs Dong Liping, Luo Huaiqing, Yuan Heng, Long Juan, Xu Shaohui 2021, 25 (20):  3156-3161.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3242 Abstract ( 425 )   PDF (1006KB) ( 62 )   Save BACKGROUND: Animal experiments have found that injection of angiogenic cells or growth factors into experimental animals significantly promotes the growth of collateral vessels. However, a large number of clinical randomized controlled trials, including administration of angiogenic cells to patients with severe lower limb ischemia or myocardial infarction, have been ineffective to restore the blood flow in ischemic tissues. By comparing the remarkable effects of animal experiments and disappointing clinical trial results, it may reflect a fact that young animals are used in most laboratories, while most of the patients with ischemic diseases are elderly.  OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of aging on the growth of collateral vessels in ischemic hind limbs in adult and aged rat models of femoral artery ligation.  METHODS: Twelve healthy adult rats (6-month-old) were divided into adult sham group and adult ligation group, and 12 aged rats (20-month-old) were divided into aged sham group and aged ligation group. Rats in the ligation groups underwent femoral artery ligation. The rats survived for 1 week after surgery. Three rats in each group were taken and the muscles with collateral vessels in the hind limbs were taken for frozen section for immunofluorescence histochemical detection of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, Ki67 and matrix metalloproteinase 2. Another three rats from each group were subjected to angiography using gelatin trioxide and X-ray for observing the growth of collateral vessels. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the sham groups, rats in the ligation groups had more collateral vessels in hind limbs, increased number of Ki67-positive cells and increased expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (P < 0.01). Compared with the adult ligation group, the number of collateral vessels was less (P < 0.01), the number of Ki67 positive cells was reduced (P < 0.01), and the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinase 2 was significantly decreased in the aged ligation group (P < 0.01). Overall, aging impairs the growth of collateral vessels in ischemic hind limbs of rats. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exercises under cold exposure change fat type and function in obese rats Wang Chaoge, Weng Xiquan, Lin Baoxuan, Chen Lina, Xu Guoqin 2021, 25 (20):  3162-3167.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3220 Abstract ( 504 )   PDF (1226KB) ( 136 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cold exposure and exercise serve as two powerful physiological stimuli to change the type and function of fat, which has positive implications for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic diseases. So far, it remains to be unclear whether exercise in the different cold exposure can produce an addictive effect on fat change. OBJECTIVE: To observe the browning effect of white fat and the expression of uncoupling protein 1 in obese rats after 5 weeks of exercise intervention under cold exposure. METHODS: Sixty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were selected to establish animal models of nutritional obesity. They were randomly divided into four groups: normal control group (NTS), normal exercise group (NTE), acute cold control group (ACS), acute cold exercise group (ACE), intermittent cold control group (ICS) and intermittent cold exercise group (ICE), continuous cold control group (CES), and continuous cold exercise group (CEE). The normal temperature environment was 24-26 °C, the cold environment was 3-4 °C, and the relative humidity was 50%-60%. For acute cold exposure, the rats were exposed to low temperature for only 4 hours before the end of the experiment; for intermittent cold exposure, the rats were exposed to low temperature for 4 hours per day; for continuous cold exposure, the rats stayed in a cold environment all day. The protocol for treadmill running in exercise groups was as follows: 25 m/min (speed), 0 °C (slope), 30 minutes once, for two sections. Sampling was conducted after 5 weeks. The fat rate was measured by Micro-CT LCT200. The interscapular and inguinal fats were collected for hematoxylin-eosin staining to observe morphological changes, and the expression of uncoupling protein 1 in the inguinal fat was examined by western blot.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the CES, ICE and CEE groups, the volume of interscapular fat cells decreased significantly and the cell number increased significantly; the lipid droplets gradually disappeared and the intercellular capillaries gradually increased. The white fat cells in the inguinal of the rats in the ICE and SEE groups were multilocular, with smaller and more uniform cell size and tighter tissue, showing an obvious browning trend. Compared with the CEE group, the visceral and body fat rate were significantly declined in the NTS, NTE, ACS, ACE, ICS and CES groups (P < 0.05). The subcutaneous fat rate of the NTS group was significantly declined compared with that of the ACS and ICS groups (P < 0.05), and that of the ACE group was significantly declined compared with that of the NTE group (P < 0.05). Compared with the NTS group, the brown fat rate was significantly higher in the ACS, ICS, CES and CEE groups (P < 0.05); compared with the ACE group, the brown fat rate was significantly higher in ACS group (P < 0.05); compared with the ICE group, the brown fat rate was significantly higher in ICS group (P < 0.05); compared with the ACE group, the brown fat rate was significantly declined in ICE and CEE groups (P < 0.05). The expression of uncoupling protein 1 in each exercise group was significantly up-regulated compared with the corresponding control group (P < 0.05). The expression of uncoupling protein 1 was lowest in the NTS group, and highest in CCE group, followed by the ICE group (P < 0.05). To conclude, exercises under continuous and intermittent cold exposure can induce the browning of subcutaneous inguinal white fat and reduce the body fat rate of obese body, which may be correlated with the morphological changes of inguinal fat as well as the changes of uncoupling protein 1.