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29 April 2016, Volume 20 Issue 18 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Effects of perindopril on bone metabolism in a rat model of retinoic acid-induced osteoporosis Zhong Yi, Xue Qing, Zhou Yi, Chen Liang-hua, Zhang Li-chao 2016, 20 (18):  2589-2595.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.001 Abstract ( 864 )   PDF (1030KB) ( 863 )   Save BACKGROUND: Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system existed in bone tissue. Recent studies on antihypertensive drugs found that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor type antihypertensive drug was possibly effective for osteoporosis. Perindopril is one of the commonly used antihypertensive drugs. Whether perindopril affected bone metabolism or could be used in anti-osteoporosis has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: To observe effects of perindopril on bone metabolism in a rat model of osteoporosis induced by retinoic acid. METHODS: Fifty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups, with ten in each group. In the model group and each perindopril groups, rats were intragastricaly administered retinoic acid solution 80 mg/kg per day. After successful model establishment, rats in different perindopril groups were intragastrically administered perindopril 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg per day, once a day, for 42 consecutive days. In the normal control and model groups, rats were given an equal volume of distilled water. Serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, bone mass and bone mineral density were detected in each group. Expression of bone specific alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase mRNA in bone tissue was determined. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the model group, after treatment with perindopril, serum calcium and phosphorus levels were increased, alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly decreased, bone mass and bone mineral density were obviously increased in rats with retinoic acid-induced osteoporosis. Expression of bone specific alkaline phosphatase mRNA was higher in the perindopril 8 mg/kg group than in the perindopril 2 and 4 mg/kg groups and model group. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase mRNA expression was higher in the perindopril 8 mg/kg group than in the model group. These results indicated that perindopril could improve partial bone metabolic biochemical markers in osteoporosis rats, promoted bone formation by up-regulating bone specific alkaline phosphatase mRNA expression, and had a certain preventive effect on retinoic acid-induced osteoporosis.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of low intensity pulsed ultrasound on the expression of type II collagen and matrix metalloproteinase-13 in chondrocytes of a rabbit model of knee arthritis Wu Jian-ping, Wang Zhi-gang, Wang Li-ming 2016, 20 (18):  2596-2602.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.002 Abstract ( 536 )   PDF (1017KB) ( 729 )   Save BACKGROUND: Low intensity pulsed ultrasound is safe, non-invasive, and has strong penetration. In recent years, more and more studies have indicated that low intensity pulsed ultrasound has important role in promoting the repair of damaged articular cartilage. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of low intensity pulsed ultrasound on the expression of type II collagen and matrix metalloproteinase 13 in articular cartilage of rabbits of knee arthritis. METHODS: A total of 20 New Zealand white rabbits were included in this study to establish knee arthritis model. All models were randomly divided into control group and experimental group, 10 rats in each group. In the experimental group, the right knee joint received low intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment with an ultrasonic fracture healing instrument. In the control group, right knee joint received false low intensity pulsed ultrasound therapy. At 8 weeks after intervention, cartilage tissue was collected from medial end of tibia and medial end of femur. After conventional treatment, toluidine blue staining was performed. Pathological observation was conducted under a microscope. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect matrix metalloproteinase 13 and type II collagen expression in chondrocytes. The general situation of the experimental animals was observed. The results of articular cartilage and the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results of matrix metalloproteinase-13 and type II collagen were observed under a microscope.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Toluidine blue staining and pathological observation: 8 weeks after treatment, obvious fissure appeared in articular cartilages, and extending from the surface to the deep layer in the control group, and there was a lack of staining. In the experimental group, cracks formed on articular cartilage surface, and there was a moderate staining missing. (2) Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction: at 5 and 10 days after culture, significant differences in gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 and type II collagen were detected at various time points in the experimental and control groups (P < 0.05). (3) The results showed that the low intensity pulsed ultrasound could affect the gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-13 and type II collagen in the rabbit model of knee arthritis.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishing a rabbit model of knee paralysis by the knee fixation with plaster casts and wire Bai Xue, Zhang Hong-ping, Liu Jun-chang, Wang Xin-jun, Sun Yun, Zhou Dong-dong 2016, 20 (18):  2603-2608.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.003 Abstract ( 573 )   PDF (1894KB) ( 599 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, the researches on knee plaster immobilization paralysis animal models are popular in the world, but there are some insufficiencies with the knee paralysis animals, for example, poor animal selection, inappropriate plaster selection and pure gypsum instability, which affect the subsequent results.  OBJECTIVE: To establish a rabbit model of knee paralysis by the knee fixation with plaster casts and wire. METHODS: A total of 20 New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. Models of right knee paralysis were established and fixed by plaster casts and wire. Normal controls were considered as the control group. At 8 weeks after fixation, right knee and pathologic histology were observed in the right knee.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The knee joints were translucent, smooth, and shiny, without the cartilage defect in the control group, and the cartilaginous elasticity and rigidity were good, and the arrangement of chondrocytes was normal. There were no inflammatory infiltrations in the articular capsule of the normal rabbits. In the model group, the knee joint was matt and opaque. Articular cartilage became thin, and showed poor elasticity. The cartilages were degenerated. Articular surface was rough, and had defects. There were small amount of joint fluid orno joint fluid. Cartilage cells shrank or disappeared, and the number of cartilage cells reduced with degeneration and necrosis. Subchondral bone became sclerosis with trabecular bone of hyperplasia. The arrangement of cartilage cells was disordered, with hyalinization and synovial villous hypertrophy. Cell clustering phenomenon was seen. There were a large number of lymphocytes, plasma cells and neutrophil infiltration in cartilages. The typical pathological changes of the knee paralysis present in the rabbit cartilage. These results demonstrate that the rabbit model of knee paralysis can be successfully established by using fixation method with plaster casts and wire, which has the advantages of simple operation, strong fixation and no injury. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of long needle penetration needling on matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 in the synovium of knee osteoarthritis model rats Li Shi-sheng, Wu Yao-chi, Zhang Jun-feng 2016, 20 (18):  2609-2614.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.004 Abstract ( 548 )   PDF (1845KB) ( 582 )   Save BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 plays an important role in the inhibition of articular cartilage degeneration and destruction. OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 expression level in synovium of knee osteoarthritis rats after treated with penetration needling of long needle. METHODS: A total of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into normal group, penetration needling group, drug group and model group, with 10 rats in every group. 1.6% papain solution was injected into knee joint cavity of Sprague-Dawley rats. 2 weeks later, knee osteoarthritis models were established. Rats in the normal and model groups did not receive any intervention. In the penetration needling group, rats were treated by penetration needling with 0.3 mm×125.0 mm filiform needle. Rats in the drug group were intraarticularly injected with sodium hyaluronate. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay: at 4 weeks after treatment, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 expression in synovial membrane was higher in the normal group than in the model group (P < 0.05). Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 expression in synovial membrane was higher in the penetration needling group and drug group than in the model group (P < 0.05). (2) Results verified that long needle penetration therapy can effectively increase matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 expression in synovial membrane of knee osteoarthritis model rats.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Histomorphological assessment of a rat model of skeletal muscle injury induced by local injection of bupivacaine Chen Yu-pei, Liu Tong, Zou De-hui, Zhang Li, Mao Ying-qiu, Huo Ze-jun 2016, 20 (18):  2615-2621.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.005 Abstract ( 360 )   PDF (2231KB) ( 599 )   Save BACKGROUND: The neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity of bupivacaine have been reported frequently. However, the studies on bupivacaine-induced muscle toxicity are few. OBJECTIVE: To establish and evaluate local intramuscular injection of bupivacaine on the changes in histomorphology and ultrastructure of rat multifidus muscle at various time points. METHODS: A total of 54 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 280-320 g were randomly divided into black group (n=18), model group (n=18) and model control group (n=18). Each group was then equally subdivided into three subgroups according to time points (4, 7 and 14 days) (n=6). Both sides of multifidus muscle of the rats (L4 and L5) were injected with 0.5% bupivacaine. The morphological and ultrastructural changes of multifidus muscle were observed and analyzed with light microscope and transmission electron microscope at 4, 7 and 14 days after model establishment.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) A single intramuscular injection of 0.5% bupivacaine induced muscular damage. (2) Hematoxylin-eosin staining results showed fiber necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and a small amount of macrophages in local skeletal muscle. (3) Under the transmission electron microscope, the structure of myofibrils was destroyed or disintegrated; kinds of bands and lines were indistinct, disrupted or disappeared; the structure of mitochondria was abnormal, the mitochondrial cristae were reduced or disappeared. In the 7- and 14-day groups, multifidus muscle proliferated and repaired. (4) Ultrastructural change scores in skeletal muscle were significantly higher in the model group than in the blank and model control groups (P < 0.05). Above scores were significantly greater in the 4-day group than in the 7- and 14-day groups (P < 0.05), and higher in the 7-day group than in the 14-day group (P < 0.05). (5) Results suggest that a single intramuscular injection of 0.5% bupivacaine can result in pathological changes of skeletal muscle from morphology and ultrastructure. This method can establish a suitable model of skeletal muscle injury. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Jisuikang on Nogo-66 receptor NgR expression in rats with spinal cord injury Guo Yang, Ma Yong, Feng Cheng, Pan Ya-lan, Huang Gui-cheng 2016, 20 (18):  2622-2627.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.006 Abstract ( 494 )   PDF (1788KB) ( 675 )   Save BACKGROUND: Myelin sheath related inhibitors have been found to have great impact on microenvironment of axon regeneration. Traditional Chinese medicine is gradually becoming a research hotspot on improving microenvironment of nerve regeneration with its advantage on multiple factors and targets. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the effect of Jisuikang on Nogo-66 receptor NgR expression after spinal cord injury.  METHODS: 144 rats were randomly divided into six groups: sham surgery group, model group, prednisone group, high-, moderate- and low-dose Jisuikang groups (n=24). Animal models of spinal cord injury were established by the modified Allen’s method in the later five groups. Rats in the prednisone group were daily given 0.06 g/kg prednisone acetate by lavage, once a day. Rats in the high-, moderate- and low-dose Jisuikang groups were daily intragastrically given 12.5, 25 and 50 g/kg Jisuikang, once a day. Rats in the sham surgery and model groups were intragastrically daily given 20 mL of saline, once a day. Rats in each group were administered drugs until death. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the model group, NgR protein and mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in the prednisone, moderate-and low-dose Jisuikang groups. These data suggested that Jisuikang can improve the recovery of neurological function after spinal cord injury and effectively inhibit NgR protein expression at the site of injury so as to suppress the microenvironment factors harmful to nerve regeneration and further improve the microenvironment of nerve regeneration. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of biochemical indexes in the brain and spinal cord after shock and vibration damage Zhu Ya-peng, Guo Yan-ling, Chang Qi 2016, 20 (18):  2628-2633.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.007 Abstract ( 491 )   PDF (2136KB) ( 461 )   Save BACKGROUND: High-energy vibration is easy to damage non-cavity organs of the body and the damage effect is remarkable, but few studies concern the process of high-energy vibration-induced injury.  OBJECTIVE: To understand physiological, biochemical and pathological changes of animal bodies after high-energy vibration-induced injury. METHODS: A total of 32 dogs were randomly divided into four groups. Dogs in the mild vibration injury group, moderate vibration injury group and severe vibration injury group received 700, 1 000, and 2 100 m/s² vibration. Dogs in the control group were considered as normal controls. Within 14 days after vibration, serum K+, Ca2+, Zn2+, S100β, and neuron specific enolase concentrations were detected. Immunohistochemical staining was observed in the spinal cord and the brain. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Serum K+, Ca2+, Zn2+ concentrations showed a regular change in the three vibration injury group, and no evident change was found immediately after vibration injury. K+ concentrations reached a minimum at 0.5 day after vibration injury. Ca2+ concentrations reached a minimum at 1 day after vibration injury. Zn2+ concentrations reached a minimum at 0.5 or 1 day. Above concentrations gradually increased and became normal at 14 days. Serum neuron specific enolase and S100β expression increased at 0.5 day after vibration in the three vibration injury groups, peaked at 1 day, gradually diminished, and recovered to a normal level or higher level at 14 days. In the three vibration groups, bleeding point of contact position and hedge position could be found in the spinal cord and brain. The degree of bleeding was more significant when killed instantly after vibration compared with that at 14 days. S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein and neuron specific enolase expression increased in the spinal cord and brain. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of eye acupuncture therapy on neurological function and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury Liu Hui-ying, Wang Peng-qin, Bian Ying, Wang Jin-chun, Wei Ying-hong 2016, 20 (18):  2634-2641.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.008 Abstract ( 481 )   PDF (2491KB) ( 660 )   Save BACKGROUND: Eye acupuncture therapy is a technique used to adjust qi-blood circulation, relax muscles and tendons, and activate collaterals by acupuncture at the acupoints around the eye balls and in the orbital border. This therapy has been widely used in the clinic because it exhibits remarkable therapeutic effects on many ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. However, the precise mechanism behind this therapy remains poorly understood. Neurotrophic factors are a protein family including neurotrophic factors and brain-derived neurotrophic factors that can regulate neuronal survival, development and functioning. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of eye acupuncture therapy on neurological function and nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the brain tissue of rat models of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS: Fifty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups with 18 rats per group: sham-operated, model and eye acupuncture therapy groups. Rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion were established by the intraluminal suture method in the model and eye acupuncture therapy groups. Eye acupuncture was performed at the following acupoints liver area, upper-jiao area, lower-jiao area and kidney area located at the internal orbital margin at 2 hours after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Rat neurological function was evaluated at 3, 7, and 14 days after injury. Nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the rat brain tissue was detected using immunohistochemical staining method at 1 and 2 weeks after treatment. Cerebral infarct size was determined using TTC staining at 2 weeks after treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) At 1 and 2 weeks after injury, nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression was significantly greater in the eye acupuncture therapy group than in the model group (P < 0.05), but nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the eye acupuncture therapy group was decreased at 2 weeks after injury compared to that at 1 week after injury. (2) At 7 and 14 days after treatment, neurological function scores in the eye acupuncture therapy group were significantly lowered, and there was significant difference between eye acupuncture therapy and model groups (P < 0.05), but they were significantly higher than those in the sham-operated group (P < 0.05). (3) At 2 weeks after treatment, cerebral infarct size was significantly greater in the eye acupuncture therapy and model groups than in the sham-operated group (P < 0.01), and it was significantly smaller in the eye acupuncture therapy group than in the model group (P < 0.05). (4)These results indicate that eye acupuncture therapy shows neuroprotective effects on ischemic cerebral injury by increasing nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression, improving neurological function, and reducing cerebral infarct size. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Neuroprotective effect of lipoxin receptor agonist BML-111 on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model Ren Xiao-bo, Wang Gui-hua, Lu Tan, An Yong-bo, Liu Zhong-he, Dong Yu-zhen 2016, 20 (18):  2642-2647.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.009 Abstract ( 583 )   PDF (949KB) ( 615 )   Save BACKGROUND: The mechanisms of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury are the result of the combined effects of multiple factors, but there is no effective treatment. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of lipoxin receptor agonist BML-111 on inflammatory factor and apoptosis in rats with spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS: A total of 72 healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham surgery group, ischemia-reperfusion group and BML-111 group. Rat models of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury were established by clamping the abdominal aorta in the later two groups. Rats in the ischemia-reperfusion group and BML-111 group were injected with 0.1 mL of saline and 1 mg/kg BML-111 through caudal vein at 30 minutes after model establishment.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with ischemia-reperfusion group, BBB scores were significantly improved, pathological injury of spinal cord tissue significantly reduced, the number of apoptotic cells, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β expression, myeloperoxidase oxide activity and malondialdehyde content decreased in the BML-111 group. These findings indicate that lipoxin receptor agonist BML-111 can inhibit neuronal apoptosis and inflammation so as to reduce spinal cord injury. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of oscillating electric field on Wnt-3a expression and motor function in the injured rat spinal cord Huang Xian-jia, Qian Jun, Zhang Kun-kun, Pan Wei-dong, Jing Jue-hua 2016, 20 (18):  2648-2654.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.010 Abstract ( 581 )   PDF (1137KB) ( 639 )   Save BACKGROUND: Wnt signaling pathways can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, and promote the repair of spinal cord injury. The electrical field stimulation can change the protein expression of Wnt signaling pathways. QBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of oscillating electric field on motor function recovery and the expression of Wnt-3a protein in rats with spinal cord injury. METHODS: A total of 36 Sprague-Dawley rats models with spinal cord injury were induced by the Allen’s method. All rats were randomly divided into oscillating electric field stimulation group and spinal cord injury group. The stimulating electrodes were added in both groups. The oscillating electric field stimulation group received oscillating electric field intervention. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 3 days after model establishment, Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale scores and Wnt-3a expression were similar between the oscillating electric field stimulation group and spinal cord injury group. At 7 and 14 days, significant differences in BBB scores and Wnt-3a expression were detected. These results indicate that oscillating electric field stimulation can activate Wnt signaling protein in the early stage of spinal cord injury, which may be associated with the promoting effect of oscillating electric field stimulation on spinal cord injury.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Corticosterone impairs reconsolidation of novel object recognition memory in rats Zhou Mei-fang, Wang Bo, Tian Shao-wen, Tan De-rong, Kuang Xin 2016, 20 (18):  2655-2660.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.011 Abstract ( 777 )   PDF (737KB) ( 877 )   Save BACKGROUND: The formation of long-term memory includes acquisition, consolidation and reconsolidation. Reconsolidation is very important for the new memory transforming into stable memory. Stress is an important environmental factor in the process of learning and memory. Corticosterone is very important for stress response. At present, research about the impact of corticosterone on reconsolidation of novel object recognition memory is less. Thus, it is very important to test the impact of corticosterone on reconsolidation of novel object recognition memory in rats. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of corticosterone on the reconsolidation of novel object recognition memory in rats. METHODS: (1) The rats were intraperitoneally injected with corticosterone (0.1, 1 and 3 mg/kg) immediately after reactivation. The discrimination index was used to assess memory performance and calculated as the difference in time exploring the novel and familiar objects. (2) The rats were intraperitoneally injected with corticosterone (3 mg/kg) 6 hours after reactivation. The discrimination index was used to assess memory performance and calculated as the difference in time exploring the novel and familiar objects. (3) The rats were intraperitoneally injected with corticosterone 3 mg/kg without reactivation. The discrimination index was used to assess memory performance and calculated as the difference in time exploring the novel and familiar objects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Immediate injection of corticosterone 3 mg/kg after reactivation significantly decreased the discrimination index. At 6 hours after reactivation or without reactivation, corticosterone administration did not impact the discrimination index. These results confirmed that corticosterone administration immediately after reactivation impairs the reconsolidation of novel object recognition memory. The damage effect depends on the reactivation experience and the specific time window after reactivation.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Learning and memory abilities between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice after voluntary movement Liu Xue-qin, Li Rui, Cui Jia-bin, Lu Li, Zhao Yun-he 2016, 20 (18):  2661-2667.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.012 Abstract ( 672 )   PDF (958KB) ( 870 )   Save BACKGROUND: BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice are two inbred strains, but after voluntary movement, there is no report on how to scientifically reasonably select behavioral experiment methods and indicators and to evaluate the learning and memory abilities of mice. OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare the behavioral indicators between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice following voluntary wheel running, to explore the effect of exercise on learning and memory, and to provide a reference for selecting reasonable behavioral indicators. METHODS: 2.5-month-old BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control and voluntary wheel running groups. Independent running wheel movement of mice was recorded with VitalView system. 4 weeks later, newborn neurons were labeled via DCX immunofluorescence. Spatial learning, memory and exploration abilities were compared through new arm test, new object recognition test and Morris water maze test.      RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) The mean spontaneous activity of BALB/c mice daily was 2.56 fold of that of C57BL/6 mice during wheel running (P < 0.001). (2) Hippocampal DCX-positive cells in exercised BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were more than those in control group. (3) Meantime, exhibited by higher frequencies to explore new arm or object, and longer time and distance of moving around them, the learning and exploring capability was improved after exercising (P < 0.001), especially in BALB/c mice. (4) Wheel running C57BL/6 mice exhibited progressed spatial learning and memory abilities compared with control mice in Morris water maze test, characterized by decreased latency to target, elevated target crossings and longer time or distance in quadrant zone (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between wheel running and control BALB/c mice. Taken these data together, voluntary wheel running contributed to hippocampal neurogenesis of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice, accompanied by the change of learning and memory capability, which could be detected properly via both new arm test and new object recognition test, but for Morris water maze test, C57BL/6 mice might be superior to BALB/c mice.    中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Vasorelaxant effects of procyanidins on pulmonary artery in vitro Niu Cai-qin, Sun An, Lei Xiao, Zhang Tuan-xiao 2016, 20 (18):  2668-2676.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.013 Abstract ( 584 )   PDF (651KB) ( 583 )   Save BACKGROUND: Procyanidins is a kind of polyphenol compounds in regnum vegetable, which is composed of different quantities of catechin and epicatechin. Studies show that procyanidins plays a role on protecting vascular endothelium, scavenging free radicals, resisting platelet aggregation, and reducing capillary permeability. Thus, procyanidins has obviously functions of reducing blood pressure, anti-oxidant activity, anti-edema, preventing coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: To study the vasorelaxant effect of procyanidins on pulmonic rings and its mechanisms. METHODS: Rabbit thoracic pulmonary arteries were isolated. Pre-contracted with noradrenalin (1×10-6 mol/L) and their responses to different concentrations of procyanidins (0.625, 1.25, 2.5 mg/L) were investigated. After removal of the endothelium of pulmonary artery smooth muscle, the effects of different signaling pathway inhibitors on procyanidins-induced relaxation, including nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-Nitro-L-arginine (1×10-4 mol/L), methylene blue (1×10-5 mol/L), prostaglandin synthase inhibitor indomethacin (1×10-5 mol/L) and blockage of the adrenergic β-receptor propranolol (1×10-5 mol/L), were also assessed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Procyanidins did not change the resting tension of rabbit’s pulmonic rings, but caused an obvious dose-dependent relaxation in 1×10-6 mol/L noradrenalin-precontracted pulmonic rings (r=0.69, P < 0.001). (2) The relaxant effect of procyanidins was significantly reduced by removal of endothelium or by treatment with either Nω-Nitro-L-arginine or methylene blue, but not by treatment with prostaglandin synthase inhibitor or blockage of the adrenergic β-receptor. (3) Procyanidins (20 mg/L) dropped the dose-effect curves of noradrenalin, KCl and on pulmonic rings denuded endothelium. Moreover, affinity index of noradrenalin, KCl and CaCl2 decreased (P < 0.01). (4) Procyanidins also inhibited the vasoconstriction caused by noradrenalin in the first phase, but had no impact on the constriction induced by CaCl2 in the second phase. (5) Procyanidins has an endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation on isolated rabbit’s pulmonic rings, which is possibly mediated by nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathways. Procyanidins blocked receptor-operated and voltage-dependent calcium channels to reduce intracellular Ca2+, and induced vasorelaxation.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of safflower yellow on angiotensin receptor II1 of kidney cells in diabetic nephropathy rats    Gao Yan, Yuan Lu-liang, Zhang Hai-song 2016, 20 (18):  2677-2683.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.014 Abstract ( 522 )   PDF (2290KB) ( 666 )   Save BACKGROUND: Safflower yellow is known to treat diabetic nephropathy, can protect kidney function, reduce lesions, delay or prevent the development of diabetic nephropathy. OBJECTIVE: To further verify the effects of safflower yellow on the kidney in rats with diabetic nephropathy and the impact of safflower yellow on the expression of renal cell receptor of angiotensin II1. METHODS: Thirty rats were equally and randomly divided into three groups: normal control group, model group and experimental group. In the experimental group and model group, rat models of diabetic nephropathy were established. At 1 week after model establishment, rats were daily intraperitoneally given safflower yellow injection 27.8 mg/kg, once a day. In the model and control groups, rats were daily intraperitoneally given an equal volume of saline. All rats were administered for 23 weeks. The kidney-related biochemical indicators and pathological changes in kidney tissue and the expression of angiotensin II1 type receptor on kidney tissue of rats were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Hypertrophy index of experimental group and model group was significantly higher than that of control group (P < 0.05). (2) 24-hour proteinuria, glycosylated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and urea nitrogen of model group were higher than that of control group (P < 0.05). 24-hour proteinuria, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol and urea nitrogen in experimental group were higher than that of control group (P < 0.05). 24-hour proteinuria, total cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and urea nitrogen in the experimental group were lower than that of model group (P < 0.05). (3) Glomerular hypertrophy, thickening of capillary basement membrane, cell proliferation, and mesangial widening were detected in the model group. Abnormal changes in the kidney structure were found in the control group. The extent of damage of kidney of histopathology in the experimental group was between the control group and the model group. (4) The expression level of angiotensin receptor II1 of experimental group and model group was higher than that of control group (P < 0.05). The expression level of angiotensin receptor II1 of experimental group was lower than that of model group (P < 0.05). These results indicated that safflower yellow has a protective effect on diabetic nephropathy; the mechanism of action may be associated with blocking kidney partial renin-angiotensin system. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a rabbit model of oral soft tissue defects Yang Qin-qiu, Dong Lu, Xiao Qiong, Chen Hong-liang, Sun Yong 2016, 20 (18):  2684-2689.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.015 Abstract ( 526 )   PDF (1857KB) ( 803 )   Save BACKGROUND: In clinical, the research on the method and the material of the soft tissue defect of the operation area has been in depth. It will have a positive impact on our exploration and research in this field through the establishment of reliable experimental animal oral soft tissue defect model. OBJECTIVE: To establish a rabbit model of oral soft tissue defects for oral treatment of soft tissue defects in-depth study. METHODS: Eighteen 3-month-old male New Zealand rabbits were enrolled. A tissue ring cutting drill of 5 mm diameter was used to prepare round full-thickness soft tissue defects in the front part of the hard palate and, respectively, from the back of the maxillary incisors, about 2 mm from the hard palate mucosal edge. Morphology and histology were observed at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days after model establishment.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Morphological observation: After 3 and 7 days, the wound’s inflammatory reaction was obvious. As the time goes, the inflammatory response subsided, the wound gradually healed. Scar formation was observed at 21, 28 and 56 days after surgery. (2) Histological observation: 3 and 7 days after injury, many inflammatory cells were infiltrating, and tissue necrosis area was larger. At 7 days after surgery, with the extensive formation of connective tissue proliferation and new blood capillaries, the wound gradually shaping completely. (3) Results indicated that a rabbit model of oral soft tissue defects was successfully established, which was in line with the physical laws of wound healing and the characteristics of human oral soft tissue defects healing.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Vitreous cavity injection with erythropoietin protects optic nerve in a rat model of diabetic retinopathy Zhang Yong-hong, Zhang Xiao-mei, Wei Xiao-yi, Tang Liu-ping, Liu Dai-hua, Ling Yu 2016, 20 (18):  2690-2696.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.016 Abstract ( 513 )   PDF (2177KB) ( 414 )   Save BACKGROUND: Diabetes can lead to many complications. Of them, retinopathy is a common type. To explore the effect of erythropoietin in diabetic retinopathy, it is necessary to establish an animal model of similar pathologic features and high reproducibility in clinical retinal neovascularization. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the protective effect of vitreous cavity injection of erythropoietin on optic nerve of rats with diabetic retinopathy.  METHODS: Rat models of diabetic retinopathy were established and injected with erythropoietin through vitreous space for 14 consecutive days. Results were compared between the model and normal control groups.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Transmission electron microscope: compared with the model group, retinal ganglion cell nucleus presented uniform red; cell membrane was intact; endoplasmic reticulum exhibited slight swelling. A small number of vacuoles were found in mitochondria around the nuclei. (2) Western blot assay and RT-PCR: compared with the model group, Caspase-3 and Bax protein expression was lower in the erythropoietin group (P < 0.05). Caspase-3 protein and Bcl-2 protein expression was significantly higher in the erythropoietin group than in the model group (P < 0.05). Significant differences in nuclear factor κB and Survivn gene expression were detected between the model and erythropoietin groups (P < 0.05). (3) Results verified that vitreous cavity injection of erythropoietin had neuroprotective effect on rats with diabetic retinopathy, which may be associated with the inhibitory effect on apoptosis.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 on atherosclerotic plaque Zhou Yi-hua, Wang Shu, Yuan Ying 2016, 20 (18):  2697-2702.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.017 Abstract ( 716 )   PDF (819KB) ( 750 )   Save BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis in atherosclerotic plaque occurred on the basis of atherosclerotic lesions, and the new formed blood vessels promoted the development of angiogenesis. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sFlt-1) gene transfection reduces neointimal formation after vascular injury in rabbits, also reduces early vascular inflammation and proliferation, and the formation of neointima lately. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of highly expressed sFlt-1 on atherosclerotic plaque. METHODS: A total of 48 male New Zealand rabbits were divided into four groups randomly: normal control group (n=8), sham operation group (n=8), balloon injury+high lipid diet+pEGFP-N1 group (n=16) and balloon injury+high lipid diet+pEGFP-N1-sFlt-1 group (n=16). Normal control group and sham operation group were supplied with normal diet. Balloon injury+high lipid diet+pEGFP-N1 group and balloon injury+high lipid diet+pEGFP-N1-sFlt-1 group were supplied with high lipid diet and injured by balloon 2 weeks later. Balloon injury+high lipid diet+pEGFP-N1 group was transfected with pEGFP-N1 and balloon injury+high lipid diet+pEGFP-N1-sFlt-1 group was transfected with pEGFP-N1-sFlt-1. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the balloon injury+high lipid diet+pEGFP-N1 group and balloon injury+high lipid diet+pEGFP-N1-sFlt-1 group, blood lipid levels apparently increased. At 3 days after model establishment, sFlt-1 expression levels noticeably increased, and atherosclerotic plaque formed to different degrees. Plaque area, plaque perimeter, plaque maximum thickness and the number of positive-cells within the plaque were significantly less in the balloon injury+high lipid diet+pEGFP-N1-sFlt-1 group than in the balloon injury+high lipid diet+pEGFP-N1 group. These results confirm that sFlt-1 gene may express effectively in iliac artery wall of rabbit, inhibited the formation of atherosclerotic plaque and delayed the development of atherosclerotic plaque. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Qi-Benefiting Blood-Activating Chinese herbs on aorta Rho kinase and related cytokine expression in a rat model of atherosclerosis Zhang Hong-zhen, Jiao Rui, Li Li, Zhang Ying, Qian Yan, Guo Chun-lan 2016, 20 (18):  2703-2710.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.018 Abstract ( 415 )   PDF (1106KB) ( 853 )   Save BACKGROUND: Representative formulae of Qi-Benefiting and Blood-Activating Chinese medicinal herbs Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (BYHWT) can improve microcirculation and hypoxia, decrease fibrinogen, resist platelet aggregation, reduce blood lipid, dilate blood vessel, resist thrombosis, and reduce neonatal plaque rupture, and has a multi-target, multi-channel anti-atherosclerotic effect.  OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of representative formulae of Qi-Benefiting and Blood-Activating Chinese medicinal herbs BYHWT on aorta Rho kinase, tissue factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA expression in atherosclerosis models, and to explore the action mechanism of BYHWT on anti-atherosclerosis.  METHODS: Vitamin D3 and high fat diet induced atherosclerosis in rats. 60 rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group, 10 g/kg BYHWT therapy group, 20 g/kg BYHWT therapy group, simvastatin control group and BYHWT prevention group (n=10). At 28 days after model establishment, the expression level of Rho kinase, tissue factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA expression and blood lipid level were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) High fat diet and vitamin D3 could induce atherosclerosis in rats. Atherosclerotic plaque formed in the model group. (2) Rho kinase, tissue factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2, matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA expression and blood lipid were significantly lower in the normal control group, 20 g/kg BYHWT therapy group, simvastatin control group and BYHWT prevention group than in the model group (P < 0.01). Above indexes were significantly lower in the 10 g/kg BYHWT therapy group than in the model group (P < 0.05). No significant difference in above indexes was detected among BYHWT prevention group, 20 g/kg BYHWT therapy group and simvastatin control group (P > 0.05). (3) Results indicated that Qi-Benefiting and Blood-Activating BYHWT can resist atherosclerosis, down-regulate the expression of Rho kinase, tissue factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA expression, which may be one of the mechanisms of anti-atherosclerosis. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程  Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Peng Li-na, Jia Peng (College of Physical Education, Langfang Teachers University, Langfang 065000, Hebei Province, China) Peng Li-na, Jia Peng 2016, 20 (18):  2711-2716.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.019 Abstract ( 460 )   PDF (896KB) ( 592 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that Maca can enhance immune cell function, improve mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, and play a role in anti-oxidation and anti-aging. OBJECTIVE: To observe Maca effects on kidney mitochondrial respiratory function and anti-aging capabilities in elderly rats after exhausted exercise.  METHODS: 10-month-old elderly rats were intragastrically administrated Maca powder 5 g/kg, once a day, and did treadmill exercise, 5 days in a week. Rats were randomly divided into control group, Maca group and training group and Maca+training group. At 6 weeks after training, rats in each group did exhausted exercise (35 m/min), and immediately received intraperitoneal injection of 2% sodium pentobarbital. The kidney was obtained, and mitochondria were extracted by differential centrifugation. A spectrophotometer was used to measure mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme and antioxidant enzyme activity: mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme I-III, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities were higher in the Maca+training group than in the control group, Maca group and training group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but malondialdehyde content was lower (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). (2) Results suggested that the combination of supplement Maca and incremental exercise can improve mitochondrial respiratory function and delay aging in the kidney of aged rats after exhausted exercise. Moreover, supplemented Maca and incremental exercise have a synergistic effect. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional reconstruction and finite element analysis of the optic nerve head of a cat Gao Wei, Yang Yu-tong, Zhang Shi-yao, Zhang Kun-ya, Liu Zhi-cheng, Qian Xiu-qing 2016, 20 (18):  2717-2724.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.020 Abstract ( 468 )   PDF (1127KB) ( 714 )   Save BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is a kind of eye disease that can cause irreversible blindness which is characterized by visual field loss. Clinical research shows that the optic nerve head has changed before the visual field loss. The morphological changes of the optic nerve head have become the key to determine the early diagnosis of glaucoma and disease development. So it has important significance for us to study the morphological changes of the tissues of optic nerve head under the high intraocular pressure. OBJECTIVE: To establish three-dimensional finite element model of optic nerve head which includes choroid, retina and lamina cribrosa, and analyze the thickness of the optic nerve head under the acute high intraocular pressure. METHODS: (1) We chose healthy cats without refractive media and other eye diseases. The tomographic sequence images of the optic nerve head of a cat were obtained with the intraocular pressure of the normal value by using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. (2) The three- dimensional model of the retina, choroid and lamina cribrosa was obtained. Three-dimensional model of optic nerve head was established by assembling the model of the retina, the choroid and the lamina cribrosa. The thickness of the retina, choroid and lamina cribrosa was analyzed under different intraocular pressures by using the method of finite element analysis. (3) Animal model of acute ocular hypertension was established by methods of anterior chamber perfusion. The tomographic sequence images of the optic nerve head of a cat were obtained with different intraocular pressures by using enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Then, we measured the thickness changes of the choroid, retina and lamina cribrosa under different intraocular pressures, and compared with the results of finite element analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The thickness of the choroid, retina and lamina cribrosa trended to be thin, and the cup dish ratio of optic nerve head increased gradually with the increased intraocular pressures. Regarding to the thickness changes of the choroid, retina and lamina cribrosa, the trend of experimental measurement results was consistent with finite element calculation results. Hence, it is feasible to analyze morphological changes of every fundus tissue under high intraocular pressure using the tomographic sequence images obtained by optical coherence tomography. We can predict the morphological changes of the optic nerve head tissue by finite element analysis, which has certain guiding significance in determining the progression of glaucoma. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Time-specific gene knockout technology: model establishment, present and future  Chen Rui-jun, Huang Xiao-feng, Zhang Fang-ming 2016, 20 (18):  2725-2730.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.021 Abstract ( 785 )   PDF (782KB) ( 1037 )   Save BACKGROUND: The target gene cannot be deleted at specific time by using conditional gene knockout system. Most gene knockout animals cannot survive during embryonic development and after birth, which limits the study of gene function. OBJECTIVE: To review the recent advances about time-specific gene knockout technology. METHODS: An online search in PubMed was performed from the initial stage of database establishment to August 2014. The key words were gene knockout, inducer and Cre/loxP system. The repeated experiment and unrelated articles were excluded during primary search. A summary was made by analyzing time-specific gene knockout technology. RESULTS AND CONCLUTION: Most important gene knockout animals could not survive after birth, or die at early embryonic stage due to serious physical defects induced by an important gene deletion. Therefore, the progress in the functionality of a gene at a particular time, the genetic characteristics of an individual organism in a particular developmental period, and the treatment of certain acquired disease at a given time have been limited because of the limitations of research methods. However, the occurrence of conditional gene knockout animals, especially time-specific knockout animals, provides a research model for the study of these areas. This study reviewed the recent advances, development and application about time-specific gene knockout animals, and discussed the significance and broad prospects of time-specific gene knockout technology of specific genes in the field of scientific research.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Ways for establishing a rat model of spinal cord contusion: a network meta-analysis Li Bo-lin, Zhou Bin-bin, Jin Xin, Yang Cheng-cheng 2016, 20 (18):  2731-2736.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2016.18.022 Abstract ( 408 )   PDF (825KB) ( 790 )   Save BACKGROUND: Animal experimental study on spinal cord injury used injury mode and similarity of clinical spinal cord injury as an important reference index of selecting modeling approach. OBJECTIVE: To compare the difference among the use of precision impactor, homemade Allen’s impactor, spinal cord compression method and clamping method in rat models of spinal cord injury, and to provide a new basis for the selection of the modeling method of a rat model.  METHODS: PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP databases were retrieved with computer from Building to June 20, 2015. Eligible literatures were included and analyzed by ADDIS software.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 26 studies met inclusion criteria, containing 599 rats. After analysis of the inclusion studies, the model could be effectively made in each modeling method. The modeling method with effects from best to poor is as follows in order: precision impactor, clamping method, homemade Allen’s impactor and spinal cord compression method. According to the lowest mortality, there were precision impactor, homemade Allen’s impactor and clamping method. From the point of view of function and mortality, the use of precision impactor is the best. The use of homemade Allen’s impactor is the most economical. The clamp method could achieve a balance between them. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植；肝移植；移植；心脏移植；组织移植；皮肤移植；皮瓣移植；血管移植；器官移植；组织工程 Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics