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18 March 2020, Volume 24 Issue 8 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Protocatechuic acid alleviates degeneration of chondrocytes   Zhan Long, Meng Nongqin, Nong Juan, Li Xiaofeng, Yang Yuan, Yu Xue 2020, 24 (8):  1149-1154.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2486 Abstract ( 630 )   PDF (846KB) ( 123 )   Save BACKGROUND: Preliminary studies have shown that numerous antioxidants exhibit antiarthritic effects due to their inhibition on inflammatory factors. With the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities whether protocatechuic acid is effective in the treatment of osteoarthritis has never been reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biological effect of protocatechuic acid on interleukin-1β induced chondrocyte including phenotype and cellular metabolism in vitro, thereby providing a potential agent in osteoarthritis treatment. METHODS: The chondrocytes of neonatal rat femur were collected, intervened by 10 mg/L interleukin-1β to establish the degenerative model, and treated by 10, 30 and 50 mg/L protocatechuic acid. The study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethical Committee of Guangxi Medical University in October 2017, with the approval No. 201710008. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Protocatechuic acid effectively promoted chondrocyte growth in the range of 10-50 mg/L, while the dose of 30 mg/L was the strongest. Protocatechuic acid also enhanced the synthesis of the extracellular matrix and the mRNA expression of aggrecan, collagen II and Sox9, and downregulating the expression of the matrix metalloproteinase 13 (a marker of inflammatory factor). To conclude, protocatechuic acid exerts a positive effect on the proliferation and phenotypic maintenance of articular chondrocytes, providing reference for its use in the treatment of osteoarthritis and repair of degenerative articular cartilage in vivo.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomechanical analysis of the lumbar spine and pelvis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with lumbar major curve   Zhang Cong, Zhao Yan, Du Xiaoyu, Du Xinrui, Pang Tingjuan, Fu Yining, Zhang Hao, Zhang Buzhou, Li Xiaohe, Wang Lidong 2020, 24 (8):  1155-1161.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2468 Abstract ( 668 )   PDF (33852KB) ( 176 )   Save BACKGROUND: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis causes changes in the structure and stress of the spine. The lumbar spine bears the greatest load in the spine, and the pelvis also plays the role of transmitting gravity. Therefore, the biomechanical analysis of the lumbar spine and pelvis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with lumbar major curve is particularly important. OBJECTIVE: To establish the three-dimensional digital model of lumbar spine-pelvis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and undergo finite element analysis. METHODS: The CT microscopic data of the lumbar spine-pelvis in a 13-year-old idiopathic scoliosis volunteer were used to reconstruct the three-dimensional digital model using mimics 15.0 software. The preliminary geometric model was established by Pro/E 5.0 software and imported into Hypermesh 13.0 for mesh generation. The model was finally subjected to finite element analysis by Abaqus 6.14 software. The displacement, stress changes of the model under six load conditions, and the stress changes of each vertebra and intervertebral disc were analyzed. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the hospital, and the patient family member signed the informed consents. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) A three-dimensional finite element model of the lumbar spine-pelvis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis was established. (2) Under the six kinds of loading conditions, the displacement of the upper part of the L1 was the largest in the left and right flexion, and the displacement of the lower end of the tibia was the largest in the flexion. (3) The right margin of the intervertebral disc had highest stress under right flexion. Under anterior flexion position, the lumbar intervertebral disc was subjected to the highest stress on the anterior margin and the stress on the left margin was the least stressed. The posterior margin had the highest stress under posterior extension. The edge was subjected to the least stress; when the lateral flexion and the rotational position, the right edge was subjected to the most stress, and the leading edge was subjected to the least stress. (4) L5 had the largest stress in all six movements, and the stress was concentrated on the upper and lower articular processes and pedicles, especially on the right side. (5) In summary, for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, different loads may cause different stresses and displacement values of the vertebral body or intervertebral disc under different positions. These results are of great significance for the treatment and prevention of scoliosis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Toxic effects of different-concentration isoniazid on newborn rat osteoblasts in vitro Chen Qiang, Zhuo Hongwu, Xia Tian, Ye Zhewei 2020, 24 (8):  1162-1167.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2020 Abstract ( 425 )   PDF (750KB) ( 386 )   Save BACKGROUND: As a first-line antituberculosis drug, isoniazide exerts strong sterilization effect on the Tubercle bacillus inside and outside the cells. But the toxic effect of isoniazide on osteoblasts is never reported. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of different concentrations of isoniazide on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts from newborn Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS: Isoniazide treatment at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 100 mg/L was applied on passage 3 osteoblasts from newborn Sprague-Dawley rats. Then, osteoblast proliferation and differentiation was detected using cell counting kit-8 assay, alkaline phosphatase activity kit and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the proliferation of osteoblasts was significantly inhibited when the isoniazide concentration was 30 mg/L. In addition, increasing isoniazide concentrations inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity and type I collagen expression. To conclude, isoniazide at exorbitant concentration exerts adverse effects on the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Yaobishu on protein expression of aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 3 in nucleus pulposus of the degenerated lumbar intervertebral disc in a rabbit Chen Tiezhu, Wang Ningke, Li Xiaosheng 2020, 24 (8):  1168-1173.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2517 Abstract ( 741 )   PDF (862KB) ( 280 )   Save BACKGROUND: The aging and lesions of the intervertebral disc are closely related to the lack of nutritional blood supply to the disc. Aquaporin plays an important role in the nutritional supply to the intervertebral discs, but the specific mechanism has not been fully defined. OBJECTIVE: To study the mechanism of Yaobishu on degenerated intervertebral disc in rabbits based on the changes of aquaporin (AQP) 1 and AQP3 protein expression. METHODS: Thirty-six New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into model group, low-dose Yaobishu group and high-dose Yaobishu group. Animal models of lumbar intervertebral disc prolapse were prepared through an injection of normal saline into L4/5 and L5/6 segments. The model group was intragastrically given normal saline 5 mL/kg per day, the low-dose group was intragastrically given Yaobishu 5 mL/kg per day, and the high-dose group was intragastrically given Yaobishu 10 mL/kg per day, twice a day, for 21 days. After 6 weeks of treatment, the intervertebral discs were taken for anatomical and histological observation using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Expression of AQP1 and AQP3 in the nucleus pulposus at protein and mRNA levels was quantified by RT-PCR and western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In all the three groups, the annulus fibrosus was destroyed, abnormal cartilage tissue appeared, and the nucleus pulposus was reduced in number. Severest degeneration of the intervertebral disc was found in the model group, followed by the low-dose Yaobishu and high-dose Yaobishu groups in turn. The expression of AQP1 and AQP3 mRNA and protein in the high-dose Yaobishu group and low-dose Yaobishu group increased significantly after 6 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05), while the expression in the model group showed no significant difference before and after treatment (P > 0.05). There were significant differences in the expression of AQP1 and AQP3 mRNA and protein among the three groups (P < 0.05). Therefore, Yaobishu may alleviate the degeneration of the rabbit intervertebral disc by increasing the expression of AQP1 and AQP3. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of autophagy in ossification of the human ligamentum flavum Xu Guofeng, Li Xuebin, Tang Yifan, Zhao Yin, Zhou Shengyuan, Chen Xiongsheng, Jia Lianshun 2020, 24 (8):  1174-1181.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2497 Abstract ( 593 )   PDF (984KB) ( 313 )   Save BACKGROUND: Pathological mechanism of ossification of the ligamentum flavum is unclear. There is no effective drug or non-surgical treatment in clinical practice. Current studies have found that osteopontin and autophagy play an important role in the process of osteogenesis, but their role in ossification of the ligamentum flavum has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To seek for the potential target of drug therapy by exploring the mechanism of ossification of the ligamentum flavum. METHODS: (1) Surgical specimens of the ligamentum flavum were taken from patients with ossification of the ligamentum flavum, thoracic vertebrae or simple lumbar disc herniation undergoing posterior total laminectomy and decompression. These specimens were divided into two groups: an ossification group and a non-ossification group. Eight specimens from each group were collected. Osteopontin, osteocalcin and autophagy indexes Beclin-1, LC3 and P62 were stained by immunohistochemistry. (2) The ligamentum flavum cells were isolated and cultured by adherence method. The third generation cells were treated with osteopontin at different concentrations for different time to construct an in vitro model of ligamentum flavum ossification. (3) Autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine with different concentrations was used to intervene with non-ossified ligamentum flavum cells, followed by induction with 100 μg/L osteopontin. Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin. (4) Non-ossified ligamentum flavum cells were induced with 100 μg/L osteopontin, and the induction was terminated at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes, respectively. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK and P38, which are important molecules in the MAPK signaling pathway, was detected by western blot. (5) Finally, after inhibition by ERK1/2 phosphorylation blocker U0126, the expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin was detected by western blot after induction with 100 μg/L steopontin. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Immunohistochemical staining of osteopontin and osteocalcin in ossified and non-ossified ligamentum flavum was positive. In the ossified ligamentum flavum, Beclin-1 was positive, but LC3 and P62 were not. Beclin-1, LC3 and P62 were all positive in the non-ossified ligamentum flavum. (2) The expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in the ossified ligamentum flavum cells was higher than that in the non-ossified ligamentum flavum cells. Osteopontin could induce ossification of the ligamentum flavum in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. (3) The degree of ossification was negatively correlated with the degree of autophagy, that is, the more obvious autophagy was, the weaker ossification was. (4) Osteopontin could phosphorylate the MAPK signaling pathway in a time-dependent manner. After inhibiting the phosphorylation of MAPK, osteopontin could still induce the ossification of ligamentum flavum cells. To conclude, in the process of ligamentum flavum ossification, the upstream and downstream relationships of ERK1/2, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin molecules in signaling pathway are ERK1/2→osteopontin→osteocalcin /alkaline phosphatase. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Phenotypic maintenance of chondrocytes in vitro under tensile stress enhanced by the extract of Clematis chinensis Tu Pengcheng, Guo Yang, Ma Yong, Pan Yalan, Zheng Suyang, Wang Lining, Wu Chengjie, Guo Junjie 2020, 24 (8):  1182-1187.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1857 Abstract ( 678 )   PDF (825KB) ( 476 )   Save BACKGROUND: Mechanical load is crucial for the degeneration of chondrocytes and the development of osteoarthritis. Clematis chinensis can improve the inflammatory microenvironment of osteoarthritis, but its effect on mechanical load-induced degeneration of chondrocytes has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect and mechanism of the extracts of Clematis chinensis on the degenerative changes of chondrocytes induced by intermittent cyclic mechanical tension (ICMT) in vitro. METHODS: Chondrocytes of the rabbit knee joint were isolated by type II collagenase digestion method and identified by Alcian blue staining. There were five groups in the experiment: blank group, ICMT group, high-, medium- and low-dose Clematis chinensis groups. There was no intervention in the blank group, and the other groups were subjected to ICMT (10% tensile strength, 0.5 Hz, 8 hours per day, for a total of 2 days) for inducing chondrocyte degeneration. Three Clematis chinensis groups were concurrently given 0.5, 1, 2 g/L extracts of Clematis chinensis, respectively. The intervention time was 48 hours. Cell counting kit-8 assay was used for detection of chondrocyte proliferation. FITC-phalloidin staining was used for observation of cytoskeleton morphology. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot assay were used for determination of collagen type II, matrix metalloproteinase 13, and transforming growth factor β at protein and gene levels, respectively.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the blank group, the cytoskeleton of chondrocytes stimulated by ICMT was long- stretched, the proliferation activity of chondrocytes decreased, and the expressions of collagen type II and transforming growth factor β were down-regulated, while the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 was up-regulated. (2) Compared with the ICMT group, the extract of Clematis chinensis could promote the proliferation of chondrocytes, up-regulate the expressions of transforming growth factor β and collagen II, and down-regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 in a concentration-dependent manner. To conclude, the extract of Clematis chinensis can inhibit the catabolism of chondrocyte induced by ICMT through regulating the expression of transforming growth factor β, promote the synthesis of extracellular matrix of chondrocytes, and maintain the phenotypic stability of chondrocytes. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Psammosilene gavage on the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in chondrocytes of a rabbit osteoarthritis model   Peng Xu, Yang Jibin, You Qi, Jin Ying, Zhang Jun, Ge Zhen, Zou Gang, Jiang Kongjun, Liu Yi 2020, 24 (8):  1188-1194.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2014 Abstract ( 466 )   PDF (940KB) ( 313 )   Save BACKGROUND: Psammosilene Capsule is a traditional Miao medicine formula that consists of Psammosilene tunicoides and Schefflera kwangsiensis. Psammosilene Capsule has been shown to hold protective effect on cartilage, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible mechanism of Psammosilene gavage in the treatment of osteoarthritis. METHODS: Ten of the 40 rabbits were randomly selected as the blank control group. The remaining 30 rabbits were used to establish the osteoarthritis model in the right hind knee of the rabbit by the modified Hulth method, and then were randomly divided into model (n=10), Psammosilene gavage (n=10), and p38 inhibitor (n=10) groups. At 7 days after modeling, the Psammosilene gavage group was fed with Psammosilene (57.5 mg/kg per day, p38 inhibitor group was injected with p38 inhibitor into the right hind knee joint (SB203580, 10 μmol/L, 0.5 mL), once weekly. The blank control and model groups were given the same amount of clean water, once daily. After 8 weeks, all animals were sacrificed to remove the right hind knee femoral condyle and tibial plateau. Severity of cartilage injury was evaluated by Pelletier score. Cartilage degeneration was examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining, saffron O staining and Mankin score. The expression levels of P-p38 and Cleaved Caspase-3 protein in cartilage tissue were detected by western blot assay. The expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA in cartilage tissues were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the Psammosilene gavage group, the model and p38 inhibitor groups had significantly increased Pelletier and Mankin scores (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with the Psammosilene gavage group, the expression levels of Bax mRNA and Cleaved Caspase-3 protein in the cartilage tissue in the model and p38 inhibitor groups were significantly increased (P < 0.05). (3) Compared with the Psammosilene gavage group, the expression level of Bcl-2 mRNA in the cartilage tissue in the model and p38 inhibitor groups was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). (4) Compared with the Psammosilene gavage group, the expression level of P-p38 protein in the model and p38 inhibitor groups was significantly increased (P < 0.05). (5) Our findings suggest that Psammosilene can inhibit the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and P-p38 protein in cartilage tissue, and then delay the degeneration of articular cartilage in the rabbit osteoarthritis model. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Apoptosis and expression of apoptotic factors caspase-3, fas and p53 in lumbar ligamentum flavum Zhang Fangxin, Kang Peng, Wang Qiteng, Zhang Xiao, Liu Wei, Yang Hongtao, Aierken•Amudong 2020, 24 (8):  1195-1199.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2498 Abstract ( 460 )   PDF (717KB) ( 112 )   Save BACKGROUND: Lumbar spinal stenosis is one of the key causes of gait disorder and low back pain in the older adults. Hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum is the main pathological mechanism leading to lumbar spinal stenosis. Although there are numerous imaging and pathological studies on the ligamentum flavum, little is reported on cell apoptosis. OBJECTIVE: To detect the apoptotic rate and the expression of caspase-3, fas and p53 in the hypertrophic ligamentum flavum, providing experimental evidence for understanding the mechanism underlying degeneration of the ligamentum flavum. METHODS: In experimental group, 50 hypertrophic ligamentum flavum specimens (L2-S1) confirmed by MRI and postoperative measurement were obtained from 50 patients with lumbar spinal stenosis who underwent posterior decompression surgery. There were 22 males and 28 females, aged from 32 to 74 years old, with an average of 54.46 years old. In control group, 30 non-hypertrophic ligamentum flavum specimens (L2-S1) confirmed by MRI and postoperative measurement were obtained from 30 patients with lumbar disc herniation undergoing surgery and lumbar burst fractures. There were 19 males and 11 females, aged 19-67 years, with an average of 47.27 years old. The apoptotic rate in the ligamentum flavum was detected by TUNEL staining, and the expression of caspase-3, fas and p53 was detected by SP immunohistochemistry. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, with approval No. LFYLLSJ2016007. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: TUNEL results showed that the average apoptotic rate of the experimental group was (37.80±3.04)%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group [(13.18±1.34)%; t=41.83, P < 0.001]. The immunohistochemical staining of SP revealed that the positive expression percentages of caspase-3, fas and p53 in the ligamentum flavum were all 100% in the experimental group, while the positive percentages were 13.3%, 16.7%, and 10% in the control group, respectively. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.001). These findings indicate that cell apoptosis in the hypertrophic ligamentum flavum is increased and has a certain correlation with the up-regulation of caspase-3, fas and p53. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Proliferative activity of nucleus pulposus cells in human intervertebral disc and intervention with Yishen Huoxue Tongluo Recipe Chen Jiang, Xiao Huideng, Sun Qi, Zhang Fan, Zhu Yonggang, Liu Zhichao, Guo Feiyu, Liu Genzhe 2020, 24 (8):  1200-1206.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2499 Abstract ( 368 )   PDF (26368KB) ( 68 )   Save BACKGROUND: The relationship between nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway and intervertebral disc degeneration is a hotspot in the field of orthopedics. In-depth investigation on various signaling pathways in the intervertebral disc contributes to understanding the mechanism of intervertebral disc degeneration. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the regulation of the serum containing Yishen Huoxue Tongluo Recipe on the NF-κB signal pathway of human intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus cells under different hydrostatic pressures, attempting to explore the possible therapeutic mechanism and target of Yishen Huoxue Tongluo Recipe in the treatment of degenerative diseases of the intervertebral disc from the perspective of molecular biology. METHODS: Passage 3 Human intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus cells were divided into eight groups and were cultured in the drug-containing serum of Yishen Huoxue Tongluo Recipe. The cells were intervened for 2, 4, and 6 hours under different hydrostatic loading conditions (0.3, 1, and 3 MPa). The morphology and growth of nucleus pulposus cells were observed by an inverted phase contrast microscope. Ultrastructural changes of intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus cells were observed by a transmission electron microscopy. Cell counting kit-8 method was used to detect the proliferation activity of nucleus pulposus cells. Annexin V-FITC/Propidium Iodide apoptotic kit was used to double-stain nucleus pulposus cells to detect the cell apoptotic rate. Western blot method was used to detect the changes of NF-κB p65, Collagen II, ADAMTS-4, MMP-13 and Caspase-3 in nucleus pulposus cells. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Under the same pressure and time, the morphology and growth of nucleus pulposus cells in the pressure+drug-containing serum groups were better than those in the normal pressure group and the simple pressure groups. Among them, the 0.3 and 1 MPa pressure+drug-containing serum groups had more intact cell morphology and better cell growth than the 3 MPa pressure+ drug-containing serum group. (2) The proliferative activity of nucleus pulposus cells was higher in the pressure+drug-containing serum group, and there was a significant difference between the 0.3 MPa pressure+drug-containing serum group and the 0.3 MPa simple pressure group (P < 0.05). (3) The apoptotic rate of nucleus pulposus cells in the pressure+drug-containing serum group was lower than that in the normal pressure group and simple pressure intervention group (P < 0.05). (4) The expression of Collagen II and Caspase-3 increased in the pressure+drug-containing serum group, while the expression of NF-kappa B p65, ADAMTS-4 and MMP-13 decreased in the pressure+drug-containing serum group (P < 0.05). To conclude, Yishen Huoxue Tongluo Recipe can increase cell activity, reduce cell apoptosis and effectively delay the degeneration of nucleus pulposus cells. Its mechanism is likely to promote the expression of Collagen II and Caspase-3 through the NF-κB signaling pathway of nucleus pulposus cells of intervertebral disc, and inhibit the expression of NF-κB p65, ADAMTS-4 and MMP-13. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of mitochondrial respiratory function and PHB1 expression in rat skeletal muscle after moderate-intensity training Fang Wen, Li Ze, Liu Zhaoming, Feng Hong 2020, 24 (8):  1207-1212.