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of thermosensitive moxibustion in a rat model of pelvic inflammation based on trifocal focal membrane theory Cui Tiantian, Yi Lan, Ouyang Hougan, Wu Huiting, Ouyang Yanchu, Chen Chu 2021, 25 (20):  3168-3172.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3519 Abstract ( 403 )   PDF (1029KB) ( 36 )   Save BACKGROUND: From clinical experience and basic experiments, it is concluded that thermosensitive moxibustion has a positive effect on the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease, but its mechanism of action has not been fully explained. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of thermosensitive moxibustion on fascial connective tissue and its therapeutic mechanism in rats with pelvic inflammatory disease. METHODS: Sixty SPF female rats were randomly divided into normal group (n=15) and model group (n=45). The pelvic inflammatory disease model was prepared by mixed bacteria injection. After modeling, 45 model rats were randomly divided into model group, moxibustion group and thermosensitive moxibustion group according to the change of tail temperature. The normal and model groups did not receive any intervention measures, and the remaining two groups were given moxa-moxibustion (15 minutes per day) and thermosensitive moxibustion (40 minutes per day) at Sanyin Jiao, Zusanli and Guanyuan acupoints, respectively. All treatments were observed over a 7-day period. At the end of the treatment, MASSON staining was used to observe the morphological changes of the uterus, peritoneum and fascia around the acupoints. The contents of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the rat serum were determined by ELISA.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: MASSON staining of the uterus, peritoneum and fascia around the acupoints showed that, compared with the model group, the collagen fibers in the fascia of the thermosensitive moxibustion group showed wavy distribution and the diameter of cytoplasm became longer. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the model group were significantly higher than those in the normal group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the thermosensitive moxibustion group and the moxibustion group were significantly lower than those in the model group (P < 0.01), while the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the thermosensitive moxibustion group were significantly lower than those in the moxibustion group (P < 0.05). The results suggest that the role of thermosensitive acupuncture points may be closely related to the trifocal film of the whole body, and thermosensitive moxibustion may realize the heat signal conduction by changing the morphology and structure of fibroblasts in the relevant connective tissue of the whole body. The relief of pelvic inflammatory symptoms by thermosensitive moxibustion may be related to the changes in serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of intestinal epithelial cells and their apoptotic factors Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 under urinary environment Xu Bin, Yang Xiushu, Liu Xuan, Wang Zhenxing 2021, 25 (20):  3173-3177.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3213 Abstract ( 386 )   PDF (720KB) ( 87 )   Save BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of the urinary tract with the ileum instead of the ureter has achieved a good clinical effect. There are yet no reports on what the adaptation relates to after the ileum acts as a substitute of the ureter. This study attempted to observe the effect of urine on the expression of apoptotic factors in intestinal epithelial cells, to further explore the possible underlying mechanism, and to provide experimental evidence for the pathological characteristics of the ileum instead of the ureter.  OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of urine environment on the expression of Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 in human intestinal epithelial cells and to further investigate whether the urine environment promotes the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and its underlying mechanism.  METHODS: Human normal intestinal epithelial cells were treated with artificial urine that was diluted in culture medium at the rate of 0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, and 1:128 for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cell counting kit-8 was used to observe the effect of urine on the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells. RT-PCR and western blot assay were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of Caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 in intestinal epithelial cells.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Caspase-3 and Bax were highly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells of the group with the highest urine concentration, and the expression level gradually decreased as the urine concentration gradient decreased. The expression of Bcl-2 in intestinal epithelial cells was low in the group with the highest urine concentration, and the expression level gradually increased as the urine concentration gradient decreased. The higher the urine concentration, the higher the expression of pro-apoptotic factors Caspase-3 and Bax in intestinal epithelial cells, and the lower the expression of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2,indicating that the urine can promote the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Knowledge mapping analysis on the international research of diabetic foot: a visual analysis based on CiteSpace Li Wenhui, Liu Guobin 2021, 25 (20):  3178-3184.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3215 Abstract ( 443 )   PDF (1654KB) ( 62 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the world, diabetic foot, an important complication, has attracted increasing attentions. Relevant research literature has been gradually increased for bibliometric analysis.  OBJECTIVE: To measure and visually analyze the research literature regarding diabetic foot in the past 10 years using CiteSpace V software, and to explore the research status, subjects and global development trend in this field, so as to provide reference for researchers in the field of diabetic foot. METHODS: The Web of Science database was searched for diabetic foot-related literature published from 2010 to 2019. Literature information such as the amount of papers issued, the number of citations and highly cited literature were counted. All the data were exported, and analyzed using CiteSpace V software with regard to research subjects, research hotspots and frontiers. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 6 811 articles were included in the study, and the number of articles published and cited in this field increased steadily in the past 10 years. Relevant journals mainly focus on wound repair or nursing, such as JOURNAL OF WOUND CARE, in which, 188 relevant articles have been issued. The top 10 journals have an average impact factor of 2. Highly cited literatures mainly address relevant diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines and introduce new materials for promoting healing. The United States ranks first with 1 930 articles and 29 186 citations, followed by the United Kingdom and China. Based on a comprehensive analysis of average number and proportion of citations, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States have publications of higher quality in this field. Among the top 20 research institutions, Manchester University, University of Washington, and University of Arizona rank top 3. Shanghai Jiao Tong University has the largest number of papers in China, while Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University and Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing University have established good international cooperation relations. The visual clustering of 14 key words shows that amputation, Charcot’s foot and nephrosis are the main concerns of the academic community, indicating that great attention should be paid to the prognosis and quality of life, followed by stem cell therapy and biofilm. It is suggested that basic and clinical research on diabetic foot shows vigorous vitality in this field. The research timeline has shown that the research focus has changed from treatment to quality of life, prevention and health care. Burst hotspot analysis shows that in vitro experiment, cell therapy and biofilm are the research frontiers in this field. To conclude, future research on diabetic foot should underline the following aspects: firstly, increase prevention efforts and reduce incidence rate; secondly, reduce amputation rate and improve quality of life; and thirdly, strengthen interdisciplinary integration and construct regional treatment network. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Potential molecular mechanism of Wuling powder in treating osteoarthritis based on network pharmacology and molecular docking Song Shilei, Chen Yueping, Zhang Xiaoyun, Li Shibin, Lai Yu, Zhou Yi 2021, 25 (20):  3185-3193.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3203 Abstract ( 389 )   PDF (3441KB) ( 68 )   Save BACKGROUND: Wuling power has an effective effect in the clinical treatment of knee arthritis, but its pharmacological effects, but its molecular mechanisms and drug active components are not yet clear. OBJECTIVE: Based on the network pharmacology method, the potential molecular mechanism of Wuling powder in the treatment of osteoarthritis was explored, and the role of these molecules and related signaling pathways was elaborated, providing a theoretical basis for further extraction of key drug compounds.  METHODS: TCMSP was used to screen the active components and corresponding targets of Wuling powder, and Gene Cards, OMIM and DigSee disease databases were integrated to obtain the related targets of osteoarthritis. The potential targets of Wuling powder in the treatment of osteoarthritis were obtained by mapping and intersection on the Venny platform. The network of “single drug-active component-interaction target” and protein-protein interaction network of Wuling powder in the treatment of osteoarthritis were constructed by using the software of Cytoscape, and the functional enrichment analysis of GO and the enrichment analysis of KEGG pathway of Wuling powder in the treatment of osteoarthritis were carried out by using David database. Finally, the key active components and key targets of Wuling powder were verified through molecular docking by using PyMOL and other software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 52 active ingredients including β-sitosterol, catechin and taxifolin were screened. The protein-protein interaction analysis indicated that there were 26 key targets of Wuling powder in the treatment of osteoarthritis, including estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), which can promote the proliferation of chondrocytes and inhibit the expression of related inflammatory cytokines, tumor protein p53 (tumor protein), which is involved in the inflammatory reaction of osteoarthritis p53, and ubiquitin ligase CUL3 (cullin3) that mediates apoptosis. The results of molecular docking showed that catechin with the lowest affinity and NTRK1 had a good molecular docking, indicating that the predicted key active components of Wuling powder have a good binding activity with the key targets of osteoarthritis treatment. There were 709 GO items in total, including 649 biological processes, 22 cell components and 38 molecular functions, which are mainly involved in the response to estrogen, inflammation and lipopolysaccharide. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the related pathways of key protein modules included AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, interleukin-17 signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, and estrogen signaling pathway, which are involved in the process of oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis of chondrocytes. The results showed that the active compounds β-sitosterol, catechin, taxifolin and hederagenin in Wuling powder could regulate relevant signaling pathways by regulating the expression of ESR1, TP53, CUL3 and MCM2 related protein targets, which can slow down the apoptosis of chondrocytes, strengthen the proliferation and repair of chondrocytes, and reduce the inflammatory response.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An exploration on the mechanism of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction in treating early pain of lumbar disc herniation based on network pharmacology Zhong Yuanming, He Bingkun, Wu Zhuotan, Wu Sixian, Wan Tong, Zhong Xifeng 2021, 25 (20):  3194-3201.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3219 Abstract ( 515 )   PDF (2761KB) ( 102 )   Save BACKGROUND: Clinically, Shaoyao Gancao Decoction has a satisfactory effect on the early pain of lumbar disc herniation, but its mechanism is not clear. As a new subject, network pharmacology has the characteristics of systematization, integrity and multi-channel regulation of signal pathway, which is consistent with the main characteristics of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. OBJECTIVE: To screen out the main active components of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction by network pharmacology, construct the active compound-target network, and elucidate the mechanism by which Shaoyao Gancao Decoction treats the early pain of lumbar disc herniation. METHODS: The active components of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction were retrieved by Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database, and the target genes of active components were selected by AMDE parameters. The relevant target genes of lumbar disc herniation were retrieved from OMIM and Gene Cards database, and the target genes of active components were matched with Shaoyao Gancao Decoction to obtain the intersection targets. The drug-disease-target network map was constructed by using Cytoscape 3.7.2., and the protein-protein interaction network of intersection targets was obtained by STRING platform. Gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed using R software. Finally, the main active compounds of the obtained drugs were molecularly docked with key core proteins in the protein-protein interaction network using AutoDock Vina. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 87 active ingredients such as quercetin, anthocyanin, kaempferol and 47 potential targets such as interleukin-6, interleukin-1β and matrix metalloproteinase 9 were contained in Shaoyao Gancao Decoction. The GO function enrichment analysis showed that Shaoyao Gancao Decoction was mainly involved in the molecular composition of membrane raft, membrane region and collagen containing extracellular matrix, affected the molecular functions of cytokine receptor binding, endopeptidase activity, receptor ligand activity, and participated in biological processes such as response to molecule of bacterial origin, response to reactive oxygen species and cellular respond to oxidative stress. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that Shaoyao Gancao Decoction mainly played the role of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation and regulated immune responses through tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathway and interleukin-17 signaling pathway. Molecular docking results showed that uercetin, menthol and kaempferol, the core compounds of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction, could be closely combined with the core targets, providing the necessary conditions for further exerting the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction. Overall findings indicate that Shaoyao Gancao Decoction mainly plays the role of anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation as well as regulate immune response through the characteristics of multi-component, multi-target and multi-channel (for example, quercetin can act on the target of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and regulate the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway), and preliminarily explains the mechanism of Shaoyao Gancao Decoction in the treatment of early pain of lumbar disc herniation. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of researches on TCM treatments for cartilage diseases in recent 20 years by mapping knowledge domains Wei Jinqiang, Huang Dengcheng, Cao Xuewei, Zhou Jianwei, Sun He, Li Zehui 2021, 25 (20):  3202-3209.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3218 Abstract ( 339 )   PDF (2652KB) ( 69 )   Save BACKGROUND: As China pays more attention to the development of Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM), the researches on TCM treatments for cartilage diseases are increasing year by year in recent 20 years. Nevertheless, there is a lack of metrological analysis about the literature in this field. OBJECTIVE: Based on the method of mapping knowledge domains, to describe the knowledge structure and research hotspots of TCM treatments for cartilage diseases in the past 20 years, and to explore the dynamic frontiers in this field. METHODS: We perform descriptive statistical analysis about annual publication volume, distribution of journals and funds and cited frequency of the literatures in the 2000-2019 related literature, retrieved from the Web of Science and CNKI. In addition, CiteSpace was used for co-presence analysis of the institutions and authors as well as for cluster analysis of the keywords. The visualized mapping knowledge domains were drawn. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In China, the research interest of TCM treatments for cartilage diseases is on the rise in recent 20 years. With a gradual increase in literatures funded by national funds and a rapid increase in English literatures, more and more high-quality researches have emerged. In this field, it focuses on basic research that explores the mechanism of TCM treatments for cartilage diseases. The main representative drugs are Chinese medicine for invigorating the kidney, promoting blood circulation, and nourishing the liver. The method of invigorating the kidney is the main therapy for the treatment of cartilage diseases. Although the authors and the institutions have carried out some cooperation, there still exit some problems, such as excessively dispersive research groups, insufficient cross-regional cooperation and lack of influential teams or leaders. For example, Dai Qiyi’s team mainly explored the effects of patellar manipulations and Xiaoyao San on the cartilage, and Li Rongheng’s team mainly focused on the effects of Fuyuan Capsule on osteoarthritic cartilage. In the field of TCM treatments for cartilage diseases, the changes of research hotspots went through three stage: From 2000 to 2005, it mostly explored the prevention and treatments of cartilage diseases with integration of TCM and western medicine; from 2006 to 2013, it mainly studied the mechanism of Chinese herbal treatments of cartilage diseases by means of animal and cell experiments; from 2014 to 2019, it started to explore the treatments of cartilage diseases with integration of TCM and regenerative medicine such as tissue engineering. As for the dynamic frontiers in this field, it can be predicted that in the future, more researches will be carried out in the microscopic field such as cell apoptosis and signaling pathways, and in regenerative medicine fields such as tissue engineered cartilage and mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Furthermore, in these fields, increasing achievements cooperated by TCM and modern medicine will constantly emerge.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Epigenetic reprogramming and exercise regulation of bone metabolism disorders Liu Bo, Chen Xianghe, Yang Kang, Sun Changliang, Yu Huilin, Lu Pengcheng 2021, 25 (20):  3210-3218.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3209 Abstract ( 446 )   PDF (881KB) ( 53 )   Save BACKGROUND: The balance of bone metabolism in the body is maintained by bone formation mediated by osteoblasts and bone resorption mediated by osteoclasts. When its metabolic function is impaired, it will cause bone metabolism disorders and trigger various bone diseases.  OBJECTIVE: To review the mechanism of epigenetics in bone metabolism disorders, to explore the effect of exercise on epigenetics and the mechanism of epigenetics in exercise regulating bone metabolism.  METHODS: PubMed and CNKI were searched for relevant articles published from January 1999 to October 2020, using the keywords of “exercise; epigenetics; bone metabolism; DNA methylation; histone modification; noncoding RNA” in English and Chinese, respectively. A total of 90 relevant articles were retrieved, and 73 articles met the inclusion criteria.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Epigenetics can regulate gene expression and influence bone metabolism without changing gene sequence, which is flexible and heritable. Changes in mRNA expression of HDAC1, Sirt1, DNMTs, LncRNA OGRU, and miR-486 can alter the activity and gene expression of related signal pathways, which in turn affects the growth, development and maturation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, thereby regulating the dynamic balance between bone resorption and bone formation. Osteocytes and osteoclasts are all mechanically sensitive cells. Bone tissue can convert the load generated by exercise into biological stimuli to act on osteoblasts and osteoclasts, then affect cell proliferation, differentiation and maturation, and ultimately regulate bone metabolism. Exercise can regulate the expression of FoxO3a, Jag1, Hcy, and homeobox A10 through their epigenetic status, thereby exerting a positive effect on bone formation. Bone tissue is a kind of mechanically sensitive tissue, and epigenetics plays an important role in the regulation of bone tissue homeostasis by exercise. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Irisin mediates protective effects on failing heart via integrin alpha V receptors Wang Jing, Wu Jiangbo 2021, 25 (20):  3219-3225.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3210 Abstract ( 386 )   PDF (1085KB) ( 48 )   Save BACKGROUND: Exercise stimulates skeletal muscle, myocardium and fat tissues to release irisin, and it exerts various effects on muscle and non-muscle tissues through autocrine, paracrine and endocrine pathways. Clinically, serum irisin level is used as an important indicator for diagnosing heart failure and evaluating its severity as well as a potential target for treating heart failure.  OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism by which exercise-induced irisin exerts myocardial protection from the perspective of receptors.   METHODS: SCI, PubMed, and CNKI were searched for relevant documents published from 1990 to 2020. The search terms included “irisin; integrin αV; aerobic exercise; chronic heart failure; myocardial mitochondria” in English and Chinese, respectively. According to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria, 68 authoritative and representative literatures were selected for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Irisin plays an important role in maintaining normal cardiac function, and its cardioprotection is related to the improvement of mitochondrial function. Integrin αV is a novel specific receptor of irisin, which can transmit extracellular signals into cells through outside-in signals. Integrin αV mediates the effects of irisin on myocardial mitochondria, including oxidative stress, biosynthesis and mitophagy, which provides a new therapy for aerobic exercise or irisin to improve heart failure. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Guided bone regeneration in a small animal model of critical size craniofacial bone defects He Fan, Xiong Xiuli, Shan Xianfeng, Zhang Shutong, Hu Jian, Wang Xuejin 2021, 25 (20):  3226-3231.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3128 Abstract ( 381 )   PDF (701KB) ( 90 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the introduction and application of guided bone regeneration technology, bone augmentation technology has been rapidly developed, and the indications for implantation have been continuously expanded. In the pilot studies, small animal models of craniofacial critical bone defects were used for evaluation of implantable materials, providing guidance for subsequent research. OBJECTIVE: To summarize and discuss the small animal models of critical size craniofacial bone defects used in guided bone regeneration studies. METHODS: CNKI, WanFang, and PubMed databases were searched for the articles regarding the guided bone regeneration studies in the small animal models of critical size craniofacial bone defect. The keywords used were “guided bone regeneration, alveolar ridge augmentation, critical size defects” in Chinese and English, respectively. Included articles were summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The critical size bone defect model has the advantages of strong operability and controllability, which can be used to initially simulate clinical conditions and evaluate new materials in guided bone regeneration. With the introduction of guided bone regeneration technology, bone regeneration can be achieved in various types of craniofacial bone defects in mall animals. The jaw and cranial bones are mainly used as modeling sites. For the jaw model, except for cases involving special anatomical structures such as the maxillary sinus, most studies are conducted in the mandible. By choosing a reasonable modeling method, the small animal model of critical size craniofacial bone defects can be also applied in some special situations. Researchers should choose appropriate models according to their research purposes and actual conditions. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Semaphorin 3A is expected to be a new target for the repair of skeletal muscle injury Li Shang, Huang Xiang, Chen Ming, Lei Mingxing, Cheng Shi, Zhang Licheng, Yin Pengbin, Tang Peifu 2021, 25 (20):  3232-3238.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3141 Abstract ( 441 )   PDF (714KB) ( 55 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that the expression of Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) has significantly up-regulated after skeletal muscle injury, which may be a key factor involved in the recovery process.  OBJECTIVE: To review the effect of Sema3A on skeletal muscle stem cell function, muscle fiber type distribution and regeneration in local biological environment, based on the structure of Sema3A, the mechanism of skeletal muscle regeneration and the characteristics of Sema3A regulation after skeletal muscle injury. METHODS: A computer-based retrieval of PubMed and CNKI databases was conducted for the articles published from 1989 to 2019 using the search terms of “Sema3A, skeletal muscle injury, satellite cell, muscle fiber type” in Chinese and English, respectively. The unrepresentative and ineligible articles were excluded, and finally 64 eligible articles were included for analysis and summary.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The expression of Sema3A is significantly up-regulated after skeletal muscle injury, and it is involved in multiple links of the regeneration process under the regulation of multiple growth factors. Sema3A can precisely regulate the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells, act as a chemotaxis factor within the migration of specific muscle stem cell population, and regulate the composition of muscle fiber types. Meanwhile, Sema3A can significantly regulate bone remodeling, and regulate the regeneration of nerve fibers and blood vessels in a time- and space-specific manner, change the vascular permeability of the damaged area, and promote the regain of skeletal muscles contractile function. Thus Sema3A can be expected to be a new therapeutic target for the post-injury muscle recovery.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Applicability and specifications of platelet-rich plasma in musculoskeletal repair Zuo Xiuqin, Yin Sasa, Xie Huimin, Jia Zishan, Zhang Lining 2021, 25 (20):  3239-3245.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3140 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (694KB) ( 85 )   Save BACKGROUND: Platelet-rich plasma has been widely used in the musculoskeletal field to promote tissue repair and regeneration. OBJECTIVE: To review the application and progress of platelet-rich plasma in the musculoskeletal repair. METHODS: Databases of PubMed, Wed of Science, WanFang and CNKI were searched for the articles concerning platelet-rich plasma in musculoskeletal system diseases published from January 1977 to February 2020. The keywords were “platelet rich plasma, PRP” in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally, 63 articles eligible for the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included for result analysis.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Platelet-rich plasma, derived from autogenous sources, has been used in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis; however, its clinical efficacy remains controversial. There are no standardized, high-quality, and large-sample randomized controlled trials regarding platelet-rich plasma in the musculoskeletal repair, and most studies lack long-term follow-up, which requires further clarification. Platelet-rich plasma can be used as an adjunct therapy in patients with rotator cuff injuries. Most studies on the treatment of lateral epicondylitis of the humerus have a positive effect. Platelet-rich plasma injection for treating carpal tunnel syndrome can reduce patient’s pain, improve sensory and motor functions, and lower the incidence of complications, which can be used as a treatment method for mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome. Multiple injections of platelet-rich plasma are a suitable choice for patients with chronic patella tendinitis who are not surgically treated. However, some problems still need to be clarified: there is no unified standard for the preparation of platelet-rich plasma; the relevant mechanism of action has not been elucidated; the optimal indication and treatment parameters are not yet clear, which need to be further clarified. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteoarthritic chondrocyte autophagy and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway Tong Jie, Liao Ying, Chen Zhengyu, Sun Guanghua 2021, 25 (20):  3246-3251.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3206 Abstract ( 418 )   PDF (703KB) ( 46 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recently, along with the continuing research of osteoarthritis, it has been reported that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway plays a pivotal and key role in autophagy of chondrocytes, which is of great significance for the treatment of osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To make a brief outline of the mechanism and mainstream studies of MAPK signaling pathways regulating the osteoarthritis lately, thereby providing fundamental basis for further osteoarthritis treatment. METHODS: PubMed, WanFang, CNKI, VIP and CBM databases were searched for relevant Chinese and English literatures published from January 2010 to June 2020, including (1) epidemiological and pathological studies of osteoarthritis; (2) mechanisms by which MAPK signaling pathway regulates autophagy; (3) effects of MAPK signaling pathway on chondrocyte autophagy and regulation of cartilage; and (4) effects of chondrocyte autophagy on the formation and progression of osteoarthritis and its related elements. A total of 59 literatures were selected for final analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The MAPK signaling pathway has been proved to be effective in the regulation of autophagy in chondrocytes. Based on the cognition of relative signaling pathways, new methods have been developed to improve the cure rate of osteoarthritis, which brings new hopes for patients and their families. How to use drugs to regulate MAPK signaling pathway is a tough nut in the treatment of osteoarthritis at different stages, which requires further investigations. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regulation and difference of different exercise styles on brain structure and cognitive function Lu Yi, Deng Wenchong 2021, 25 (20):  3252-3258.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3164 Abstract ( 712 )   PDF (697KB) ( 291 )   Save BACKGROUND: Advanced cognitive functions of the brain such as cognitive flexibility, working memory and long-term memory decline gradually after the age of 20, and these aging phenomena are usually accompanied by shrinkage of brain structural regions such as caudate nucleus, cerebellar hemisphere, lateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Fitness exercise has been widely proven to improve cognitive function of the brain by affecting the expression of neurotransmitters in the body and delaying the atrophy of some functional areas of the brain. OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between different exercise types and brain structure and function using aerobic, anaerobic and coordinated motion classification methods, reveal the benefits of fitness intervention from the perspectives of functional magnetic resonance imaging, neuroendocrine and event-related potentials, and sort out the theoretical basis system of the association between fitness and cognitive function. METHODS: This article reviewed the effects of fitness exercise on brain structure and function by means of neuroimaging and brain waves. Web of Science, Elsevier SDOL, PubMed, Ovid Medline, CNKI and WanFang were searched for relevant literature using the keywords of “exercise, executive function, cognitive function, brain plasticity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor” in English and Chinese, respectively. Inclusion criteria were formulated according to the research needs, based on which, the literatures were finally screened.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: People with high fitness level or regular fitness exercise have larger brain regions, such as the hippocampus, prefrontal lobe and basal nucleus. The positive relationship between fitness and cognitive function associated with brain structures (hippocampal gyrus and memory, spatial memory, striatum and response inhibition ability) indirectly supports the positive effects of fitness on these three structures. Fitness exercise can improve the executive function of healthy people at different ages, children and elderly people with cognitive impairment. The above changes may be related to the increase of blood volume in brain functional areas and the increase of endocrine substances such as insulin-like growth factor 1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Significance of urinary proteomics assessing pathological changes in the body Lin Haiqi, Chen Liang, Tang Lu, Weng Xiquan, Lin Wentao 2021, 25 (20):  3259-3266.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3187 Abstract ( 439 )   PDF (961KB) ( 56 )   Save BACKGROUND: Urine protein may be an important indicator of the exercise load. Urinary proteomics technology has broken the technical limitations in sports science. It plays an important role in the analysis of differential protein profiles, revealing the body adaptation to exercise stresses, and screening the biomarkers of exercise performance. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the latest progress in normal urine proteomics and its application in sports science based on function-special homeostasis, aiming to seek a noninvasive method for exercise load assessment.  METHODS: Using the terms “urinary proteome, exercise, biomarkers, function-specific homeostasis” as key words, CNKI, WanFang, PubMed and SCI databases were retrieved for relevant literatures published from January 1988 to July 2020. Eligible literatures were analyzed and summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There are numerous studies on exercise-related urine proteins, which mainly focus on the assessment of exercise load, exercise intensity and somatic function based on urine protein determination. Urinary total protein, Alb, and β2 microglobulin have a dramatic increase in a dose-dependent manner after exercise. The differential protein expressions of urinary proteomics can be used as potential targets for monitoring exercise-induced fatigue, preventing muscle injury, selecting exercise instruments, and monitoring pathological changes of the body.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Buyang Huanwu Decoction in prevention of deep venous thrombosis after orthopedic surgery: meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis Jing Jinpeng, Zhang Yue, Liu Xiaomin, Liu Yi 2021, 25 (20):  3267-3274.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3201 Abstract ( 357 )   PDF (1433KB) ( 46 )   Save OBJECTIVE: At present, some randomized controlled clinical studies have proved that Buyang Huanwu Decoction can effectively prevent the occurrence of deep vein thrombosis in patients after orthopedic surgery, but it still lacks evidence-based medicine support. Here, we systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Buyang Huanwu Decoction in the prevention of deep venous thrombosis after orthopedic surgery. METHODS: By March 2020, literatures regarding clinical randomized controlled trials on the prevention of deep vein thrombosis after orthopedic surgery by Buyang Huanwu Decoction were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CNKI, VIP, WanFang and China Biological Literature Database. The experimental subjects were patients after orthopedic surgery. In trial group, Buyang Huanwu Decoction was given for prevention of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in patients, and in control group, routine western medicine given for prevention. The quality of the retrieved original literature was evaluated according to the evaluation criteria of Cochrane Handbook 5.1.0 and Modified Jadad scale. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 16, and TSA 0.9.5.10 Beta software was used for trial sequential analysis. Postoperative incidence of deep vein thrombosis, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, D-dimer, postoperative drainage volume and incidence of adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The Jadad scores of all the included articles were 4 points or below, and the overall quality of the literatures was not high. Sixteen articles involving 1 075 patients were enrolled, including 540 in the trial group and 535 in the control group. The results of meta-analysis showed that: The incidence of deep vein thrombosis in the trial group [relative risk (RR)=0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.41-0.71, P < 0.000 1], D-dimer [weighted mean difference (WMD)=-0.13, 95%CI: -0.22 to-0.04, P=0.003] and postoperative drainage (WMD=-80.39, 95%CI: -102.14 to -58.64, P < 0.000 01) were all significantly lower than those in the control group, and the level of prolonged prothrombin time was lower than that in the control group (WMD=-0.59, 95%CI:  -1.07 to -0.01, P=0.02). There was no significant difference in the activated partial thromboplastin time (WMD=0.23, 95%CI: -1.72 to 2.17, P=0.82) and fibrinogen (WMD=-0.27, 95%CI: -0.63 to 0.09, P=0.15) between the two groups. The incidence of adverse reactions in the trial group was significantly lower than that in the control group (RR=0.31, 95%CI: 0.14-0.68, P=0.004). Sequential analysis of the trial showed that the cumulative incidence of deep vein thrombosis crossed the traditional boundary value and the boundary value of trial sequential analysis, which further confirmed the clinical efficacy of Buyang Huanwu Decoction.  CONCLUSION: Buyang Huanwu Decoction can effectively reduce the incidence of deep vein thrombosis in patients after orthopedic surgery, and has a certain degree of safety. However, more high-quality randomized controlled trials need to be included for further verification. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficacy and safety of transverse tibial bone transport technique in the treatment of diabetic foot:a meta-analysis#br# Tian Lin, Shi Xiaoqing, Duan Zhenglan, Wang Kuan, Zhang Li, Wang Peimin 2021, 25 (20):  3275-3280.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.3200 Abstract ( 505 )   PDF (849KB) ( 133 )   Save OBJECTIVE: Transverse tibial bone transport technique is an emerging treatment for diabetic foot in recent years. At present, a large number of studies have confirmed its significant efficacy and high safety in the treatment of diabetic foot, but there is still a lack of evidence. Therefore, a meta-analysis on the treatment of diabetic foot by transverse tibial bone transport technique was conducted. METHODS: CNKI, VIP, WanFang, PubMed, Cochrane library, and EMbase were searched for randomized controlled trials regarding transverse tibial bone transport technique for the treatment of diabetic foot. The retrieval time was from inception to February 2020. The quality of the included literature was strictly evaluated, and the Rev Man5.3 software was used for the meta-analysis of amputation rate, healing rate, healing time, skin temperature and Visual Analogue Scale pain score. RESULTS: A total of 8 randomized controlled trials involving 837 cases were included, with 428 cases in treatment group and 409 in control group. The literature quality evaluation results showed that: the quality evaluation of the case-control experiment was carried out according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, with 2 papers scoring 7 points; according to the improved Jadad scale, four randomized controlled trials were evaluated with 4 marks and two evaluated with 2 marks. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with the control group, the amputation rate [odds ratio (OR)=0.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.05, 0.26), P < 0.000 01), healing rate [OR=28.65, 95%CI (16.45, 49.88), P < 0.000 01), healing time (OR=2.61, 95%CI (-4.23, -0.98), P=0.002], skin temperature (OR=2.44, 95%CI (2.27, 2.61), P < 0.000 01), Visual Analogue Scale score (standard mean difference=-6.41, 95%CI (-9.50, -3.32), P < 0.000 1) were all improved in the treatment group with transverse tibial bone transport for treating diabetic foot . CONCLUSION: Transverse tibial bone transport technique is of high safety and has significant advantages over conventional treatments in the treatment of diabetic foot. Limited by the quantity and quality of included studies, the above conclusions need to be verified by more high-quality studies. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics