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10 December 2010, Volume 14 Issue 50 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Construction of eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid pCMV-Myc-GATA4    Ding Jian-dong, Fang Xiang, Tao Shao-yu, Ren Li-qun, Zhang Xiao-li, Yao Yu-yu, Ma Gen-shan 2010, 14 (50):  6350.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.010 Abstract ( 258 )   PDF (360KB) ( 458 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies showed that heart transcription factor GATA bind protein 4 (GATA4) are closely related to congenital heart disease. However, there are few reports about the construction of GATA4 expression plasmid and how it effects the development and proliferation of myocardial cell. OBJECTIVE: To construct the recombinant plasmid pCMV-Myc-GATA4. METHODS: Recombinant plasmid pUC57-GATA4 was digested by EcoRⅠand Kpn I to obtain the target gene GATA4. Double enzyme digestion was conducted for pCMV-Myc and GATA4. Both fragments were connected by using T4 ligase and transferred to DH5α. Then plasmid was extracted and detected by PCR and double enzyme digestion and sequencing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The coding area of GATA4 for approximate 1.3 kb was obtained. The results of PCR, enzyme digestion and gene sequencing showed that the recombinant expression plasmid had correct codogenic gene fragment. The recombinant expression plasmid of GATA4 gene is successfully constructed and identified. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of programmed cell death 5 in degenerated lumbar intervertebral disc Cui Guan-yu, Tian Wei, Zhao Dan-hui, Liu Bo, Li Guang-ping, Chen Ying-yu 2010, 14 (50):  9311-9316.  Abstract ( 217 )   PDF (376KB) ( 352 )   Save BACKGROUND: Cell apoptosis plays an important role in intervertebral disc degeneration. Programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5) is a protein which promotes cell apoptosis and upgrade expressed in osteoarthritic cartilage. But the study of expression of PDCD5 on degenerated lumbar intervertebral disc has not been reported until now. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression of PDCD5 in nucleus pulposus cells from normal, protruded and extruded lumbar intervertebral disc and to analyze the relationship between PDCD5 and lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. METHODS: Samples from 2 normal, 23 protruded and 17 extruded lumbar intervertebral discs were collected. The expression of PDCD5 was detected with immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence detection. Nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis was identified by TUNEL and transmission electronic microscope. The extracellular matrix degeneration was detected with sirius red staining. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: PDCD5 positive rate of nucleus pulposus cells from extruded intervertebral disc was higher than that from protruded intervertebral disc (P < 0.05). TUNEL detection positive rate of nucleus pulposus cells from extruded intervertebral disc was higher than that from protruded intervertebral disc (P < 0.05). PDCD5 was observed to be located in cell nucleus with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cell apoptosis can be observed with transmission electronic microscope. With age increased, type Ⅰ collagen increased and typeⅡcollagen decreased in nucleus pulposus. In degenerated intervertebral disc, the expression of PDCD5 and nucleus pulposus cells apoptosis increased with age increased and disc degeneration scale increased. Nucleus pulposus cells apoptosis through PDCD5 pathway plays an important role in lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Histological changes of callus osteogenesis at tibial fracture site in denervated rats Lin Ji 2010, 14 (50):  9317-9320.  Abstract ( 266 )   PDF (664KB) ( 395 )   Save BACKGROUND: Previous study showed that nervous system plays an important role in the fracture reconstruction. However, the concrete mechanism has not been totally expounded yet. The effect of central nervous and nerve growth factor on callus was rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To observe histological changes of callus osteogenesis at tibial fracture site in denervated rats. METHODS: SD rats were prepared for closed fracture with left tibial intramedullary fixation models and were randomly assigned into 3 groups: Simple left tibial fractures group, T10 spinal cord transaction group: Based on the tibial fracture models, 0.3 cm T10 spinal cord was transected and removed. Nerve growth factor group: Based on the frontal models, intramuscular injecting nerve growth factor. The morphological changes of bone tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The condition of osteogenesis in callus was observed by osteocalcin immunohistochemistry and the microstructure of osteoblasts was detected under a transmission electron microscope.   RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The osteoblasts quantity was decreased, osteocalcin decreased and osteoblasts organelle functions lowered in the T10 spinal cord transaction group. Compared with the T10 spinal cord transaction group, these indexes in the nerve growth factor group were improved. The findings demonstrated that nerve growth factor can partly improve bone tissue regeneration in denervate state. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha on apoptosis of human nucleus pulposus cells Dong Zhen-hui, Wang De-chun 2010, 14 (50):  9321-9324.  Abstract ( 317 )   PDF (319KB) ( 381 )   Save BACKGROUND: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily plays an important role in apoptosis. However, the role of TNF on nucleus pulposus cells remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of TNF-α on apoptosis of human nucleus pulposus cell from pathways of P38MAPK and stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK/SAPK). METHODS: The human nucleus pulposus cells were cultured in vitro and randomly divided into 4 groups: TNF-α, P38MAPK inhibition, P-JNK/SAPK inhibition and control groups. The apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells was detected by TUNEL; the expression and location of P38MAPK and P-JNK/SAPK were determined by immumofluorescence method; and the expression of P38MAPK, JNK/SAPK, and their phosphorylations were measured by Western Blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: TUNEL results showed that there was higher density of apoptotic nucleus pulposus cells in the TNF-α group than that of the other groups (P < 0.01). Immunofluorescence showed that, compared with inhibition groups and control group, the expressions of phosphorylations of P38MAPK and JNK / SAPK were increased after treatment with TNF-α (P < 0.01). Western Blot analysis also demonstrated that P38MAPK and P-JNK / SAPK were expressed and distributed mainly in cytoplasmic and nuclear, however, there was only P-JNK / SAPK expression in the TNF–α group, but no expression could be found in the inhibition groups. TNF-α induces the apoptosis of human nucleus pulposus cell via P38MAPK and JNK / SAPK pathway. Related Articles | Metrics

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Proliferative activity of normal human osteoblasts cultured with neuropeptides at different concentrations Zhang Xue-min, Ma Wen-hui, Shi Shu-shan, Li Ya-fei 2010, 14 (50):  9325-9328.  Abstract ( 236 )   PDF (273KB) ( 385 )   Save BACKGROUND: A large number of studies have demonstrated that neural factors can regulate bone metabolism. To date, 5 types of neuropeptides have been found to participate in bone metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To verify the effects of neuropeptides on the biological activities of normal osteoblasts in vitro. METHODS: The osteoblasts were stimulated by calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, neusopeptide Y, noradrenaline, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) with concentrations of 0.02, 0.1, 1 mg/L, respectively. The effects of different factors single or associated with BMP were examined by the means of methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The five neuropeptides and BMP could promote osteoblast proliferation. The effect of neusopeptide Y was the strongest, and the effect of other factors was negatively related with dose. Results revealed that neuropeptides and BMP could augment the activities of osteoblasts at the different extent. This could help to explain the osteoblastic improvement of neuropeptides. Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes of bone metabolic biochemical markers and bone mineral density in male patients with type 2 diabetes Chen Ling-xia, Miao Yi-de, Liu Jie, Wei Ya-nan, Jia Rong, Bao Hui, Chu Lin 2010, 14 (50):  9329-9332.  Abstract ( 236 )   PDF (264KB) ( 496 )   Save BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes are in high risk with osteoporosis. But the pathogenesis is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of bone metabolism and the changes of bone mineral density in male patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Totally 97 male patients with type 2 diabetes and 76 male patients without diabetes were included in this study. All the subjects were included from the clinic and the ward of the Department of Geriatrics in Peking University Hospital from September 2008 to January 2010. The diagnostic standards accorded with diabetes formulated by WHO (1999). Patients with high serum creatinine level or with diabetic nephropathy were excluded. The level of serum osteoprotegerin (OPG), bone gla-protein (BGP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) and C-telopeptide of type-I collagen (CTX) were measured by ELISA. Clinical data and some biochemical items were collected simultaneously. The bone mineral density was determined by dual X-ray bone densitometer.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with none diabetes group, the male patients with type 2 diabetes had no difference in bone mineral density of different regions (P > 0.05). But the OPG level and CTX level increased significantly in diabetes group   (P < 0.05). BGP, BAP and TRAP had no obvious changes (P > 0.05). It indicated that BGP and CTX play roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic osteoporosis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of mammalian target of rapamycin/P70S6K in pathologic scars   Yuan De-pin, Niu Fu-you, Chen Min-jing, Wang Xi-mei, Li Yong-tao 2010, 14 (50):  9333.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.006 Abstract ( 268 )   PDF (376KB) ( 348 )   Save BACKGROUND: In recent years, related research has shown that mammalian target of rapamycin/P70S6K (mTOR/P70S6K) signaling pathway has a role in tumor formation. Pathologic scar, especially the keloid scar, with the nature of some tumors, therefore mTOR/P70S6K signal pathway may be of great significance in the formation of pathological scars. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of mTOR/P70S6K signalling pathway in pathologic scars. METHODS: SP immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expressions of phosphated mTOR (p-mTOR) and phosphated PTOS6K (p-P70S6K) p-mTOR and p-P70S6K in keloid, hypertrophic scar, non-pathologic scar and normal skin tissues. All the scar tissues were taken from the patients who were diagnosed clearly by the clinic, and they were confirmed by pathology. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The positive rates of p-mTOR and p-P70S6K in keloid and hypertrophic scars were higher compared with the two control groups (P < 0.05). There was a highly positive correlation between p-mTOR and p-P70S6K expression in pathologic scars (r=0.482, P < 0.05). The activation of mTOR/P70S6K signalling pathway might be involved in the formation of pathologic scar, and the factors of it may cooperate to promote the progress of pathologic scars. Related Articles | Metrics

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Repair of explosive wound in pig thigh soft tissue: Vacuum assisted closure versus conventional method Wang Shu, Liu Xing-yan, Ge Bao-feng, Chen Ke-ming, Zhang Xiao-hong 2010, 14 (50):  9337.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.007 Abstract ( 278 )   PDF (336KB) ( 450 )   Save BACKGROUND: Vacuum assisted closure (VAC) or vacuum sealing drainage has received satisfactory results in the treatment of infective wound caused by surgical trauma or incised injury, however, whether it can treat explosive wound remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: Based on the therapy model of the explosive wound on the pig thigh soft tissue, this experiment aims to study the treating effect of the VAC on the explosive wound.  METHODS: The explosive wound model was established by blasting the well developed muscle tissue of an alive and healthy pig’s double thighs. The wound was polluted by leaving alone for one day without any intervention. One thigh was treated with VAC, and the other, by regular methods, was cleaned by H2O2, bromo-geramine, normal saline and then covered with oil gauze. The bacteriological test, hydroxyproline (HYP) content determination and hematoxylin-eosin staining were performed at 3, 5 and 7 days after operation. The differences between the parameters of the two sides were compared. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The density of bacteria at the VAC side was smaller than that of the control side at 3 days after treatment (P < 0.05). The content of HYP at the VAC side was obviously higher than the other side at 3, 5 and 7 days after treatment (P < 0.05). There was no obviously seepage, but large of granuloma tissues around the broken area at VAC side. VAC is capable of accelerating the healing of the explosive wound, decreasing the rate of infection and complications. The effect of VAC is obviously better than the regular treatment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cultivation and biological differences of fibroblasts derived from human normal skin and keloid    Guo Li-li, Liu Lin-bo, Chen Min-jing 2010, 14 (50):  9341.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.008 Abstract ( 366 )   PDF (410KB) ( 441 )   Save BACKGROUND: Fibroblasts are the main effector cells during wound healing, thus, cultivation of fibroblasts derived from keloid provides a basis for the in vitro keloid study. OBJECTIVE: To observe the biological difference of the fibroblasts derived from normal skin and keloid. METHODS: The fibroblasts from keloid and normal skin were primary cultured, subcultured, froze, and resuscitated in vitro. The proliferation and differences of normal skin and keloid fibroblasts were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The fibroblasts isolated from normal skin and keloid exhibited similar morphology and growth rates. The frozen cells were resuscitated successfully after cryopreservated in liquid nitrogen. There were significances of survival rate prior to and after cryopreservation. The results demonstrated that, there are no obviously differences of fibroblasts isolated from normal skin and keloid, both of which can resuscitate successfully. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 and fibroblast growth factor-7 on growth of dermal papilla cells Zhang Guo-qiang, Cheng Yi, Li Ling, Gao Shun-qiang 2010, 14 (50):  9346.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.009 Abstract ( 309 )   PDF (303KB) ( 605 )   Save BACKGROUND: Agglutinative growth of dermal papilla cells (DPCs) is related to their abilities to induce hair growth. Growth factors secreted by DPCs, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF-7), play an important role in DPCs growth.  OBJECTIVE: To observe correlation between DPCs proliferation, growth characteristics and IGF-1 and FGF-7. METHODS: Dermal papillas were isolated from human scalp hair follicles by two-step digestion method. The expressions of IGF-1, FGF-7 protein in different passages of cultured DPCs were detected by immunohistochemical method and flow cytometry. Effects of different concentration of IGF-1 (2.5-100 μg/L) on the cell proliferation of DPCs were measured by MTT. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The result of immunohistochemistry showed that IGF-1 and FGF-7 were expressed in the cytoplasm, which decreased with time prolonged. The expression of IGF-1 in the 3rd generation DPCs was obviously greater than that of the 9th generation (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, different concentrations of IGF-1 could significantly promote the proliferation of DPCs (P < 0.05), especially in the 2.5 μg/L. The change of the aggregative growth of DPCs may be related to the decrease of the expressions of IGF-1 and FGF-7. IGF-1 can stimulate the proliferation of DPCs significantly. Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of SD fetal growth restriction models and relative signal transduction mechanism Fan Yang, Jia Yong-cun, Na Wen-xia 2010, 14 (50):  9354.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.011 Abstract ( 322 )   PDF (296KB) ( 398 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies found that fetal growth restriction can lead to adaptive change of metabolism and redintegration of hormones system, result in child development delay and insulin resistance after grow up. However, the molecule mechanism of the variation during pathological process from fetal growth restriction to insulin resistance remains poorly understood.  OBJECTIVE: To explore the potential molecule mechanism of fetal growth restriction to insulin resistance, and to provide basis for the early diagnosis and intervention on metabolic disease. METHODS: SD rats were randomly divided into the fetal growth restriction group and normal control group. Rats in the former group were prepared for fetal growth restriction models. The placenta protein was extracted from each group, and the protein kinase activity and inhibitor on MAP kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway were analyzed by plication of specific anti-phosphorylation antibody immunoprecipitation and Western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: MAPK signal transduction pathway of ERK1/2, SAPK/JNK and Raf-1 protein kinase activity of the fetal growth restriction group were obviously decreased than those of the normal control group (P < 0.05), but the p38MAPK, MAP Kinase Kinases protein kinase activity in two groups did not change significantly (P > 0.05). In contrast, MAPK signal transduction pathway inhibitors in the fetal growth restriction group were higher than that of the normal control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of fetal growth restriction is closely related to abnormal MAP kinase signal transduction and apoptosis mechanism. Related Articles | Metrics

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Optimization of primary culture and functional test of mouse renal proximal tubular epithelial cells Zang Lu-ping, Wu Xin-rong 2010, 14 (50):  9358.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.012 Abstract ( 370 )   PDF (305KB) ( 633 )   Save BACKGROUND: An excellent primary culture of renal proximal tubular epithelial cells provides basis for drugs screening and mechanism research. OBJECTIVE: To establish a modified method for the primary culture of mouse renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, and to test it urate uptake function. METHODS: Kidneys were harvested and the cortices were dissected, minced, and digested using collagenase type Ⅰ. Fragments of the tissues were filtered with 50 and 100 mesh filter. Then the deposition was dissociated by gradient centrifugation with percoll. The isolate was implanted in the cell culture flasks. The bred cells were sub-cultured and identified by SP immunocytochemistry. Uric acid uptake function was tested by a range of probenecid and benzbromarone concentrations in transport medium contained 1 500 μmol/L uric acid. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The adherent rate of segments of renal proximal tubules reached 54.5% after digested using 400U collagenase type I for 20 minutes; the most suitable time for the first change of the culture medium was 72 hours; Log phase began from the fifth day and the cell’s growth conditions become bad in the tenth day. In the transport medium contained    1 500 μmol/L urate acid, the 30-min uptake of uric acid was the highest and was taken as a measure of an initial rate. Different urate uptake inhibitions were appeared from different concentrations of the indicate drugs probenecid and benzbromarone. The inhibitions of benzbromarone were higher than probenecid. The mouse renal proximal tubular epithelial cells cultured by the modified method will yield rich and homogeneous harvest, and present well function of urate acid uptake. The study offers a model in vivo for pharmacological studies. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of human BIGH3 cloning and expression on keratocytes adhesion and migration Ge Hong-yan, Shi Yan, Yang Fan, Zhang Yi, Liu Ping, Liu Han-ruo 2010, 14 (50):  9361.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.013 Abstract ( 357 )   PDF (363KB) ( 470 )   Save BACKGROUND: BIGH3 protein locates at corneal epithelium and substantia propria layer. Previous studies have found that BIGH3 protein can promote wound healing of corneal epithelium, thus, we further explore the effects of BIGH3 protein on wound healing. OBJECTIVE: To construct a prokaryotic expression plasmid encongding BIGH3 gene, and to investigate its effects on rabbit keratocytes and extracellular matrix adhesion and migration. METHODS: The ORF of BIGH3 was PCR-amplified, digested by KpnI and SalI, and ligated into pET32a(+). Then, the reconstructed plasmid was identified with PCR, enzyme digestion and sequencing. The plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3), and induced to express fusion protein with IPTG and purified with Ni-NTA-His affinity chromatography. The expression of BIGH3 was detected by SDS-PAGE and Weston Blot. The effects of recombinant Pet32a/bigh3 on adhesion of cultured rabbit keratocytes were assayed by MTT. Keratocytes migration assays were performed in transwellplates. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: PCR amplification, double digestion and DNA sequence demonstrated that recombinant plasmid have shown that the size of the inserted pET32a(+) fragment was as expected. The fusion protein formed inclusion body with IPTG and was 78 kD using SDS-PAGE. Meanwhile, the expressed product showed a good binding ability to anti-BIGH3 monoclonal antibody by Weston blot. MTT assay displayed BIGH3 promoted the adhesion of rabbit kertocytes. BIGH3 protein increased keratocytes migration. We successfully clone and express BIGH3 gene and purify recombinant BIGH3 protein, and verified the bioactivity through recombinant BIGH3 protein promoting cells adhesion and migration. Related Articles | Metrics

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Magnetic beads isolation and primary culture of mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in vitro Sun Zhen-zhen, Cai Zai-long, Zhu Ke-ming, Deng Xiao-ming 2010, 14 (50):  9366.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.014 Abstract ( 763 )   PDF (413KB) ( 1166 )   Save BACKGROUND: Lung function depends on the activity of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). It is a very important cell model in related researches, while the cells which are isolated by the tissue block culture adhesion method that are currently widely used in China have a major disadvantage of being usually mixed with other cells. OBJECTIVE: To establish an accurate and effective technique and methods of isolation and culture mouse PMVECs in vitro. METHODS: PMVECs were isolated and purified by collagenase I digesting and magnetic beads separating,and adherent cultured in vitro. The growth curve of cultured PMVECs was measured by CCK-8, the cell morphology and ultrastructure was observed by microscopes and its phenotype was identified by flow cytometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The cells grew as a monolayer in culture and exhibited the well-described cobblestone morphology, contained a lot of endothelial cell specific rhabditiform organelles Weibel-Palade bodies, expressed endothelial cell specific surface marker CD105 relatively stably, and rarely expressed lymphatic endothelial cell specific surface marker VEGFR-3. The PMVECs isolated successfully by immunoglobulin magnetic beads are of high purity and rapid multiplication and retain certain of their functional differences, including constitution and antigen molecule expression. Related Articles | Metrics

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Histological changes of periodontal ligament during rapid tooth movement through reducing resistance and distraction  Qi Tao, Lu Jia-jing, Ge Zhen-lin, Su Shao-chen, Yang Cai-xia 2010, 14 (50):  9370.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.015 Abstract ( 289 )   PDF (369KB) ( 409 )   Save BACKGROUND: Rapid movement of orthodontic tooth can be achieved with the method of reducing resistance and distraction. However, the histological changes of the periodontal ligament during orthodontic tooth movement are not yet very clear. OBJECTIVE: To observe the histological changes of periodontal ligament during rapid tooth movement through reducing resistance and distraction. METHODS: A self-control design was employed. The second premolars on both sides were extracted and one side was randomly selected as experimental side and the other as control side. The first premoalrs were distalized respectively using the method of reducing resistance and distraction on the experimental side and traditional methods on the control side. The distance of the tooth movement was measured at the end of 2nd week after the activation. The animals were sacrificed at 1, 2, 4 and 12 weeks after the activation. The periodontal ligament histological changes of moving tooth were observed by a light microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The method of reducing resistance and distraction accelerated the periodontal ligament remodeling and alveolar bone absorbing (pressure side), new born growing (tension side). There was no significantly difference between the pressure side and the tension side of experimental moved teeth and control moved teeth at 12 weeks groups. The average distal movements of moved teeth by the experimental side were significantly greater than control side at 2 weeks (P < 0.05). There was no difference in quality but in quantity on the histological reactions of the tooth moved by traditional method and by the method of reducing resistance and distraction, the latter could accelerated tooth movement than the former. Related Articles | Metrics

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Methods for proteasome activity measurement and component analysis   Chen Xiao-qin, Pan Xiao-fen, Xie Jun 2010, 14 (50):  9374.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.016 Abstract ( 433 )   PDF (340KB) ( 600 )   Save BACKGROUND: 26S proteasome plays an important role in maintaining normal cell cycle, proliferation, and survival. However, there is not a precise method can test in vivo proteasome activity and composition.  OBJECTIVE: To establish methods for analyzing proteasome activity and composition in cancer tissues. METHODS: Three specific fluorogenic peptide substrates: Suc-LLVY-AMC, Z-ARR-AMC and Z-LLE-AMC were used to monitor chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like and peptidly-glutamyl peptide-hydrolyzing-like (PGPH-like) proteolytic activity, and a proteasome-specific affinity probe AdaK(Bio)Ahx3L3VS was employed to assay the β1/β1i, β2/β2i, and β5/β5i subunits of proteasome. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We investigated the catalytic activity and the expression of the component of proteasome, and the effects of proteasome inhibitor PS341 and PSI on the activity and composition of proteasome in erythroleukemia K562 cells. Our results showed that the expression of the β2 and β5 subunits of proteasome was high, while PS341 and PSI inhibited β5/β5i subunits, and the chymotrypsin-like activity of proteasome in K562 cells. Methods for analyzing proteasome activity and composition was established and supplied experimental methods for identifying in vitro activity of proteasome inhibitors. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of gene expression difference following spinal cord injury in rats using complementary DNA microarray Qiang Hua1, Zhou Yan2, Liu Jin2, Chen Xiong-shen3, Huang Xiao-wei2, Zhang Bin2, Yin Bin2, Yuan Jian-gang2, Jia Lian-shun3 2010, 14 (50):  9378.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.017 Abstract ( 214 )   PDF (270KB) ( 365 )   Save BACKGROUND: Gene microarray can be used to parallel detect expression patterns of large amounts of genes, which overcome the limitation of traditional only single or multiple genes detection.  OBJECTIVE: To dynamic observe the changes of gene expression in rat acute spinal cord injury (SCI) models using complementary DNA microarray consisting 1 176 genes. METHODS: Seventy female SD rats were randomly divided into the normal control, surgery control, 4-, 24-hour and 3-, 7-, 10-day injury groups. Rats in the injury groups subjected to T7 and T8 excision, and made SCI models by high falling. Sham animals received only a laminectomy. T6-10 spinal cord was harvested at each time point, and autoradiographic gene expression profile was analyzed by AtlasImageTM 2.01 software (Clontech). Compared with the normal group, greater than 3-fold changes considered as differential expression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We identified 81 genes that showed a greater than 3-fold change in SCI tissues, including 46 genes up regulated and 35 genes down regulated. In addition, changes of neurokinin B, neuropeptide Y and postlobin-v2 receptor gene were firstly found during SCI. The results demonstrated that, gene expression profile during acute SCI can be observed by using gene microarray combined with experimental animal models, which has significance for further pathogenesis study at gene levels. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Huoxue No. Ⅰ decoction on fibrinolytic function and vein endothelial structure in rats with deep venous thrombosis Min Wen, Ma Yong, Shen Ji-rong, Huang Gui-cheng, Zhang Jun-feng, Du Bin 2010, 14 (50):  9382.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.018 Abstract ( 343 )   PDF (715KB) ( 366 )   Save BACKGROUND: Huoxue No. Ⅰ decoction comprises figwort root, ophiopogonis, angelica root and safflower which can prevent deep vein thrombosis of lower limb following prosthetic replacement. OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of action of Huoxue No. Ⅰ decoction by observing its effect on fibrinolytic function and vein endothelial structure in rats with deep venous thrombosis.. METHODS: Animal models of deep venous thrombosis the inferior caval veins were prepared by ligation and treated by Huoxue No. Ⅰ decoction with different doses, Mailuoshutong and physiological saline, respectively. Meantime, sham-surgery group was established. The thrombus wet weight, plasma tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) and the endotheliocyte of the inferior caval veins were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the model control group, Huoxue No. Ⅰ decoction with different doses groups could dramatically decreased wet weight of thrombus (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but increased serum t-PA contents (P < 0.05, P < 0.01); at 1, 3 and 6 days after high-dose of Huoxue No. Ⅰ decoction treatment, at 3 and 6 days after middle-dose of Huoxue No. Ⅰ decoction treatment or at 3 days after low-dose of Huoxue No. Ⅰ decoction treatment, the serum PAI levels were obviously decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the model control group, the rough endoplasmic reticulum was obviously and mitochondria displayed condensed state at 1 and 3 days in the low- and high-dose of Huoxue No. Ⅰ decoction groups, and the collagen fiber began increasing at 6 day after operation. The findings suggest that, Huoxue No. Ⅰ decoction can inhibit deep venous thrombosis formation and protect vascular endothelial cells via increasing t-PA and inhibiting PAI activities. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of roubin-manipulation on knee joint chondrocyte apoptosis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in rabbits Ou GJ, Dai QY, Qin XL, Lin GQ, Liu J, Teng JZ, Yao P, Zhu JL, Rong XB, Han J, Xin XD, Yuan JY 2010, 14 (50):  9387.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.019 Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (395KB) ( 370 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that manipulation and joint passive movement can promote self-repair of surrounding tissues. However, it is poorly understood whether manipulation has effect on knee joint chondrocyte apoptosis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression (PCNA). OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of roubin-manipulation on knee joint chondrocyte apoptosis and PCNA expression. METHODS: New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups: manipulation group, sodium hyaluronate group and model contrast group were established high intraosseous pressure models of right leg by ligating the vena femoralis, gluteae inferiors or great saphenous vein; sham surgery group only cut out the skin and the normal group. One week later, the manipulation group was treated with roubin-manipulation for 5 weeks with 17 times. The sodium hyaluronate was injected into the intra-articular of sodium hyaluronate group once a week for 5 weeks. Cartilage sections of right knee-joint were analyzed by in situ end labeling and immunohistochemistry at the end of 12 weeks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the model group, the apoptosis cell index of the manipulation group was smaller (P < 0.01) but the PCNA expression was greater (P < 0.01). The results demonstrated that roubin-manipulation can decrease the apoptosis of chondrocyte and increase chondrocyte proliferation.  Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of Chinese medicine replenishing kidney and invigorating Qi on expression of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in synovial fluid of knee osteoarthritis    Yuan Pu-wei, Liu De-yu, Yang Zhen-yuan, Chu Xiang-dong, Hao Yang-quan, Zhu Chao, Qu Qiang 2010, 14 (50):  9391.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.020 Abstract ( 284 )   PDF (341KB) ( 493 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis can be released or delayed rather than cured at present. OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of Chinese medicine with replenishing kidney and invigorating Qi on prevention of osteoarthritis. METHODS: Long-eared white rabbits, aged 4 months, were randomly divided into six groups, control, model, traditional Chinese medicine high-, middle-, and low-dose and glucose-amino acid hydrochloride capsules groups. All animals were established osteoarthritis model and treated by traditional Chinese medicine with different doses or glucose-amino acid hydrochloride capsules for 4 weeks. The variations of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in joint fluid extraction were determined by ELISA. Gross and light microscope observations were performed on articular cartilages. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The articular cartilage had varying degree degeneration, osteophyte and bone cysts formed and defects deep into middle zone of parts of cartilages after treatment. Compared with the control group, the synovial fluid interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 levels were obviously decreased in the traditional Chinese medicine high-, middle-, and low-dose and glucose-amino acid hydrochloride capsules groups (P < 0.05), and the decreased degree became greater with dose increasing. Chinese medicine with replenishing kidney and invigorating Qi can prevent osteoarthritis via reducing synovial fluid interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 levels. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of epimedium extract on the treatment of femoral head necrosis in rats Li Hui-ying, Meng Dong-fang 2010, 14 (50):  9395.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.021 Abstract ( 385 )   PDF (330KB) ( 515 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that Chinese herb epimedium can improve steroid-induced necrosis of femoral head, but the specific mechanism remains unclear.  OBJECTIVE: To explore the primary results of epimedium extract on the treatment of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of femoral head. METHODS: Male SD rats were prepared for rat models of steroid-induced avascular necrosis of femoral head and intervened by epimedium extract (0.4, 0.2 g/mL) or saline, at the same time, the rats without model preparation served as blank controls. The changes of blood glycerin, total cholesterol, and bone mineral density were observed at 8 weeks after operation. The spatial bone dimple ratio was calculated, and the differences were compared among groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the blank control group, the femoral head was loosened, the blood lipids were elevated, trabecular bone was thinning, sparse, the rate of empty lacunae was higher, and the medulla cavity fatty cells increased in the model group. But these lesions had varying degrees of reduction in the high and low-dose groups, and the pathological change of high-dose group was the lowest. Epimedium extract not only can improve blood flow changes of femoral head necrosis, improve metabolic disorder, promote the accumulation of fat metabolism, but also can promote the in vitro proliferation and differentiation into mature bone cells, inhibit osteoclast activity, promote femoral head bone regeneration and prevent steroid-induced necrosis of femoral head. The study provides a preliminary theoretical basis for the treatment of steroid-induced necrosis of femoral head using epimedium extract. Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes in biomechanical indexes of ovariectomized rats interfered by selective estrogen receptor modulator and swimming exercise Peng Xiao 2010, 14 (50):  9399.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.022 Abstract ( 265 )   PDF (286KB) ( 358 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies demonstrated that the combination of sports and estrogen play a prevention effects on bone loss of ovariectomized rats, however, there are few reports concerning the effects of sports and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) on bone metabolism. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the combined efforts of swimming and SERMs on bone metabolism of ovariectomized rats by comparing biomechanical index. METHODS: Totally 50 female SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. All rats were made ovariectomized models except that in the sham-surgery group. Swimming exercise and (or) SERMs raloxifene were performed on rats in the exercise, medicine, and exercise + medicine groups. The changes of blood biochemical index were compared among groups at 8 weeks after operation.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Exercise intervention at the early stage of ovariotomy could inhibit the rapid weight increase. Compared with model group, the serum phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase levels in the exercise, medicine, and exercise + medicine groups were obviously increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase levels were dramatically decreased (P < 0.05), especially in the exercise + medicine group, but the difference had no significant (P > 0.05). The results demonstrated that, swimming exercise and (or) SERMs can improve blood biochemical index in bone metabolism, delay bone loss, and inhibit high conversion rate of bone metabolism. The combination of these two interventions exhibit optimal effects. Related Articles | Metrics

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Total soluble protein extraction from Zaocys Dhumnades and its cytotoxicity detection Wu He-yong, Li Juan, Li Ya-ling 2010, 14 (50):  9403.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.023 Abstract ( 322 )   PDF (286KB) ( 420 )   Save BACKGROUND: Total soluble protein of Zaocys Dhumnades should be extracted and analyzed for searching active component. However, methods for extracting total protein from Zaocys Dhumnades are few.   OBJECTIVE: To establish the method for extracting total soluble protein from Zaocys Dhumnades and observing its in vitro cytotoxicity. METHODS: Schizolysis enzyme combined with salting-out method were used to extract the total soluble protein of Zaocys Dhumnades, and then the protein level was measured by Bradford and separated by SDS-PAGE. The band sizes and their differences were analyzed with quantity one 4.4. The liquid for extracting protein and different concentrations (0.5, 5, 50, 150, 450 and 900 mg/L) of total soluble protein of Zaocys Dhumnades purified by (NH4)2SO4, were used to culture fibroblast-like synoviocytes. The cell proliferation was analyzed by MTT. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was no significant differences between extraction amount of total soluble protein without and with being purified by (NH4)2SO4 (P > 0.05). The liquid for extracting protein and total soluble protein of Zaocys Dhumnades in concentrations of 150, 450 mg/L significantly inhibited fibroblast-like synoviocytes proliferation; while total soluble protein of Zaocys Dhumnades in concentrations of 0.5, 5 and 50 mg/L had no effect on the fibroblast-like synoviocytes proliferation in the control group. The findings demonstrated that, proteins of Zaocys Dhumnade can be extracted effectively with low cytotoxicity using schizolysis enzyme combined with salting-out method, which suitable for in vitro cell study. Related Articles | Metrics

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Bone morphogenetic proteins and osteoporosis Huang Hong-xing, Wang Guang-wei 2010, 14 (50):  9409.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.025 Abstract ( 418 )   PDF (304KB) ( 352 )   Save BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) can induce bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into osteoblasts or chondrocytes, and inhibit osteoclast activity, which opens up a new way for the treatment of osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To explore an effective means of controlling osteoporosis and make guidance for clinical drug administration and new medicine development by summarizing research progress of BMPs and osteoporosis.  METHODS: Articles published in CNKI and Pubmed databases were searched by computer with key words of “bone morphogenetic protein, cytokines, bone, osteoporosis” in both Chinese and English from January 1995 and June 2010. Articles in the same circle published in the authoritative journals or recently published were included. Repetitive study or Meta analysis was excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Among 287 articles, 30 were included in the final analysis. BMPs promote bone marrow stromal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, this finding is benefit for reasonable choice for clinical medicine, and effectively prevent osteoporosis. BMPs can obviously promote bone activity, but its mechanism is not entirely clear, there may be more common factors of synergy. The study of mechanism and development provides guidelines for clinical drug application and new medicine development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Theoretical basis and preparation of animal models of alcoholic avascular necrosis of the femoral head     Wang Da-wei, Shi Bao-ming, Zhang Shuang 2010, 14 (50):  9413.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.026 Abstract ( 303 )   PDF (290KB) ( 509 )   Save BACKGROUND: Alcoholic avascular necrosis of femoral head results in femoral head collapse at late stage, which has high disability and lack of effective prevention and treating methods. Thus, it has aroused increasing attention all over the world. To establish animal alcoholic avascular necrosis of femoral head model is a direction of studying pathogenesis and clinical prevention of this disease. OBJECTIVE: To summarize of research progress of alcoholic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. METHODS: PubMed and China journal full-text databases were searched by computer for articles regarding alcoholic avascular necrosis of the femoral head published from January 1990 to January 2010 with key words of “alcohol intoxication, avascular necrosis, animal model and research progress” both in English and Chinese. The reproducibility or obsolete study was excluded.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 151 literatures were collected, and 30 articles were included in the analysis. Based on rats and rabbits animals such as binge drinking alcohol, femoral or local intervention can lead to increased femoral intramedullary fat cells and blood vessels, small quantity or obstruction of small vessels, result in microcirculation disturbance and ischemia or anoxia, finally, become necrosis. This mechanism was close to early pathological changes of human avascular necrosis. Combining domestic alcoholic avascular necrosis of animal model, using gastric lavage method, given by China rabbit spirited Chinese liquor (including ethanol 55%) 8 mL/(kg•d), for 4-8 weeks. The method is more suitable for the current domestic experiments. Related Articles | Metrics

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Excitatin-contraction coupling and intracellular calcium homeostasis in skeletal muscles Chang Hui, Li Wen-hui 2010, 14 (50):  9417.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.027 Abstract ( 485 )   PDF (263KB) ( 446 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ca 2+ acts as an essential intracellular signal in the process of excitation-contraction coupling in inner skeletal muscles. The excitatin-contraction coupling is closely associated with intracellular calcium homeostasis in skeletal muscles. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progresses on the mechanisms of calcium controlling in skeletal muscles and the interrelationship between intracellular calcium homeostasis and exercises. METHODS: A computer online search was performed to find papers published between 1980 and 2010 in databases of CNKI, Duxiu academic search, Elsevier SD and Springer Link. Documents concerning skeletal muscle excitatin-contraction coupling and calcium homeostasis were included to analyze the interrelationship between intracellular calcium homeostasis and exercises. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 43 literatures were included in this study. There were closely relationships between intracellular calcium homeostasis and exercises. However, controlling mechanisms of intracellular calcium homeostasis remain poorly understood. The precise relationship between sports and calcium homeostasis needs further explored. How to exercise properly, what are the pathogenesis of sports fatigue, and how to prevent and anti-sports fatigue or muscle injury are the research focuses. Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteopontin and vascular remodeling Di Ke-ping, Qi Rui, Jiang Feng-ping 2010, 14 (50):  9421.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.028 Abstract ( 272 )   PDF (302KB) ( 323 )   Save BACKGROUND: Osteopontin is a phosphorylation exists in extracellular matrix, which plays an important role in bone formation and remodeling. The effects of osteopontin on anti-inflammatory, and process of injury repair and vascular remodeling has aroused an increasing attention. OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of osteopontin in the development of vascular remodeling. METHODS: A computer-based online search was performed to search articles relevant to effect of osteopontin on vascular proliferative diseases, and the research progress of osteopontin on vascular remodeling was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Osteopontin can specifically promote adhesion and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated by biological factors through RGD sequences in different pathway. Osteopontin can also regulate vascular remodeling by inhibiting vessel calcification. Osteopontin can be considered as a target for precaution and therapy of vascular proliferative diseases. Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of forefoot plantar pressure test in different populations Wei Meng-tian, Ji Hua-juan, Li Li 2010, 14 (50):  9425.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.029 Abstract ( 374 )   PDF (248KB) ( 713 )   Save OBJECTIVE: Physiological, pathomechanical and functional parameter of human body can be obtained by testing and analyzing forefoot plantar pressure, which can provide a reference for studying the current situation of distribution and gait features of different populations.    METHODS: Chinese Journal Full-text Database was searched by computer using key words of “forefoot plantar pressure, peak value, impulse” in Chinese for papers published from January 1995 to October 2010. Documents regarding features of forefoot plantar pressure in different populations were included, repetitive studies or Meta analysis was excluded. Totally 20 literatures were discussed for forefoot plantar pressure in different populations. RESULTS: There were great variations among different populations in forefoot plantar pressure and gait features. The maximum peak plantar pressure, heel and fore-leg pressures were gradually decreased with age increasing, however, the instep pressure were increased. The forefoot plantar pressure of elderly people was obviously lower than that of the young people. CONCLUSION: Forefoot plantar pressure test system has been widely used in medical science, tissue-engineered biomechanics of sports, and Ergonomics. But the research outcomes are diversified due to lack of united evaluation criterion, which needs further solution. Related Articles | Metrics

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Current situation and developing trendency of sports biomechanics in China Li Yong-qiang 2010, 14 (50):  9429.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.030 Abstract ( 351 )   PDF (267KB) ( 730 )   Save OBJECTIVE: To explore the status of biomechanical study in China, and to predict the development of sport biomechanics change trends. METHODS: A total of 189 papers from the Proceedings of the 13th National Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports were included. The current situation of sport biomechanics and its developing directions were explained by analyzing the selection of themes, contents, literature and the principles of statistics methods. RESULTS: The research documents were characterized by extensive topic selection, deep basic theory research, and innovative research methods. The biological mechanics analysis of sport’s technology movement manifests the leading role in strategy attack for Olympic Games in 2008. The training, test method and means were extensive, the experimental research and synchronization research became a bright spot. The sport biomechanics teaching material and the teaching research has aroused highly attention of experts and scholars. CONCLUSION: The academic conference promotes sport biomechanics and plays an important role in the construction and development of sport biomechanics in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Association between the rs1787997 polymorphism in FECH gene and motion sensitivity in men of Han nationality in northern China Xu Ya-li, Hu Yang, Ren Zhi-jun, Wen Hui 2010, 14 (50):  9431.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.037 Abstract ( 307 )   PDF (302KB) ( 303 )   Save BACKGROUND: There is association between gene polymorphism, motor ability and training sensitivity. Ferrochelatase (FECH) is an enzyme that catalyses the terminal step in the biosynthesis of heme, which has been shown to interact with aerobic performance. OBJECTIVE: To investigate association of rs1787997 polymorphism of FECH gene and motion sensitivity in men of Han nationality in northern China, and to explore a molecular marker in predicting endurance training response. METHODS: Totally 102 healthy young male soldiers of Han nationality in northern China were recruited to undergo 18-week    5 000-m running with the intensity of 95%-105% anaerobic threshold, 3 times a week. The running economy was measured before and after the protocol. The PCR-RFLP and gene sequencing was used to analyze the distribution of this polymorphism. The association of the polymorphism with initial endurance capacity and endurance training response was analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After 18-week 5 000-m running, the decreased degree of ventilation at RE in CC genetype was higher than GG and CG genetypes significantly (P < 0.05). In the rs1787997 polymorphism of FECH gene, CC genetype has higher training response in running economy and might be the genetic marker in predicting endurance training response. Related Articles | Metrics

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Methods for preparing kidney deficient models and related evaluating factors Du Jiang, Li Nan, Wang He-ming 2010, 14 (50):  9433.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.031 Abstract ( 666 )   PDF (393KB) ( 801 )   Save BACKGROUND: There are many kinds of diseases invasion relating to renal deficiency, animal models of renal deficiency usually play important role in the experimental researches of these diseases. It will provide a great help to the research by selecting a suitable way to make the model. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the methods, theories and types of making model, and to analyze the test methods and significance of indexes. METHODS: Journals, conference papers and reviews about kidney deficient model published between 2004 and 2009 were searched from CNKI and WANFANG databases. The related references were supplemented to analyze the model preparation methods and detective measures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In total 46 papers were selected. The method consists of drug intervention, surgical resection and simulating the pathogenesis and etiological factor of the traditional Chinese medicine. The model mainly consists of deficiency of kidney-yin and deficiency of kidney-yang. The data which reflected the changes in the systems of animal's endocrine, immune and reproductive were mainly detected by naked eyes, microscopes, measuring and biochemistry, and then confirmed whether the model consist with the pathogenesis of renal deficiency of the traditional Chinese medicine. There is an increasing tendency to research the DNA, RNA and protein variance of the model, but no index served as “golden index”. It is not acceptable which material contribute to renal deficiency. Related Articles | Metrics

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Pathological study regarding pathogenesis of spinal ligament ossification Zhang Xin, Jia Lian-shun 2010, 14 (50):  9437.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.032 Abstract ( 434 )   PDF (334KB) ( 373 )   Save BACKGROUND: Ossification of the spinal ligament often compresses the spinal cord and is believed to be an important cause of lumbodorsal pain. As the development of iconography and the increasing attention to spinal anal stenosis, it is not uncommon to detect it. However, the pathogenesis has not been conclusively established. OBJECTIVE: To make an overall understanding of spinal ligament ossification, summarize the relative pathological research and to discuss its research tendency. METHODS: A literature search was performed using the term “spine, ligament and ossification” for papers published between 1999 and 2009 pertaining to ossification of spinal ligament. Articles published in other languages except Chinese and English were excluded. Contents concerning the pathogenesis of spinal ligament ossification were summarized and the research tendency was discussed.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 34 articles were finally involved in the final analysis. Currently, repetitive mechanical stress, change of element in body, disturbance of endocrine and metabolism, unhealthy lifestyle, diet and schizophrenia are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of spinal ligament ossification. However, most of conclusions are hypothesis, which lack of experimental proofs. The further study of spinal ligament ossification focuses on the interactions of various factors, which can provide theoretical basis for prevention and treatment of spinal ligament ossification. Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta in normal and abnormal tissues Li Lian-xiang, Wang Li-guang, Shen Yu-hua, Gao Jin-sheng 2010, 14 (50):  9442.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.033 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (410KB) ( 485 )   Save BACKGROUND: As estrogen receptors subtype of β, the signal transduction pathway and mechanism of action of the estrogen receptors α and β are new topics. It has great significant to in-depth research of structure, function of the estrogen receptors α and β as well as its related dependent disease. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the expression of estrogen receptor α and β in normal and abnormal tissues and its pathophysiology. METHODS: A computer-based online search of PubMed CNKI databases was undertaken to identify the articles regarding estrogen receptors published between January 2000 and May 2010. Literatures related to structure and function of estrogen receptor α and β, or studies concerning estrogen receptor α and β in normal and abnormal tissues were included. Repetitive studies were excluded. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Totally 38 papers were analyzed according to the inclusive criteria. Estrogen receptor α and β are widely distributed in different tissues with variation in structure and functions, that signal transduction through its receptor influence function of the target, there are differences between the expression ratio and level in normal tissues of different organs and tissues in different diseases, even the tissue cells in different of same organ are different in expression proportion of estrogen receptor α and β. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of sports on myocardial stunning Tao Xiao-ping, Su Quan-sheng, Li Xin-jian 2010, 14 (50):  9447.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.034 Abstract ( 359 )   PDF (345KB) ( 403 )   Save BACKGROUND: With the development with sports research, the effect of sports on heart has aroused increasing attention.  OBJECTIVE: To systematic review myocardial stunning studies process, mechanism, and the relationship between exercise and myocardial stunning. METHODS: This study was retrieved by the first author with the key words of “myocardial stunning, exercises, ischemia-reperfusion” in both English and Chinese (1980-01/2010-01) from PubMed databaseand Vip database. Totally 83 documents were initially searched by computer. A total of 36 articles were selected according to inclusive and exclusive criteria, and the papers were summarized from the aspects of definition, characteristics, classification, mechanism and effect on myocardial stunning. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Myocardial stunning was clinical studied more and more deeply, the definition, characteristics and categories of myocardial stunning are clarified, and also began to explore the myocardial stunning possible mechanism in molecular biology level. However, long duration, vigorous exercise caused exercise athletes perfusion defect leading to reduced cardiac function and myocardial injury, the exercise myocardial stunning phenomenon should be possible. Related Articles | Metrics

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Test of grip and pinch strengths of 111 healthy university students in Fujian Province Jiang Zheng, Wang Shi-zhong, Liao Jun, Liu Hao-yang, Li Xiang 2010, 14 (50):  9452.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.035 Abstract ( 430 )   PDF (226KB) ( 1062 )   Save BACKGROUND: The norms of hand grip and pinch strength can provide an important reference for the assessment and treatment on hand dysfunction, a large sample normative data of hand grip and pinch strength is still not available in China. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the grip and pinch strengths of university students in order to establish the relationship among grip strength, pinch strength and anthropometric factors. METHODS: In total 111 sophomores (65 males and 46 females) from the Fujian Traditional Chinese Medicine University were recruited. E-link electric dynamometer was used to measure grip strength and E-link electric pinch gauge to measure key, palmar, and tip pinch with a standardized position. All anthropometric factors such as age, gender, height, weight, forearm length, forearm circumference, hand width, hand length, as well as hand thickness were recorded. The relative correlations were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The grip and all pinch strength of dominant hands for both genders were greater than the nondominant hands (within 10% difference). The grip and all pinch strength of the males were higher than those of the females. The grip and all pinch strength of Chinese students for both genders were lower than American students’, especially for the males. Grip-weight ratio was 74% in the males and 58% in the females. Three pinch-grip ratios were lower than 30% mentioned in the textbooks: the males (14.8-21.6%), the females (16.9-24.3%). A strong correlation of the mean in grip and pinch strength was found between the right and the left hand (r=0.680-0.872, P < 0.001). A moderate correlation was showed between grip and pinch strength of three types (r=0.390-0.720, P < 0.01). The tip pinch strength had no correlation with any anthropometric factors. No correlation has been found among the grip, key pinch, palmar pinch strength, age, and forearm length. Height had correlation with grip strength in male students. The thickness of thenar eminence was correlated with grip, key pinch, palmar pinch in male students. The grip and pinch strength were moderately correlated with major anthropometric factors such as weight, forearm circumference, hand width, hand length. Hand width was proved to be a major predictor of grip strength. Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation of external nose morphology and facies nasalis of Han young population in Jiangxi Province Wan Xiao-mao, Wang Mei-xiang, Wu Guo-hui, Li Xiao-lin 2010, 14 (50):  9457.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.036 Abstract ( 342 )   PDF (286KB) ( 461 )   Save BACKGROUND: Recently, the number of person who wants to external nose cosmetic plastic surgery is gradually increasing, however, the surgery result is far from expect due to lack of anatomical basic data, such as morphology and facies nasalis. OBJECTIVE: To measure the external nose and face soft-tissue in the normal Han youths of Jiangxi Province, and to provide reference data for clinic. METHODS: The external noses of 383 college students were observed randomly. The nasal and facial linears were measured by anthropometry, and the angles were analyzed by taking photograph.  RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The nasal dorsum length, nasal root width, outer canthic diameter, nasal root width-nasal breadth, nasal root width-inner canthic diameter, nasolabial fold distance-nasal breadth in males were smaller than those in females. But, the nasal breadth, nasal depth, lip peak distance, philtrum ridge length, inner canthic diameter, nasolabial angle, nasal dorsum length-nasal dorsum height, nasal breadth-angle of mouth distance, nasal breadth-inner canthic diameter in males were greater than those in females (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between males and females in nasolabial fold distance, angle of mouth distance, nostril height, nasal columella length, nasal facial angle, nasorostral angle, and nasal frontal angle (P > 0.05). The findings revealed that there are gender differences in external nose morphology and facies nasalis of Han young population in Jiangxi Province. Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of daily physical activities on physical health and quality of life in elderly community residents in Jiangsu Province Xue Mao-yun 2010, 14 (50):  9465.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.038 Abstract ( 392 )   PDF (251KB) ( 718 )   Save BACKGROUND: Currently, there are few reports concerning the association of fitness, physical activities and the quality of life in elderly people. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of daily physical activities on physical health and quality of life in elderly people. METHODS: The physical status, physical activities and quality of life of 2 015 60-75 years old community residents from Jiangsu Province were investigated using National Physical Fitness Evaluation Standard, Standards for Adults, Fitness and International Physical Activity Questionnaire and SF-36 Scale. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results revealed that: ①Household chores and physical activities constituted the main source of physical activities of residents. Physical activities level of elderly residents were based on low intensity; Female residents,energy expenditure of weekly physical activity was significantly higher than that of male; Majority of elderly residents’ physical condition reached the passing level; the passing rate and good rate physical status in female was higher than the male. Over weight or underweight was bad for body fitness. ②The quality of life scores of elderly residents just reached the passing level; Body function and whole health grade in male were better than that in female (P < 0.05); Female's social function, emotion role, psychological health were better than male (P < 0.05). Body composition played an important role in quality of life. ③There were significant positive correlations among mean MET-mins consumed in physical activities per week, fitness scores and quality of life scores. Physical activity was a protective factor for healthy physique. The daily physical activity level was one of important standards to weight quality of life. Related Articles | Metrics

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Interleukin-8-251 genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility of gastric cancer among Asians: A Meta-analysis Li Guang-hui, Liu Liu, Liu Hao, Liu Xi, Liu Jin, Ma Li-tai 2010, 14 (50):  9471.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.039 Abstract ( 267 )   PDF (311KB) ( 360 )   Save BACKGROUND: Inflammatory factors play an important role in gastric cancer. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) can be found in many tumor tissues.  OBJECTIVE: To quantitative analyze the relationship between IL-8-251 genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility of gastric cancer. METHODS: Medline, Embase and CNKI databases were searched and 9 case-control studies among Asians were included. Stata 10.0 software was used to quantitatively analyze the relationship between IL-8 genetic polymorphisms and risk of gastric cancer. At the same time, stratified analysis was made according to participants from different areas of Asian countries. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The combined OR and 95% CI for IL-8-251 TT genotype and A carrier genotype (AA+AT) among non-Chinese Asians were [0.83, 0.71-0.96] and [1.13, 1.00-1.28], they reached statistical significance. The combined OR and 95% CI for IL-8-251 AA genotype and T carrier genotype (AA+AT) among Asians were [1.15, 0.91-1.45] and [0.99, 0.90-1.07], they did not reach statistical significance. The combined OR and 95% CI for IL-8-251 TT genotype and A carrier genotype (AA+AT) among Chinese were [1.02, 0.85-1.22] and [1.00, 0.87-1.15], they did not reach statistical significance. IL-8-251 genetic polymorphisms might be correlated with susceptibility of gastric cancer among non-Chinese Asians. Non-Chinese Asians with A carrier genotype (AA+AT) might be at high risk of gastric cancer development. In contrast, non-Chinese Asians with TT genotype might be at low risk of gastric cancer development. Related Articles | Metrics

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Therapeutic effects of open versus laparoscopic Palomo technique on adolescent varicocele: A Meta analysis Li Yong-wei, Yang Si-xing, Qian Hui-jun, Yu Xiang-xiang, Xiao Ru-hong, Zhao Kai-liang, Yu Xiao-hui, Zhou Xiang-jun, Zhou Guang 2010, 14 (50):  9475.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.040 Abstract ( 409 )   PDF (604KB) ( 463 )   Save BACKGROUND: Various surgery methods are utilized in the treatment of varicocele with each own advantages and disadvantages, how to select a surgery method for treating varicocele in adolescents remains in dispute. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of the open and laparoscopic Palomo techniques for treating varicocele in adolescents. METHODS: Clinical randomized controlled trials regarding therapeutic effectiveness of the open and laparoscopic Palomo techniques for treating varicocele in adolescents were searched by computer from Medline, Cochrane library and CBM database using key words of “Varicocele; Palomo” both in English and Chinese. Study selection, data collection, analyses and assessment were undertaken by two reviewers independently. Meta-analyses were done by using RevMan 4.2 software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Seven trials were chosen in this research, 1 from Chinese, 6 from English, involving a total of   1 206 patients included in the review. Meta-analysis showed that the differences of the postoperative hydrocele rate [OR=0.76, 95%CI(0.28,2.02),P=0.58] and the varicocele recurrence rate [OR=1.22,95%CI(0.48,3.12),P=0.67] between the open and laparoscopic varicocelectomy were not significant. The recurrence rate of the modified Palomo surgery was higher than that of the classic Palomo surgery [OR=0.19, 95%CI(0.05,0.65), P=0.008], but the modified Palomo surgery was superior to the classic Palomo surgery in lowing the postoperative hydrocele rate [OR=8.36, 95%CI(1.88,37.12), P=0.005]. The evidence currently available showed that there was no significant difference between the open and laparoscopic varicocelectomy. And the two different Palomo techiniques had their own advantages and disadvantages in treating varicocele in adolescents. Related Articles | Metrics

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Length changes of knee lateral collateral ligaments following anterior cruciate ligament injury Li Ping-yue, Yin Qing-shui, Huang Hua-yang, Li Jian-yi, Shen Hong-yuan, Wang Ze-jin, Wang Qing 2010, 14 (50):  9480-9484.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.041 Abstract ( 331 )   PDF (328KB) ( 450 )   Save BACKGROUND: Lateral collateral ligaments play an important role in maintaining knee stability. Motion reduction of knee joint can be realized and the changes laws of medial and lateral collateral ligaments’ length after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury during weight-bearing flexion can be obtained via 2D/3D image registration technique. OBJECTIVE: To study in vivo stability of length changes of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments of ACL injury knee during weight-bearing flexion. METHODS: Eight volunteers with unilateral ACL rupture and contralateral normal knees, was captured CT images and 2 orthogonal images of the knee at 0°, 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of weight-bearing flexion. These orthogonal images were used to recreate the in vivo knee positions at each of the targeted flexion angles by the method of 2D/3D image registration. Through the bone insertion of medial and lateral collateral ligaments, the elongation changes of medial and lateral collateral ligaments were obtained. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 0°, 15° and 30°, the length of medial collateral ligament of ACL injury knees was longer than normal knees, but the lateral collateral ligaments length of ACL injury knee was shorter than that of normal knees. All the differences have statistical significances (P < 0.05). The findings demonstrated that, at 0°, 15° and 30°, the medial collateral ligament length of ACL injury knees was longer than normal knees, but lateral collateral ligaments length of ACL injury knees was shorter than normal knees. Related Articles | Metrics

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Localization, cultivation and purification of sinoatrial nodes isolated from newborn rabbits   Wang Qing-zhi, Zhou Li, Chang Yu-qiao 2010, 14 (50):  9485.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.042 Abstract ( 272 )   PDF (288KB) ( 386 )   Save BACKGROUND: The method of culture purified sinoatrial node cell is important in investigating its ultrastructural characteristics and autorhythmic mechanisms. However, the corresponding method has not been standardized. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the localization, cultivation and purification of sinoatrial nodes isolated from newborn rabbits, and to study the morphological characters of primary cultured pacemaker cells. METHODS: Hearts of the newborn rabbits (within 24 hours) were embedded in paraffin for hematoxylin-eosin staining. The location of sinoatrial nodes was observed under an optical microscope, the morphology of sinoatrial nodes cells were observed by light microscope and electron microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Sinoatrial nodes localized in the anterior wall of the superior vena cava and the posterior laterial wall of right atrium. There was about 0.32 mm between its lowest point and sulcus terminalis. Three distinct types of cells were observed among the cultured cells of sinoatrial nodes: spindle, spider and polygon. The spindle cells occupied the greatest proportion of the cultured cells (59.6±7.3)%. The spontaneous contraction frequency of spindle cells was the highest among the constracting cells (145±9) times per minute. The ultrastructure observation showed that myofibrils and other organelles in spindle cells were sparse and significantly decreased in number compared with triangle cells. There was no significant difference between triangle cells isolated from sinoatrial nodes and from atrial muscle. Sinoatrial nodes could be harvested along the anterior root of the superior vena cava down to the posterolateral sulcus. Among the cultured cells from neonatal rabbit sinoatrial nodes, the spindle cells with small body and fast pulse frequency are pacemaker cells. Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and expression of pDsRed-human apelin receptor recombinant plasmid in human embryo kidney 293 cells   Du Hui, Bai Bo, Chen Jing, Liu Hai-qing, Li Ya-lin 2010, 14 (50):  9489.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.043 Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (364KB) ( 467 )   Save BACKGROUND: Apelin/APJ system has a wide range of physiological functions, but its intracellular signal transduction, in particular, apelin receptor desensitization, internalization, resensitization degradation, have still no consistent opinion. OBJECTIVE: To construct eukaryotic expression vector expressing human apelin receptor (APJ) tagged to red fluorescent protein (pDsRED-express-C1), and to determine the expression in human embryo kidney 293 cells. METHODS: The plasmid pcDNA3.1-hAPJ was used as a template for PCR amplification of human APJ. Following PCR amplification the PCR product were removed and enzymatic digestion with EcoR I and BamH I. Same enzymes were used to cut vector pDsRED-express-C1. The digestive product was ligated by conventional methods of connection, then transfected into Competent E. coli TOP10. Single clones were picked plasmid extraction, followed by restriction enzyme digestion and finally DNA sequencing. The recombinant plasmid with correct sequencing was transfected into human embryonic kidney cells, PI staining, followed by the observation under a confocal microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: PCR amplified a 1.2-kb fragment, which was consistent with the expected size of the human APJ. The pDsRed-hAPJ recombinant plasmid was cut into two fragments, one corresponded to the pDsRED-express-C1 vector size, and the other fragment corresponded to APJ target fragment. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that, APJ was expressed mainly in the membrane of human embryo kidney 293 cells. The pDeRed-hAPJ eukaryotic plasmid expression vector was successfully constructed and effective expression of this fusion protein is achieved, which might be instrumental in the study of displacement and intracellular localization of human APJ. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progenitor cells in mammalian maxillofacial and mandibular processes Source and differentiation phenotype Zhou Ze-yuan, Jin Yan, Yu Shu-xiang, Shi Jun-nan, Zhang Jian-ping, Duan Xiao-yan 2010, 14 (50):  9493.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.044 Abstract ( 225 )   PDF (235KB) ( 480 )   Save BACKGROUND: It remains unclear whether ectomesenchymal cells also derived from neural crest stem cell in mammals.  OBJECTIVE: To understand the specific markers and differentiation directions of maxillofacial and mandibular processes progenitor cells, and to explore the source and differentiation phenotype of ectomesenchymal stem cells. METHODS: The expression and changes of expression profiles of rat ectomesenchymal cells at E9.5, E10.5, E11.5, and E12.5 days were observed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The progenitors expressed multi-lineage markers, including neural system and several mesenchymal tissue types, importantly the facts that molecule profiles were changed with time prolonged, suggesting these progenitors were in active differentiating stage, so they were stem like cells or contain stem like cells. Moreover, small populations (2%-3%) of CD57 and P75 phenotypes were detected by flow cytometry, suggesting that ectomesenchymal stem cells were derived from neural crest, which maintained a quantitative stabilization though it is gradually differentiate after localization. Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinic research between vertebral endplate morphology and lumbar disc herniation Gu Hong-sheng, Zhou Wen-yu, Li Zhen-yu 2010, 14 (50):  9497-9500.  doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2010.50.045 Abstract ( 389 )   PDF (182KB) ( 381 )   Save BACKGROUND: Studies demonstrated that vertebral endplate can be remodeled during intervertebral disc degeneration. However, the relationship between morphology of the vertebral endplate and intervertebral disc degeneration remains poorly understood.    OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the morphology of the vertebral endplate and the lumbar disc herniation.  METHODS: Forty cases without previous spine disorder and sixty-two cases symptomatic lumbar disc herinations lumbar vertebral were scanned by using spiral CT. Scan range was from superior L4 to superior S2. Scan protocols as below: 140 kV,  345 mAs, FOV 160 mm, layer of thick 1 mm, pitch 1.0. Original images were carried through three-dimensional reconstructions using O2 image work station, W300, C80, ZOOM=1.5, Expand 1. Intervertebral disc maximum anteroposterior, transverse diameter, circumference, area and shape were measured based on curve planar reconstruction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Endplate shape was strongly related to disc herniation (all the P value < 0.01). Endplate area was a less significant factor L 4/5 in men and L5/S1 in men and females (P < 0.05). The shape of the intervertebral body endplate margin is an important factor contributing to the development of disc herniation at L 4/5 and L5/S1. Related Articles | Metrics