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2477 Abstract ( 433 )   PDF (25387KB) ( 154 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that long-term moderate-intensity regular exercise can improve the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex enzymes in skeletal muscle cells, thereby improving their power capability as well as the ability to resist fatigue. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of moderate-intensity training on prohibitin (PHB) expression and mitochondrial respiratory function in rat skeletal muscle. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: quiet control group and moderate-intensity training group, each of 16 rats. In the moderate-intensity training group, the treadmill training was performed at a slope of 10°: in the 1st week, running at 10 m/min, 10 minutes per day, 6 days per week; in the 2nd week, running at 15 m/min, increased from 10 minutes per day to 60 minutes per day with an increase of 10 minute per day, 6 days per week; in the 3rd to 8th week, running at 15 m/min, 60 minutes per day, 6 days per week for a total of 8 weeks. Rats were sacrificed at 48 hours after the final experiment, and mitochondria were extracted from skeletal muscle samples. Mitochondrial respiration control rate, adenosine triphosphate content, reactive oxygen species level, complex V activity and PHB1 protein expression were measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the quiet control group, in the moderate-intensity training group, mitochondrial respiration control rate in the skeletal muscle increased significantly (P < 0.001), adenosine triphosphate content increased significantly (P < 0.05), reactive oxygen species level decreased significantly (P < 0.001), the activity of complex V was significantly increased (P < 0.05) and PHB1 expression was significantly increased (P < 0.01). The correlation analysis showed that after 8 weeks of moderate-intensity training, the expression of PHB1 in the skeletal muscle of rats was positively correlated with adenosine triphosphate content and complex V activity, and negatively correlated with reactive oxygen species level. Therefore, moderate-intensity training improves mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, effectively maintains mitochondrial membrane structure and enhances mitochondrial respiratory function by increasing the expression of PHB1. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparing single cell suspension of rat diaphragm tissues: mechanical grinding versus mechanical-enzymatic digestion    Zhang Yuanyuan, Zhang Shanshan, Chang Xu, Zhao Pengwei, Yu Xiaoxian, Wu Xuedong 2020, 24 (8):  1213-1217.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1872 Abstract ( 525 )   PDF (719KB) ( 190 )   Save BACKGROUND: Flow cytometry is currently the advanced cell analysis technique with single cell suspension as a research basis, but there is no report on the preparation method of single cell suspension of diaphragm tissue. OBJECTIVE: To explore the feasibility of preparing single cell suspension of rat diaphragm tissue by mechanical grinding method and mechanical-enzymatic digestion method and to compare cell number and viability of the cells obtained using different methods.  METHODS: The fresh diaphragm tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats were harvested. Based on the mechanical method, trypsin, collagenase I, collagenase II, collagenase IV and their different combinations were used to digest and prepare the single cell suspension of diaphragm tissues. Cell morphology was observed; cell number and viability were determined by trypan blue staining. The living cells, inactivated cells, and cell aggregates were counted, and cell survival rate and concentration of the single cell suspension were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed thereafter. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The single cell suspension with better cell dispersion, more complete morphology, clearer boundary, fewer impurities and cell debris, and cleaner background were obtained by mechanical-enzymatic digestion compared with mechanical grinding method. (2) The single cell suspension prepared by simple mechanical grinding method has low number of living cells, high number of inactivated cells, low survival rate and many cell aggregates. (3) The number of living cells and concentration of single cell suspension obtained by same-volume addition of trypsin, collagenase I and collagenase IV mixed enzymes based on the mechanical grinding method were the highest, with (1.0-2.0)×106 cells per 0.1 g diaphragm tissue. There were significant differences between mechanical-enzymatic digestion and mechanical grinding method in terms of living cells, inactivated cells, cell aggregates, cell survival rate and suspension concentration (P < 0.05). Moreover, the single cell suspension prepared by the same-volume addition of trypsin and collagenase IV had higher suspension concentration, higher cell survival rate, and less inactivated cells and cell aggregates. To conclude, the single cell suspension of diaphragm tissues could be prepared successful by both mechanical and mechanical-enzyme digestion methods. Mechanical-enzyme digestion is superior to simple mechanical grinding method, with the best single cell suspension after same-volume addition of trypsin, collagenase I and collagenase IV. This is the preferred method for preparation of single cell suspension of the diaphragm tissue.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of sand therapy on hemodynamics in the femoral artery bifurcation at different degrees of stenosis Qiao Yuqi, Fu Rongchang, Zhang Lihong 2020, 24 (8):  1218-1224.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1882 Abstract ( 541 )   PDF (1214KB) ( 103 )   Save BACKGROUND: Sand therapy has been shown to exhibit a positive effect on reducing femoral atherosclerosis and inhibiting thrombosis. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of sand therapy on hemodynamic parameters of different stenosis models of femoral bifurcation through comparing the hemodynamic parameters and wall shear stress in four stenosis models before and after sand therapy. METHODS: The study protocol was performed in strict accordance with the relevant ethical requirements of School of Mechanical Engineering of Xinjiang University. Each participant provided written informed consent. Medical software Mimics10.01, reverse engineering software Geomagic Studio 2012 and three-dimensional CAD software UG8.5 were used to separate and optimize the CT data of a subject’s lower extremities and the geometric model of the femoral artery bifurcation was obtained. According to the classification criteria of vascular stenosis caused by femoral atherosclerotic plaque in the lower extremity, the degree of plaque stenosis on the side wall of the femoral bifurcation tube was set as 0% (normal), 15% (normal), 30% (mild) and 50% (moderate). Computational fluid dynamics method was used for numerical simulation. The Laminar flow model was selected for blood flow before sand therapy, and the standard turbulence model κ-ε was selected for blood flow after sand therapy. Blood flow velocity and wall shear stress were analyzed before and after sand therapy. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The maximum blood flow velocity after sand therapy was 0.35-0.45 m/s higher than that before sand therapy. After sand therapy, the wall shear stress at the stenosis was increased by 5-11 Pa compared with that before sand therapy, and the wall shear stress at 50% vascular stenosis rate model reached 41 Pa. These results suggest that the trend of atherosclerotic plaque enlargement is decreased after sand therapy, but patients with 50% (moderate) vascular stenosis have the risk of plaque rupture. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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MicroRNA-21 regulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoclasts in periodontitis Xu Nuo, Cao Zhen, Li Xiaojie, Shi Chun 2020, 24 (8):  1225-1230.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1871 Abstract ( 560 )   PDF (740KB) ( 758 )   Save BACKGROUND: MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is a regulator of osteoclastogenesis and a promoter of osteoclast differentiation, but its role in periodontitis remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether miR-21 is involved in bone destruction in periodontitis. METHODS: Real-time PCR was used to detect and analyze the differential expression of miR-21 in periodontitis samples. Using liposome transfection method, miR-21 mimics (up-regulating miR-21) or miR-21 inhibitor (down-regulating miR-21) was used to transfect osteoclasts. Expressions of miR-21 and bone destruction markers TRAP and CTSK were detected by real-time PCR. Cell counting kit-8 was used to detect the miR-21 effect on osteoclast proliferation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) MiR-21 expression increased in periodontitis samples. (2) When miR-21 mimics was transfected into osteoclasts, miR-21, TRAP and CTSK mRNA expression increased; when miR-21 inhibitor was transfected into osteoclasts, miR-21, TRAP and CTSK mRNA expression decreased. (3) Transfection with miR-21 mimics promoted the proliferation of osteoclasts, while transfection with miR-21 inhibitor inhibited the proliferation of osteoclasts. To conclude, miR-21 can be used as an important target for the treatment of periodontitis. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The clinical application of platelet-rich plasma to repair chronic refractory wounds: a retrospective study and literature retrieval evidence analysis   Xiu Yiping, Zhang Liyan, Qian Xueyi, Li Yan, Li Wantong 2020, 24 (8):  1231-1237.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2523 Abstract ( 560 )   PDF (27671KB) ( 188 )   Save BACKGROUND: Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has a certain repair effect on refractory wounds, which can accelerate the healing of soft tissue. The PRP gel can prevent the loss of platelets, make platelets survive for a long time and secrete growth factors, which is conducive to wound healing. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of PRP on the healing of chronic refractory wounds and analyze the research status. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with refractory wounds, including eight cases of diabetic ulcer, three cases of traumatic ulcer, three cases of traumatic bone ununion, two cases of bone exposure after electric burn, and six cases of radiation ulcer, were treated with PRP gel after surgical debridement. Dressing and PRP gel were regularly changed, and wound healing was observed. The first author retrieved WanFang for the literature addressing the treatment of chronic refractory wounds with autologous PRP gel published in recent 10 years, and analyzed the research status. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In all of chronic wounds (22 cases), complete healing was observed in 11 cases as well as in 5 cases after skin flap transfer, and the remaining 6 cases were subjected to skin grafting. There was no disease transmission or immune rejection. The results indicate that the use of PRP gel is a safe and effective method for chronic refractory wounds. (2) Thirty-two relevant literatures were enrolled in literature retrieval. Although the number of relevant articles published from 2016 to 2018 increased yearly, there is no convincing evidence for autologous PRP in the treatment of chronic refractory wounds. There is lack of large-scale, multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled studies. How to standardize PRP preparation and use to ensure a curative effect with high stability remains to be elucidated. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin on hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha expression following diffuse axonal injury in rats   Mao Zhenli, Song Zhenquan, Zhang Haisong, Liu Enzhi 2020, 24 (8):  1238-1242.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1975 Abstract ( 461 )   PDF (20974KB) ( 115 )   Save BACKGROUND: 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) can decrease brain temperature, which is the potential mechanism of its neuroprotection. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of 8-OH-DPAT on hypoxia inducible factor 1α in the brain tissue of rats with diffuse axonal injury, and to explore the underlying mechanism of 8-OH-DPAT exerting neuroprotection in rats of diffuse axonal injury. METHODS: The study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethical Committee of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command. Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups: model group (n=35), constant temperature group (n=35), 8-OH-DPAT group (n=35) and normal group (n=7). Excepting the normal group, rat models of diffuse axonal injury were established according to Marmarou method. Rat models in the constant temperature and 8-OH-DPAT were intraperitoneally injected with 8-OH-DPAT, but those in the model and normal groups were intraperitoneally injected with physiological saline. The body temperature of rats in the constant temperature group was maintained at (37.0±0.5)°C using the blanket. The body temperature of rats was measured every 1 hour. Then, brain injury and hypoxia inducible factor 1α expression level were observed at 6, 12, 24, 72, and 168 hours after diffuse axonal injury in rats. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the constant temperature and model groups, brain temperature was significantly lower in the 8-OH-DPAT group at 1 hour following modeling (P < 0.05), became lowest at 2 hours (P < 0.05), and then gradually increased. (2) Hematoxylin-eosin staining results revealed that brain injury was more serious in the model group, followed by constant temperature group, and lightest in the 8-OH-DPAT group. (3) Results of immunohistochemistry and ELISA showed that the expression level of hypoxia inducible factor 1α in the serum and brain tissue was lowest in the normal group. In the 8-OH-DPAT group, the expression level of hypoxia inducible factor 1α was increased at 6 hours after diffuse axonal injury, and peaked at 24 hours. Compared with the model group, the expression level of hypoxia inducible factor 1α in serum and brain tissue in the constant temperature and 8-OH-DPAT groups was significantly decreased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), especially the 8-OH-DPAT group (P < 0.01). (4) These results imply that 8-OH-DPAT decreases hypoxia inducible factor 1α expression in brain tissue of diffuse axonal injury rats by reducing brain temperature, alleviates the degree of nerve injury, and exerts a neuroprotective effect.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on desmin aggregates Gao Yang, Bai Shengchao, Chen Shengju, Wang Ruiyuan, Li Junping 2020, 24 (8):  1243-1248.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2466 Abstract ( 575 )   PDF (27524KB) ( 56 )   Save BACKGROUND: Protein degradation is the main reason of exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD). High-intensity exercise may lead to the misfolding of proteins and form aggregates, which is harmful to the ultrastructure of skeleton muscle. OBJECTIVE: To determine the formation and role of protein aggregate (especially the desmin aggregate) in EIMD. METHODS: Sixty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (purchased from Beijing Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd., China) were randomly divided into eight groups (control, post-exercise 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours, eight rats in each). A damage model was established by downhill running (-16°, 16 m/min, 90 minutes). All rats were then killed at corresponding time points to take the soleus as specimen. Severity of damage was observed histologically under a transmission electron microscope. Expression of ubiquitin in the insoluble protein of soleus muscle was detected using western blot, and expression of desmin aggregates was observed by immunofluorescence double labeling. All experimental procedures were approved by the Beijing Sport University Institutional Review Board. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) After a large-load eccentric exercise, the sarcomere of the soleus muscle was widened, the Z-line was broken, and the myofibril was broken and distorted, all of which was most serious at 12 hours after exercise, and recovered completely at 72 hours after exercise. (2) Western blot results indicated that the expression of ubiquitin in the skeletal muscle increased first and then decreased after a large-load eccentric exercise. The expression peaked at 12 hours after exercise and returned to normal at 72 hours after exercise. (3)Overall expression of desmin aggregates significantly raised (P < 0.01) instantly when the EIMD occurred. It reached the peak at 12 hours after exercise, then reduced somewhat (P < 0.01) at 24 and 48 hours, and finally recovered at 72 hours. (4)These findings indicate that desmin aggregation may be one of the causes of EIMD. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Constructing and assessing a rat model of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction Zhang Sheng, Bai Jijia, Xu Yanping, Wang Xiaohong 2020, 24 (8):  1249-1253.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2464 Abstract ( 735 )   PDF (21621KB) ( 111 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is currently believed that myocardial mitochondrial structure and function damage play a key role in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To construct a rat model of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction and provide an effective experimental method for studying the disease. METHODS: Seventy-two SPF male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group (n=28) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group (n=44). Twenty rats were randomly selected from each group for observation of 10 days of survival. According to the post-modeling phase, the remaining 24 rats of the LPS group were divided into three subgroups, LPS 6-hour group, LPS 12-hour group and LPS 24-hour group, with 8 rats in each group. A sepsis model was constructed by intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg LPS in the LPS group, and the control group was injected with an equal volume of normal saline. Echocardiographic examination of cardiac function was performed at each phase in each LPS subgroup. Myocardial histopathological morphology was observed by light microscopy, and myocardial ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Serum cardiac troponin and brain natriuretic peptide levels were measured by ELISA. The study was approved by the Ethic Committee of General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University in China (approval No. 2018-320). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the control group, the 10-day survival rate of rats in the LPS subgroups was lower. Compared with the control group, there was no reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction and left fractional shortening in the LPS 6-hour group (both P > 0.05). While in the LPS 12-hour group and LPS 24-hour group, the left ventricular ejection fraction and left fractional shortening significantly decreased (all P < 0.01)，and the decrease was more obvious with time (all P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the serum cardiac troponin and brain natriuretic peptide levels were significantly increased in the LPS 12-hour group and LPS 24-hour group (all P < 0.01), and the serum cardiac troponin and brain natriuretic peptide levels gradually increased with LPS injection time (all P < 0.01). The myocardial pathological morphology and ultrastructure of the LPS subgroups showed obvious damage compared with the control group, and the damage was more obvious with the prolongation of LPS injection time. In this experiment, we successfully constructed a stable and reliable model of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction in rats, which is an ideal animal model for clinical research of sepsis cardiomyopathy. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy for repairing a rabbit model of osteomyelitis Ma Jinchao, Liu Tiansheng, Liu Aipeng, Wang Hao, Wang Qi, Liang Yongjian, Wang Lin, Di Haiwei 2020, 24 (8):  1254-1259.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2480 Abstract ( 544 )   PDF (24179KB) ( 119 )   Save BACKGROUND: Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy holds broad-spectrum antibacterial ability, fast onset of action and non-resistance, which has been extensively applied in the treatment of superficial localized infection. OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy for treating osteomyelitis. METHODS: Thirty-six New Zealand white rabbits (provided by Laboratory Animal Center of Academy of Military Medical Sciences) were selected, and a left tibia osteomyelitis model was established. At 28 days after modeling, rabbit models were randomly divided into three groups: blank group (tibia debridement only), control group (vancomycin/polymethylmethacrylate bone cement was filled into the intramedullary cavity of the infectious tibia after debridement), and experimental group (intramedullary treatment of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy after debridement). The gross observation, imaging examination and bacterial culture were performed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Affiliated Hospital of Logistics College of CAPF, with the approval No. (2015)-0002. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Appearance of the skin: purulent secretion was observed in the blank group, but disappeared in the control and experimental groups where the skin healed well. (2) X-ray examination: with time going, the osteomyelitis aggravated in the blank group. The bone destruction was reduced gradually in the control and experimental groups, and the bone defects healed gradually. There was no significant difference between control and experimental groups at different time points after surgery. (3) Bacterial culture: with time increasing, the bacterial positive rate showed no significant change in the blank group. The bacterial positive rate in the control and experimental groups was on a decline, which showed no significant difference between control and experimental groups at different time points after surgery (P > 0.05). (4) These results indicate that photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy is a new treatment for osteomyelitis to effectively control infection, providing experimental basis in clinical practice. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Biomechanics of lower extremities from straight forward to side-step cutting Li Shanghua, Wang Haiyan 2020, 24 (8):  1260-1266.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2473 Abstract ( 631 )   PDF (31807KB) ( 240 )   Save BACKGROUND: Side-step cutting is the most common offensive technique in the field of sports that greatly increases the risk of knee injury. However, the biomechanical performance strategies and the characteristics of lower limb joint load during the side-step cutting are not very clear. OBJECTIVE: To carry out the biomechanics test of the side-step cutting in lower limb movement strategy among college female basketball and football players, and to analyze the kinematics and dynamics parameters of the lower limbs, providing an important reference for athletes and trainers to prevent lower limb injuries, especially cruciate ligament injury. METHODS: Twelve female football and basketball players coming from a university were selected as the experimental subjects. The kinematics and dynamics parameters of the side-step cutting were acquired synchronously by using the three-dimensional dynamometer and the motion image shooting system. The relevant data were processed and analyzed by SPSS 21.0 software. The study protocol was approved by Tianjin University of Sports in China. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Football players had greater ankle metatarsal flexion angle and hip abduction angle, maximum ankle valgus angle, knee flexion and rotation angle with knee flexion and rotation angle changes. (2) Football players had greater peak ankle rotation and hip adduction moment, while basketball players had larger plantar flexion moment. (3) Basketball players have smaller first and second peak values of forward and backward partial braking force, the first peak value of vertical partial braking force and larger peak value of forward and backward partial pushing force. In the process of side-step cutting, football players are accustomed to stop in a sudden way with their forefeet touching, thus producing higher ground reaction force and increasing knee flexion angle to buffer, while having greater ankle valgus angle and knee rotation angle. Basketball players have smaller knee flexion angle in the process of side-step cutting. A smaller angle is not conducive to the lower limb joint to buffer the ground reaction force, and then increases the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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China’s strengths in basic research in the main subfields of tissue engineering Chen Juan, Zhang Ting, Wu Yidan, Lu Yan, Ouyang Zhaolian 2020, 24 (8):  1267-1271.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2439 Abstract ( 371 )   PDF (23142KB) ( 417 )   Save BACKGROUND: Development of tissue engineering is of great social and economic significance. Understanding the basic research strength of China in the main subfields of tissue engineering can provide reference for the optimization of resources allocation and for the formulation of corresponding development strategies. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the basic research strength of China in the main subfields of tissue engineering.  METHODS: PubMed was searched for basic research and top basic research articles in the subfields of tissue engineering (including bone and cartilage, nerve, blood vessel, liver, skin, heart, and eye tissue engineering) in the world, the United States and China. By comparing with the global average and American, Chinese basic research strength in the main subfields of tissue engineering was evaluated with indicators including the number of papers, the growth rate of papers, and the number and proportion of top papers.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The number of basic research papers published by Chinese institutions in the subfields of bone and cartilage tissue engineering, nerve tissue engineering, vessel tissue engineering, liver tissue engineering, skin tissue engineering, cardiac tissue engineering and eye tissue engineering was 4 487, 3 551, 2 869, 1 328, 1 185, 1 088 and 689, respectively, accounting for 10%-15% of worldwide papers in corresponding subfields. The amount of papers published by Chinese institutions was nearly half of that published by institutions of the United States for the first five subfields, but only 32.1% and 37.8% of that published by institutions of the United States for the latter two subfields. (2) The annual growth rate of papers published by Chinese institutions was 19.3%, 19.5%, 18.2%, 14.6%, 21.8%, 19.6% and 19.6%, respectively, for the above seven subfields, all of which were obviously higher than that of the global average and the United States. (3) The number of top papers published by Chinese institutions was 36, 31, 33, 24, 15, 24 and 12, and the proportion of top papers published by Chinese institutions was 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.2%, 1.8%, 1.3%, 2.2% and 1.7%, respectively, all of which were obviously lower than that of the global average and the United States. (4) China has published relatively more papers on bone and cartilage tissue engineering, nerve tissue engineering and vessel tissue engineering, and relatively less papers on cardiac tissue engineering and eye tissue engineering. The amount of papers published by Chinese institutions has been growing rapidly in each of the seven main subfields of tissue engineering, with the speed of growing being obviously higher than that of the global average and the United States. China has published a certain amount of top papers in each of the seven subfields, while the proportion of top papers for China is obviously lower than that of the global average and the United States.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Tissue engineering methods for repair of articular cartilage defect under special conditions Chen Jinsong, Wang Zhonghan, Chang Fei, Liu He 2020, 24 (8):  1272-1279.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1965 Abstract ( 533 )   PDF (919KB) ( 384 )   Save BACKGROUND: Although desired cartilage repair has been realized via tissue engineering technology, these achievements mainly focus on small-size defect under a normal physical condition. However, cartilage defects are always accompanied by the underlying diseases in clinical practice, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Meanwhile, the location, scope, and depth of cartilage defects are uncertain, which brings a great challenge in cartilage tissue repair. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the methods of repairing articular cartilage defects at different locations and under inflammatory condition. METHODS: We searched PubMed and CNKI with the search terms “cartilage defect regeneration, osteochondral, growth plate, weight-bearing area, inflammatory” in Chiense and English to retrieve related papers published before March 2019. A total of 209 papers were retrieved and 86 were included in the final analysis according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: For articular cartilage defects under different special conditions, the repair goals and strategies are different. For repair of full-layer cartilage defects and osteochondral structure defects, multi-layered scaffolds are often used to repair the unique stratified cartilage structure and subchondral bone structure, while avoiding the problem of heterotopic ossification in neonatal cartilage. To avoid deformity after long bone maturation, growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein 7 should be added to continuously stimulate the repair of the growth plate and promote bone growth. For cartilage repair in the weight-bearing area, the scaffolds should have good mechanical property, which ensure not to undergo severe deformation and structural damage when loaded. In addition, the new cartilage tissue has sufficient mechanical strength to support sustained longitudinal pressure and wear. For cartilage defects in the inflammatory state, both inflammation management and cartilage defect repair should be considered, and introduction of mesenchymal stem cells can regulate immune function and promote tissue regeneration, such that articular cartilage defect can be completely repaired. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Finite element analysis on the biomechanical changes of patellar tendinitis Zhou Yu, Long Xiaoan, Li Ning, Wang Chun 2020, 24 (8):  1280-1286.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2216 Abstract ( 479 )   PDF (49028KB) ( 81 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is difficult to obtain the biomechanics of patellar tendinitis by using experimental conditions. Finite element method can solve this problem by using its powerful modeling and computer simulation functions. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the application of finite element analysis in several aspects, such as the mechanism of patellar tendinitis, treatment method and design of knee wearable device, so as to provide theoretical guidance for the prevention and rehabilitation of patellar tendinitis, and provide new ideas for the application of finite element analysis in the study of patellar tendinitis. METHODS: The first author used the search terms “finite element analysis, patellar tendon (patellar tendinitis), knee, biomechanics” in Chinese and English, respectively. Relevant literature published from 1981 to 2019 in CNKI, SportDiscus, PubMed and Elsevier databases were searched. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At present, a variety of simulation and analysis algorithms for simulating the mechanism of human biomechanics are continuously developed, so as to establish and analyze the knee tissue with complex structure and the wearable device model. The nonlinear and dynamic analysis of the continuous motion of the knee will be realized, and the simulation analysis will be more real. Further exploration of the treatment of patellar tendinitis by using finite element method, research and development of rehabilitation equipment, and design of overall materials and structures of wearable devices will be the development direction of future research. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application and focus of LARS ligament in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction   Chen Wei, Zou Gang, Liu Yi 2020, 24 (8):  1287-1292.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2204 Abstract ( 804 )   PDF (39030KB) ( 347 )   Save BACKGROUND: Although there are three main types of graft selection for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: autograft, allogeneic graft and synthetic graft, graft selection is still the focus of current research and controversy. OBJECTIVE: To review the early, mid-term and long-term clinical effects of LARS ligament in the reconstruction of arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament. METHODS: The related literatures published before April 2019 in CNKI database and PubMed database were searched by computer with the search terms “LARS ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, artificial ligament, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction” in Chinese and English respectively. After preliminary screening by reading titles and abstracts, irreverent literatures were excluded. Forty-six eligible literatures were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: LARS ligament had excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. Its unique structure allowed fibroblasts to grow in the forms of wrapping and penetration, and there was no inflammatory reaction around the ligament and fewer macrophages were observed. Because the growing tissue increased the viscoelasticity of the ligament and reduced the friction between the fibers, so it can effectively prevent the biological reaction caused by detritus. LARS ligament had good elastic modulus, anti-torsion and fatigue resistance properties. LARS ligament was suitable for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction because of its rapid recovery, low failure rate, and few complications.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exercises regulate bone marrow adipocytes derived from mesenchymal stem cells: roles and prospects  Qiao Xuesong, Chen Ni, Yang Fengying, Niu Yanmei 2020, 24 (8):  1293-1298.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2024 Abstract ( 656 )   PDF (38286KB) ( 97 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone marrow adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells. It has been found that mesenchymal stem cells can also differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and myocytes. Current results show that marrow adipose tissue could negatively regulate the osteogenesis process because mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into adipocytes in priority. Exercise promotes bone formation and plays an important role in preventing fractures. Exercise, diet, and rosiglitazone are shown to affect the generation of marrow adipose tissue, but the relationship between them is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the effects of exercise, diet and rosiglitazone on marrow adipose tissue and their relationship with bone mineral density. METHODS: Studies related to exercise regulating marrow adipose tissue published from January 1999 to June 2019 in CNKI, WanFang and PubMed databases were retrieved. The search terms were “marrow adipose tissue, exercise, rosiglitazone, high fat-diet, mesenchymal stem cell” in English and Chinese, respectively. Finally 66 eligible articles were enrolled for analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Based on the current research results, exercise can affect the regulation of high-fat diet and rosiglitazone on the formation of bone marrow adipose tissue. Exercise intervention can inhibit the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into marrow adipose tissue. In the process of exercise intervention on marrow adipose tissue, there are many other ways participating in the regulation of fat synthesis, lipid absorption, bone metabolism, bone marrow hematopoietic function. Therefore, exercise intervention has an important part in regulating the above metabolic processes. In the future, the specific mechanism of exercise intervention in bone marrow adipose tissue should be further explored to make exercises become an important measure for regulating the above metabolic processes. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evolution and progress of replacement therapy, materials and reconstruction of long ureteral injuries Wang Gang, Li Donghui, Bai Zhiming 2020, 24 (8):  1299-1305.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2225 Abstract ( 614 )   PDF (45469KB) ( 114 )   Save BACKGROUND: It is very difficult for urologists to choose what kind of substitute and how to reconstruct the long ureteral injuries to restore the integrity and function of the ureter. OBJECTIVE: To review recent progress and the evolution trends in the reconstruction methods of long ureteral injuries. METHODS: Relevant articles published from 1950 to 2019 were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and WanFang databases. The keywords were “ureteral injuries, ureteral replacement, biomaterial, tissue engineering, 3D bioprinting” in English and Chinese, respectively. The articles addressing ureteral replacement materials and reconstruction of ureteral injuries were selected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the reconstruction of long ureteral injury, the earliest repair method is to use autologous tissues, such as ileal, bladder muscle flap (Boari flap), and buccal mucosa graft. But such operations are difficult to avoid the damage to the surrounding tissues and organs. After that, various non-biomaterials were produced for ureteral replacement, but failed due to immune rejection and lack of peristalsis. With the development of cytology, biology and materials, the damaged tissues and organs have been regenerated by using autologous cells. Due to the development of regenerative medicine and three-dimensional printing technology, complex multi-component and multi-layered hollow tube structures that similar to their internal counterparts can be generated with three-dimensional bioprinting. But three-dimensional bioprinting cannot reconstruct the ureter and bladder with normal peristalsis and contraction function.  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Remote rehabilitation applied in patients with stable stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis Ding Meizhu, Hu Peixin, Shen Qian, Zhong Shuxian, Yang Yalan, Li Chun 2020, 24 (8):  1306-1312.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.1500 Abstract ( 614 )   PDF (1037KB) ( 425 )   Save BACKGROUND: Due to the inconveniences of mobility, lack of transport and travel costs, it is difficult for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to have access to a center-based lung rehabilitation service. Remote rehabilitation technology makes these patients get the opportunity of lung rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of remote rehabilitation in pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with stable stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.  METHODS: The literature was retrieved from the databases of PubMed, The Cochrane Library and CNKI with the keywords of “telerehabilitation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease” in English and Chinese, respectively. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the literature was independently screened, the data were extracted, and the quality of the literature was evaluated. The data were analyzed on RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 3 033 patients with stable stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were enrolled in 21 randomized controlled trails. Meta-analysis results indicated that compared with the control group, the forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity was significantly increased [MD=5.11, 95%CI (4.05，6.17), Z=9.49, P < 0.000 01] and CAT score was significantly decreased [MD=-3.54, 95%CI (-5.61, -1.46), Z=3.34, P=0.000 8] in the intervention group (P < 0.05). No difference between groups was found in the 6-minute walking distance, the predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second%, mMRC score or SGRQ score (P > 0.05). In summary, remote rehabilitation provides a new lung rehabilitation method for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, which can promote disease recovery and strengthen self-management ability of patients.   Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics